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1Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects1
Occupational Safety and Health Center
WORKPLACE HAZARDS WORKPLACE HAZARDS AND THEIR ILL EFFECTSAND
THEIR ILL EFFECTS
Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects2
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH (ILO)OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH (ILO)
Promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical,
mental & social well-being of workers of all occupations
Prevention among its workers of departures from health caused by
their working conditions
Protection of workers in their employment from risks usually
from factors adverse to health
Placing & maintenance of the worker in an occupational
environment adapted to his/her physiological ability
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2Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects3
Exposure
Response
Result
Potentially Harmful Agents
Normal / Altered Body Response
Homeostasis or Disease
Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects4
Occupational Hazards
age gender
medical historygenetic
factors
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3Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects5
Occupational hazards
Physical properties
Multiplicity of
exposure
Magnitude of exposure
Exposure duration
Timing of exposure
Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects6
PHYSICAL AGENTSnoise, vibration, radiation,defective
illumination,temperature extremes
CHEMICAL AGENTSdusts, gases, vapors,fumes, mists, etc.
LACK OF ERGONOMIC PRINCIPLESexhaustive physical exertions,
excessivestanding, improper motions, lifting heavyload, job
monotony, etc.
BIOLOGICAL AGENTSviruses, bacteria, fungi,parasites
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Toxicology - "study of poisonsinjurious effects of
substances
Toxicity -inherent poisonous potencyHazard -risk or danger of
poisoning Dose -amount of substance biologically
availableExposure -concentration of substance in the
environment
HAZARD = TOXICITY x EXPOSURE
INDUSTRIAL TOXICOLOGYINDUSTRIAL TOXICOLOGY
Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects8
Acute : high-dose exposuree.g. pesticide poisoning
Chronic : low-dose exposuree.g. lead poisoning
cancer from benzene
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Inhalation
Ingestion
Skin Contact
Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects10
Inhalation: Most important routeFactors affecting absorption:a.
water solubilityb. particle size: < 0.5 mc. Defense
mechanismsSkin Contact:absorption is faster through abraded or
inflamed skinIngestion usually from contaminated hands
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Gastrointestinal: FecesKidney: Urine Lungs: Exhaled
breatheSecretory structures: Sweat glands
Breast milk
Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects12
AIR SURFACES, ETC.
TARGET ORGANSBLOOD
URINEFECESSWEAT
EARLY EFFECTS
HEALTH IMPAIRMENT
BIOLOGICMONITORING
ENVIRONMENTALMONITORING
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Dose-response relationship:- increasing concentration response
or effect in host
LD 50 - Dose lethal to 50% of test animals
50%
Response
Dose
Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects14
DISEASES THAT MAY DISEASES THAT MAY ARISE FROM CHEMICAL ARISE
FROM CHEMICAL
EXPOSURES IN THE EXPOSURES IN THE WORKPLACEWORKPLACE
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8Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects15
Causative AgentsCausative Agents IndustryIndustry
DiseaseDisease
Mercury, Lead Battery., Chronic renal failure,Cadmium Chemical
Ind, Renal stones
Battery Mfg. (Cadmium) Nephrotic Syndrome(Mercury)
Chloroform, Solvents, chemical Acute renalCarbon tetrachloride
industries failureEthylene glycol Solvents, cosmeticsCarbon
disulfide Solvent, pesticide Chronic renal
failure
Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects16
Causative AgentCausative Agent Industry/ProcessIndustry/Process
DiseaseDisease
Inorganic dusts Mining, sandblasting Pneumoconiosis Construction
(silicosis, Coal-workers asbestosis,
coal workers pneumoconiosis)
Hemp, flax Textile, CottonByssinosis
Bagasse Agriculture Farmer's lung,Bagassosis
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9Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects17
Causative AgentCausative Agent Industry/ProcessIndustry/Process
DiseaseDisease
Solvents, Chemical process Irritation,Ammonia, industries, Pulp
and InflammationFormaldehyde Paper production, Edema
LaboratoryDiisocyanates, Plastics, AsthmaVarnish Platinum
jewelers,
ElectroplatingNickel, Arsenic Pigments,plating CancerChromium
Metal refining
Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects18
Causative AgentCausative Agent Industry/ProcessIndustry/Process
DiseaseDisease
Plastics epoxies Plastic, Varnish Allergic Contact
Dermatitis
Sodium Hydroxide Chemical industry IrritantAcids Laundering
Contact
DermatitisCement Construction, Burns, Irritation
Cement mfg. Contact Dermatitis
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Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects19
Causative AgentCausative Agent Industry/ProcessIndustry/Process
DiseaseDisease
Cutting oils Machine-tool AcneGrease operatorsChlorinated
Chemical Chloracnehydrocarbons processesArsenic, Tar Petroleum
refinery Skin CancerPolycyclic Asphalt workersHydrocarbons
Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects20
Causative AgentsCausative Agents
Industry/ProcessIndustry/Process DiseaseDisease
Lead Battery manufacturing AnemiaLead Smelting
Benzene Solvent AplasticSoap manufacturing anemia
Arsine gas Chemical industries Destruction ofred blood cells
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Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects21
Causative AgentsCausative Agents
Industry/ProcessIndustry/Process DiseaseDisease
Carbon Cleaning fluids, Acute liver tetrachloride Dry cleaners
toxicityArsenic Smelting, Insecticides CirrhosisChlorinated
Chemical industryhydrocarbonsEpoxy resins Rubber, synthetic Acute
obstructive fabrics hepatitisVinyl chloride Plastics, Vinyl
chloride Liver CancerAflatoxins monomer manufacturing
Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects22
Causative AgentsCausative Agents
Industry/ProcessIndustry/Process DiseaseDisease
Lead, Cadmium (?) Battery mfg. HypertensionRecycling
Carbon disulfide Degreasing, Dry Atherosclerosis Cleaning
Fluorocarbons Refrigeration, ArrhythmiasTrichloroethylene
solvent workers
Nitrates Explosives Angina, Myocardial Infarction
OCCUPATIONAL OCCUPATIONAL CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASESCARDIOVASCULAR
DISEASES
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Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects23
ORGANIC SOLVENTSORGANIC SOLVENTS
Uses As raw materials in industrial and consumer
products Single solvent (acetone, toluene, ethanol,
etc.) Solvent mixtures
Selective dissolution of one substance from a mixture
Reduction of the viscosity of another substance
Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects24
Occupational Exposure Paint manufacture & use Metal
degreasing Plastics and fiberglass production Printing Dry
Cleaning
ORGANIC SOLVENTSORGANIC SOLVENTS
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ORGANIC SOLVENTS ORGANIC SOLVENTS GENERAL EFFECTSGENERAL
EFFECTS
Skin Irritation Generally from long
term exposure Develops slowly
Erythema, edema, dryness, defatting of the skin
Eye Irritation Generally produce mild
irritation (non-reactive solvents) e.g. toluene, benzene,
xylene, TCE
Corneal destruction, burns (reactive solvents reacts with tissue
protein) e.g. formaldehyde
Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects26
ORGANIC SOLVENTS ORGANIC SOLVENTS GENERAL EFFECTSGENERAL
EFFECTS
Central Nervous System Effects Acute significant inhalation
exposure Can be reversible Symptoms
Dizziness, drowsiness Nausea, headache Gait disturbances,
incoordination Euphoria, seizures, coma, death
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ORGANIC SOLVENTS ORGANIC SOLVENTS LIVER EFFECTSLIVER EFFECTS
Acute hepatic damage From short term, high
dose exposure May result to
extensive liver damage
Symptoms: anorexia, vomiting, nausea, jaundice, coma and
death
Chronic hepatic damage From low dose, long
term exposure Effects include
Fatty liver Cirrhosis/fibrosis Cholestasis Tumors
Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects28
ORGANIC SOLVENTS ORGANIC SOLVENTS KIDNEY EFFECTSKIDNEY
EFFECTS
Acute renal damage From short term, high
dose exposure Abrupt decline in
kidney function Organic solvents
usually implicated CCl4, chloroform,
TCE, ethylene glycol
Chronic renal damage From low dose, long
term exposure Glomerular injury
minimal to proliferativedamage
May result to end stage renal disease
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ORGANIC SOLVENTSORGANIC SOLVENTS
Peripheral Nervous System Effects Responsible for carrying
sensory information to
CNS and motor impulses Peripheral neuropathies
Polyneuropathies
Tingling and numbness in the extremities Muscle weakness and
possible atrophy Slowly reversible
Chemicals implicated n-Hexane methyl n-butyl ketone
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ORGANIC SOLVENTSORGANIC SOLVENTS
Central Nervous System Effects Responsible for movement, control
of body
function, memory, behavior
Effects can be debilitating Mood changes, irritability
Depression, memory impairment, difficulty
concentrating Sleep disorders, personality changes
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ORGANIC SOLVENTS ORGANIC SOLVENTS CARDIOVASCULAR
EFFECTSCARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS
Signs/ symptoms: Cardiac arrythmias (irregular heart beat) chest
discomfort Sometimes may result to sudden death in
otherwise normal healthy individual
Mechanism of effect ? lowering the threshold for response of the
heart muscle
Implicated chemicals Toluene, benzene, TCA, TCE
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ORGANIC SOLVENTS ORGANIC SOLVENTS EFFECTS TO THE LUNGSEFFECTS TO
THE LUNGS
Signs/Symptoms: Coughing, gagging, wheezing Pneumonitis,
hypoxemia
Inflammation, destruction of pulmonary surfactant
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ORGANIC SOLVENTSORGANIC SOLVENTS
Pre-employment and periodic medical tests Clearances from
allergologist, neurologist, nephrologist, etc.
Biological Monitoring Urine metabolites
Special tests for Kidneys Liver Blood
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LEADLEAD
SYNONYMS: Metallic lead, lead oxide, lead salts
USES: Manufacture of: storage battery
pipe and cable sheating Pigment and stabilizers Glazing
material, radiation shield,
ammunition, soldering, automobile radiator repair.
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SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
1. Environmental
vehicular exhaust
smoking (lesser extent)
20 cigarettes/ day = intake of 1-5 ug
industrial emission
lead-glazed earthen wares
lead in food (150 ug/ day)
lead in water (10 ug/ day)
LEADLEAD
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2. Occupational
a. smelters
b. welders
c. battery workers
d. radiator repairmen
e. scrapers of lead paint
f. lead burning apparatus
LEADLEAD
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TOXICOLOGY Hematologic effects
Anemia Signs and Symptoms
1. Mild anemia- fatigue and shortness of breath2. Severe anemia-
dizziness
- headache- irritability- difficulty in concentration
LEADLEAD
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TOXICOLOGY Neurologic Effects
Central Nervous System1. Lead encephalopathy- usually in
children due to brain
swellingSigns and Symptoms- ataxia, stupor, coma,
convulsions, death Peripheral Nervous System-selective
involvement of
motor neurons with little or no sensory abnormalities Signs and
symptoms- decreased motor nerve
conduction velocity- aching and tenderness of muscles and
joints
LEADLEAD
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TOXICOLOGY Renal Effects
Signs and symptoms protein in urine, sugar in urine,
hypertension
Gastrointestinal Effects Signs and symptoms-
loss of appetite & digestive disturbances, epigastric
discomfort after eating, constipation, lead colic.
LEADLEAD
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Cardiovascular effectsHypertension
Reproductive effects A. Males
1. reduced fertility B. Females
1. reduced fertility2. spontaneous abortion
3. behavioral or developmental disabilities
Other effects Burton Line- indicative of lead exposure
Poor dental hygiene
LEADLEAD
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Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects41
150 (7.25)150 (7.25)
100 (4.80)100 (4.80)
50(2.40)50(2.40)
40 (1.95)40 (1.95)
30 (1.45)30 (1.45)
20 (0.95)20 (0.95)
10 (0.50)10 (0.50)
Death
EncephalopathyNephropathy
Frank anemia
Colic
Decreased hemog. synthesis
Decreased vit. D metabolism
Decreased nerve conduction velocity
Increased erythrocyte
Decreased vitamin D metabolism (?)
Developmental toxicityDecreased IQ
Decreased hearingDecreased growth
Transplacental transfer
Encephalopathy
Frank anemia
Decreased longevityDecreased hemog. synthesisPeripheral
neuropathiesInfertility (men)Nephropathy
Increased systolic BP (men)Decreased hearing acuity
Increased erythrocyteprotoporphyrin (men)
Increased erythrocyteprotoporphyrin (women)
Increased HPN (?)
CHILDREN ADULTSBlood Lead
Concentration (ug/dL)
protoporphyrin
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WORKPLACE PHYSICAL HAZARDSWORKPLACE PHYSICAL HAZARDS
NoiseNoise Extremes of TemperatureExtremes of Temperature
Inadequate IlluminationInadequate Illumination Radiation
Radiation
(Ionizing and Non(Ionizing and Non--ionizing)ionizing)
VibrationVibration
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Unwanted Sound Effect of noise depends on:
- Intensity (Loudness)- Duration- Frequency
NOISENOISE
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Decibels (dB) Examples
0 The quietest sound you can hear 30 Whisper, quiet library 60
Normal conversation, sewing machine, typewriter70-80 Television90
Lawnmower, shop tools, truck traffic,
8 hours per day is the maximum exposure100 Chainsaw, pneumatic
drill, snowmobile115 Sandblasting, loud rock concert, auto horn140
Gun muzzle blast, jet engine
Causes pain
APPROXIMATE DECIBEL LEVELAPPROXIMATE DECIBEL LEVEL
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Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects45
Duration/day (hrs) Sound Level (dB)8 906 924 953 972 1001 1/2
1021 1051/2 1101/4 or less 115
(from the Dept. of Labor and Employment: Occupational Safety and
Health Standards)
PERMISSIBLE NOISE EXPOSURESPERMISSIBLE NOISE EXPOSURES
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Hearing Damage Stress-related disorders
-Interfere with work performance-Disturbs relaxation and
sleep
Hypertension Hyperacidity Palpitations
HARMFUL EFFECTS OF NOISEHARMFUL EFFECTS OF NOISE
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HEARING DAMAGE FROM HEARING DAMAGE FROM NOISE EXPOSURENOISE
EXPOSURE
Acute: from loud noise such as blasts(140-160 dB damages the
eardrum)
Chronic: Due to long-term exposure to hazardous noise levels
Major risk Factor: Prolonged unprotected exposureto noise (>
85 dB)
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TYPES OF NOISETYPES OF NOISE--INDUCED INDUCED HEARING
LOSSHEARING LOSS
Temporary threshold shift (auditory fatigue) temporary loss of
hearing acuity after exposure to loud
noise recovery within 16-48 hrs.
Permanent threshold shift irreversible loss of hearing
difficulty in understanding spoken words familiar sounds are
muffled frequent tinnitus
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Difficulty in understanding spoken words in a noisy
environment
Need to be near or look at the person speaking to help
understand words
Familiar sounds are muffled Complaints that people do not speak
clearly Ringing noises in the ears (tinnitus)
EARLY SIGNS OF EARLY SIGNS OF HEARING LOSSHEARING LOSS
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EFFECTS OF NOISE ON EFFECTS OF NOISE ON GENERAL HEALTHGENERAL
HEALTH
Noise can affect more than just hearing.Dilation of pupils
Secretion of thyroid hormones
Heart palpitationsSecretion of adrenalin
Secretion of adrenal cortex hormone
Movements of the stomach and intestines
Muscle reactionConstriction of blood vessels
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VIBRATIONVIBRATION
Definitionphysical factor w/c affects man by transmission of
mechanical energy from oscillating sources
Subdivisions wholebody vibration segmental vibration
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Wholebody Vibrationtruck driversbus driversheavy equipment
operatorsfarm vehicle and tractor operatorsfoundry workers (mold
shakeout,
forklift trucks, overhead cranes)
railroads (engineers, conductors,track repair workers)
forklift operators
POTENTIAL OCCUPATIONAL POTENTIAL OCCUPATIONAL
EXPOSURESEXPOSURES
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Hand-Arm (Segmental) Vibration chain sawyers pneumatic tool
operators (chippers,
staple gun operators, construction androad operation)
mining ( jack leg and hand tool) electrical grinder
operators
(rotary, stand, swing grinders) metal extrusion operators wood
products manufacturing
POTENTIAL OCCUPATIONAL POTENTIAL OCCUPATIONAL
EXPOSURESEXPOSURES
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SEGMENTAL VIBRATIONSEGMENTAL VIBRATION
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Whole body vibrationgeneral stressorchanges in the central
nervous system
with associated difficulty in maintaining a steady posture
changes in bone structure
HEALTH EFFECTSHEALTH EFFECTS
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Segmental Vibration- localized stressor to the fingers and
handsHands-Arm Vibration Syndrome
Raynauds phenomenonfingers blanch or turn white with exposure to
cold
HEALTH EFFECTSHEALTH EFFECTS
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Administrative measures:
Information and training of workers
Proper work schedule
Minimize smoking and use of drugs which affect circulation
Personal Protection: Use of vibration dampening gloves
Others: Wear adequate clothing
PREVENTION OF VIBRATION PREVENTION OF VIBRATION
INJURIESINJURIES
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Pre-employment and Periodic Exams> clearances from an
otolaryngologist, neuropathologist, therapist, gynecologist, and
radiologist
Special Tests> general blood tests> x-ray of the hand
bones or spinal
column
MEDICAL SURVEILLANCEMEDICAL SURVEILLANCE
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INADEQUATE LIGHTINGINADEQUATE LIGHTING
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Quantity - depends on tasktoo muchtoo little
Qualityshadows, silhouettes, overcasts, reflections, glares
INADEQUATE ILLUMINATIONINADEQUATE ILLUMINATION
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RECOMMENDED ILLUMINATION RECOMMENDED ILLUMINATION
LEVELSLEVELS
Cutting Cloth 2000Fine machining
Transcribing handwriting 1000Drafting
Welding 500First Aid station
Lunch Room 300Rest Room
Area of OperationArea of Operation Min Lighting Level (lux)Min
Lighting Level (lux)
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Conversational Tasks 300well printed source documents
Conversational Tasksreduced readability of source
300-400documents
Data Entry Tasks 500-700
Working Conditions Illumination Level (lux)
RECOMMENDED ILLUMINATION RECOMMENDED ILLUMINATION LEVELS AT VDT
WORKSTATIONSLEVELS AT VDT WORKSTATIONS
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Usual Complaint:
Visual Fatigue Double Vision Headaches Painful irritation,
Lacrimation, Conjunctivitis
INADEQUATE ILLUMINATIONINADEQUATE ILLUMINATION
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Loss of productivity
Increased Accident Rate
More Mistakes
Lowering of Quality
Visual Complaints
OCCUPATIONAL EFFECTS OF OCCUPATIONAL EFFECTS OF VISUAL
FATIGUEVISUAL FATIGUE
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Generation of heat from:
Body metabolism
Physical activities
Radiation from hot surfaces
Thermoregulation:
Heat gained by Body = Heat lost
HEATHEAT
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DISORDERSDISORDERS CAUSESCAUSES MAIN CLINICAL MAIN CLINICAL
FEATURESFEATURES TREATMENTTREATMENT PROGNOSISPROGNOSIS
Miliaria rubra Malfunction of sweat glands
Pruritic rash Symptomatic Good
Heatcramps
Loss of water and electrolytes
Cramps in limbs Rest, fluids with added salt
Complete recovery
Heatexhaustion
Physical exertion, loss of water & electrolytes
Dizziness, blurring of vision with cold and clammy skin
Rest, fluids with added salt cooling in well- ventilated
Complete recovery usual
Heat stroke Failure of temperature control center in brain
Convulsions, muscle twitch, delirium with hot and dry skin; Temp
>41C
Stripping down and vigorous cooling with ice baths
High mortality sequelae: poor memory & concentration;
headache
DISORDERS RELATED TO DISORDERS RELATED TO HEAT STRESSHEAT
STRESS
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1. Acclimatization is necessary
2. Encourage drinking small amount of fluids at frequent
intervals
3. The greater the heat and physical load, the more frequent the
cooling periods.
4. The drinks should be available close to the worker.
5. Proper clothing should be worn.
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WORKING IN HOT
CONDITIONSWORKING IN HOT CONDITIONS
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COLD STRESSCOLD STRESS
OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE cooling room workers dry ice workers ice
makers out-of-door workers during cold weather cold storage
workers
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1. Frostbite fingers, toes, cheeks, nose, and
ears are most susceptible
characterized by reddening of the skin becoming blush later on,
localized burning pain, and numbness
COLDCOLD--INDUCED INJURIESINDUCED INJURIES
Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects70
2.Trench Foot (Immersion Foot)
results from prolonged exposure of the lower extremities to cold
32oF to 50oF (Ooto 10oC) and moisture
no neurovascular damage, and tissue anoxia follows
characterized by numbness, painful paresthesias, followed by leg
cramps, vesiculation, ulceration and gangrene
COLDCOLD--INDUCED INJURIESINDUCED INJURIES
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3. General Hypothermia
results from being in cold weather or submerged in cold
water
characterized by dizziness, fatigue can lead to unconsciousness
and death
COLDCOLD--INDUCED INJURIESINDUCED INJURIES
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CONTROL MEASURES CONTROL MEASURES
Provide adequate clothing including insulated
gloves, footwear and headgear
Build barriers around the worksite to block
the wind
Supply workers with warm beverages
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RADIATIONRADIATION
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Radiation: Non-Ionizing & Ionizing
Radiation Sources Effects
Non-Ionizing1. Ultraviolet Sunlight, Welding Arc flash
erythema
Lasers Photosensitivity
2. Microwaves Radar, Ovens Lens damage, burns,
can interfere w/ pacemaker & medical devices
3. Infrared Glass Blowing, Furnaces Cataracts
Ionizing X-rays Cancer, cataractsCancer, cataractsRadiation
gamma rays Sterility, birth
defects,
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Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects75
WORKPLACE WORKPLACE BIOLOGIC HAZARDSBIOLOGIC HAZARDS
Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects76
BIOLOGIC HAZARDSBIOLOGIC HAZARDS
Biological nature which has the potential to cause harm
Viruses, bacteria, dangerous plants and animals (for example
parasites or insects), or harmful by-products of living things.
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DEFINITIONTuberculosis is a chronic bacterial infection that is
characterized by the formation of granulomas in infected
tissues.
ETIOLOGYMycobacterium tuberculosis
TUBERCULOSISTUBERCULOSIS
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h respiratory secretions expelled during coughing, sneezing, and
vocalizing
hbacilli remain airborne for long periods
h infectiousness depends number of organisms in the expectorated
sputum and the extent of pre-existing pulmonary disease
TRANSMISSIONTRANSMISSION
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h has a predilection for the apical posterior segments of the
upper lobes of the lungs
h Symptoms include the following:a. weight lossb. low grade
afternoon feverc. persistent coughd. blood-streaked sputum
h pulmonary cavities may persist even though effective
chemotherapy has resulted in apparent cure
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONSCLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
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TETANUSTETANUS
A neurological disorder characterized by increased muscle tone
and spasms, that is caused by tetanospasmin, a protein
toxinelaborated by the organism Clostridium tetani.
It arises from the contamination of wounds with Clostridium
spores.
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CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
1. Increased tone in the masseter muscle (lockjaw)
2. Sustained contraction of the facial muscles (risus
sardonicus) and back muscles (opisthotonus)
PREVENTION
1.Active immunization with tetanus toxoid
2.Careful wound management
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HIV / AIDSHIV / AIDS
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a chronic and fatal
illness which affects the bodys immune system making it unable to
combat infection.
It is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
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To be transmitted, HIV must enter the bloodstream of another
person in large enough quantities to infect them.
HIV has been detected in infectious quantities in:
* blood* semen* vaginal fluids* breast milk
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HIV CAN ENTER THE HIV CAN ENTER THE BLOODSTREAMBLOODSTREAMduring
unprotected sex
through transfusions ofblood or blood products
from an HIV positive mother to her baby
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HIV / AIDS HIV / AIDS Course of HIV InfectionCourse of HIV
Infection
Persistent generalized lymphadenopathyand non-life threatening
conditions
Asymptomatic Carrier State
Development of Antibodies (seroconversion)
Infection
Continuingasymptomatic state
Recovery (?) Continuing illness
AIDS & other life-threatening
conditions
DeathDeath
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HIV/AIDSHIV/AIDS
HIV TestingDetects presence of antibody to HIV inblood
Two (2) Screening Tests:
1. ELIZA
(Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)
2. Particle agglutination (PA)
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HIV/AIDSHIV/AIDS
Prevention of HIV InfectionPrevention of HIV Infection
A : Abstinence
B : Be Faithful
C : Condom
D : Do not inject Drugs
Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects88
Philippine National AIDS Prevention and Control Act of 1998
Basic Information on HIV/AIDS
Non-mandatory testing
Confidentiality of results
Prohibition of discrimination and termination from work
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ERGONOMICSERGONOMICS
the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of
the interactions among human and other elements of a system, and
the profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to
design in order to optimize human well-being and overall system
performance.
International Ergonomics Association
Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects90
GOALSmake work safe and humane
increase human efficiency
create human well-being
ERGONOMICSERGONOMICS
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The TheTool Workstation
The Environment Operator The Organization
The Task(Job Content/
Context)
Fitting the task to the person
ERGONOMICSERGONOMICS
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WORK SYSTEMCapabilities
Limitations
ERGONOMICSERGONOMICS
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EFFECT ON PERFORMANCE
low product qualityhigh rate or errorsmaterial wastage
equipment damage
musculoskeletalvascular
visual/ ocularhearing
skinpsychological
EFFECT ON HEALTH
imbalancein the
worksystem
absenteeism accidents compensation
costs
Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects94
POSTURE
Awkward posture
Static posture
ERGONOMICS RISK FACTORSERGONOMICS RISK FACTORS
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FORCEFUL EXERTIONS
Overcome weight, resistance, inertia
LiftPushPullCarry
ERGONOMICS RISK FACTORSERGONOMICS RISK FACTORS
Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects96
MOVEMENT
Repetitivesame motion patternshort cycle time
Extreme range of motiontwisting bending
ERGONOMICS RISK FACTORSERGONOMICS RISK FACTORS
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Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects97
Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTDs)secondary to repetitive
motion, improper
posture, fatigue
Musculoskeletal disorders Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Neck-shoulder
pain Low Back Pain Tendinitis
EFFECTS OF ERGONOMIC EFFECTS OF ERGONOMIC STRESSESSTRESSES
Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects98
COGNITIVE DEMANDS
Perceive & interpret information
signals, display controls, reaction time
Vigilance / sustained alertness
Memoryvisual, hearing, tactile
ERGONOMICS RISK FACTORSERGONOMICS RISK FACTORS
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Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects99
JOB DESIGN
Lack of control
Task invariability
Lack of feedback
Overqualified/under qualified
ERGONOMICS RISK FACTORSERGONOMICS RISK FACTORS
Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects100
ORGANIZATIONAL CLIMATE
Unfavorable social environment
Work policy
Lack of technical support
shiftwork, machine-paced, inadequate breaks, unrealistic
quotas
support from management and co-workers
skill development, training & re-training
ERGONOMICS RISK FACTORSERGONOMICS RISK FACTORS
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Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects101
WORKPLACE DIMENSION
Reach
Fit
See
ERGONOMICS RISK FACTORSERGONOMICS RISK FACTORS
Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects102
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
Noise
Heat
Vibration
Inadequate lighting
ERGONOMICS RISK FACTORSERGONOMICS RISK FACTORS
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Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects103
Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects104
4Checklist survey
4Walkthrough survey
Observe activitiesTalk with workersDo quick fix
Document hazards
RECOGNITION OF RECOGNITION OF ERGONOMIC RISK FACTORSERGONOMIC
RISK FACTORS
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Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects105
4Medical and safety records
4Worker complaints
Excessive overtimes
Trends in accidents and diseases
4Work practices
4Performance report
4Absenteeism, turnover
RECOGNITION OF RECOGNITION OF ERGONOMIC RISK FACTORSERGONOMIC
RISK FACTORS
Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects106
4Characterize hazards
Magnitude of exposureDuration of exposure
Recovery time
EVALUATION OF EVALUATION OF ERGONOMIC RISK FACTORSERGONOMIC RISK
FACTORS
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Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects107
4Job AnalysisCollect data to identify cause of stress
Establish interaction with work environment
Establish what the worker is doing
Establish how the worker is doing the task
Establish how much work is being done
EVALUATION OF EVALUATION OF ERGONOMIC RISK FACTORSERGONOMIC RISK
FACTORS
Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects108
4Methods of data collection
Video camera recording
ObservationQuestionnaire
PhotographyPhysiologic measures
EMG, energy expenditures, biomechanics,etc.
EVALUATION OF EVALUATION OF ERGONOMIC RISK FACTORSERGONOMIC RISK
FACTORS
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Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects109
SELECT INTERVENTIONSELECT INTERVENTION
OBJECTIVES
4reduce magnitude of risk factors4reduce duration of
exposure
lengthen recovery time use other muscle groups and joints
improve posture
Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects110
4APPROPRIATE
4TIMELY
4ACCEPTABLE
SELECT INTERVENTIONS SELECT INTERVENTIONS THAT ARE :THAT ARE
:
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Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects111
INTERVENTIONSINTERVENTIONS
I. Administrative controlmanagement or personnel methods
4job rotation4work enlargement4rest breaks4motion
economy4training and education
Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects112
II. Engineering controlworkplace modification
4work location and dimensions4tool design4mechanical aids
INTERVENTIONSINTERVENTIONS
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Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects113
ESSENTIALS IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND ESSENTIALS IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND
MANAGEMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASESMANAGEMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL
DISEASES
What To Do: What Not to Do:
Research the Facts Do not immediately assume the cause and
effect of exposure and symptoms
Obtain more information Do not transmit anxiety or ignorance to
the patient
Investigate and enlist the Do not give the help of patient,
family, person work expert restriction Avoid all
Hazards
Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects114
THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS
Environmental monitoring
Biological monitoring and health surveillance
Treatment and epidemiological surveillance- Morbidity-
Mortality
Workplace-Related Events
Exposure at the workplace- Chemicals- Physical agents
Biologically significant exposure
- Chemicals absorbed
- Early (reversible) changes
None
Early
Late
Clinical diagnosis
- measurable health effects
End effects- diseases- unfavorable events (e.g. spontaneous
abortion)
Occupational Health
Team
Health Effects
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Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects115
Monitoring
Systematic, continuous, repetitive health-related activities
that should lead to corrective action
Types of monitoring
1. Ambient / Environmental
2. Biologic
3. Medical surveillance
Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects116
BIOLOGIC MONITORING
Measurement of changes in composition of body fluids, tissue,
expired air to determine absorption of potentially hazardous
material
MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE
Examination to determine workers response to the hazard
Clinical examination and other laboratory tests
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Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects117
Lung status, sputum exam.
NoneNoneM. tuberculosis
Lung statusNoneSilica in airSilica dust
Symptom survey, physical exam,
radiologic exam, etc.
NoneObserve, measure, document task
Lifting of heavy loads
HearingNoneSound levelNoise
Liver, Kidney, Immune system, Skin
Trichloroacetic acid in urine
Trichloroethylene in air
Tricholoro-ethylene
Medical Surveillance
Biological Monitoring
Environmental Monitoring
Health Hazard
Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects118
Know the hazard - How worker is exposed- How worker is
affected
Characterize the hazard - Exposure levels- Exposure duration
Know the worker - Susceptibilities
Obtain information on - Directed towards affectedappropriate
medical organ systemexaminations
Analyze medical data - Disease, recovery, rehabilitation-
Effectiveness or failure of
control measures
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Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects119