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Working towards a Discipline‐Specific Vocabulary Core (DSVC) for postgraduate International Law
Jenny Kemp [email protected]
TALC 2018 @ University of Cambridge, July 19th
2018
reading
needs of PG Law (LLM) students
vocabulary
socio‐legal context
Northcott (2008, 2009); Deutch (2003)
Northcott (2009)
Carver (1994), Schoonen
et al (1998), Nassaji 2003)
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Carr & Stone (2014, p.159)
VocabProfiler: http://www.lextutor.ca/vp/eng/Kemp TaLC 2018
All on Gardner and Davies’ (2014) New Academic Vocabulary List (AVL), but with a specific meaning in Law
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Research Questions1.
What specialist lexis (single words, collocations,
multi‐word units) do postgraduate International Law students need for reading?
2.
What text coverage does this Discipline‐Specific Vocabulary Core (DSVC) provide?
3.
When students begin their LLM course, do they know this DSVC?
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Corpus linguistics
English for Academic Purposes
Data Driven Learning (DDL)
Prof. Vijay BhatiaLegal English
forensic linguisticsOn the use of corpora in the analysis of forensic textsCoulthard, Malcolm. International Journal of Speech Language and the Law, 2/18/2013, Vol.1(1), pp.27‐43
Legal translation
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The DSVC International Law Corpus
LLM reading texts
Corpus (c.2m words)
Discipline‐Specific Vocabulary Core
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written legal texts
Prescriptive
treatiesagreementsconventionsactsdirectivesregulationscodes of practice(contracts, wills)
Hybrid
Descriptivetextbooksmonographsedited volumesjournal articlespractitioner textscommission reportsweb articles and summariescase summariescase digestscase commentscommentaries(essays, dissertations, theses)
cases + appealspanel reportstribunal reportscourt proceedingsadvisory opinions(statements, briefs, advice)
Communicative function
(My categories develop the work of: Bhatia, 1983; Šarčević, 1997; Williams, 2007; Gozdz‐Roszkowski
2013)Kemp TaLC 2018
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function no. of textsPrescriptive 66Hybrid
47Descriptive 288
401
date no. of textspre‐1980 261980‐1999 352000‐2019
340
401
tokens 1,950,302words 35, 806lemma+POS (lempos) 29,581
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The
DSVC International Law Corpus12 domains:1.
Company Law2.
Intellectual Property &Internet Law
3. Civil & Commercial ADR4. Sale &
Carriage of Goods, Marine Insurance, &
Shipping
5. World Trade and Investment6.
Banking & Finance7. Conflict of Laws
8.
EU Constitutional &Administrative Law
9. EU Substantive Law10.
Public International Law11.
Armed Conflict &
International Criminal Justice
12. International Human Rights Law
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Survey of modules in LLM programmes in 21 UK universities (2014/5)
modules
universities
banking law human rights
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Reading lists:titles + topics and themes
5000-word samples
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expert judgments on corpus content
1.
In your opinion, does the list reflect examples of the topics, themes and principles that tend to be covered in this domain?
2.
Is there any item which seems out of place? (If so, which item and why?)
3.
Is there a topic/theme/principle which you believe is widely taught, but which is not
covered here?
4.
Is there a particular text which you believe is usually required reading, but which is not covered here?
5. Do the proportions
of the different genres correspond approximately
to what you would expect an LLM student to read?
16 experts5 institutionsKemp TaLC 2018
The DSVC International Law Corpus
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Top 30 noun lemmas in the DSVC International Law (by raw freq)
1 law 115212 court 79753 article 74084 state 73415 right 55556
case 53597 party 52048 member 47289 company 384910 rule 373511
agreement 354812 states 311913 provision 295714 contract 281315
convention 2807
16 act 272817 treaty 250918 principle 245719 country 234020
system 232721 person 231022 jurisdiction 224823 time 223324 measure
218125 eu 215126 market 214327 decision 211928 order 203629
obligation 203630 part 2010
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1 bank 1,1842 financial 8303 market 5944 credit 4795 law 4756
system 3687 regulation 3628 service 3619 investment 35110 provide
34311 risk 33312 banking 33013 institution 32714 security 32615
firm 32516 consumer 30117 member 29918 rule 28519 act 27920
activity 278
Banking & Finance
Raw freq.
Pilot data (30 texts)range 8/30
Top content words
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provideKemp TaLC 2018
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This Photo
by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY‐NC‐SA
In the light of
See discussion in Kemp 2018
Genre = cases
use by copying and use of
use of worksregistration and use of
the terms and conditions of the
use of
the work or other subject matterin connection with any
use of electronic communications
must be use as a trade markuse of
a trade mark
the use made of the workto make use
of electronic communicationswhere use
is made of
fair useof public non‐commercial useagainst
unfair commercial use
legitimate usefor private usewhere the
use is authorised by
unauthorised use ofpermitted to
usethe right to useintending to use
itinhibit the use of
the use of the word 'could use
Use, as a concept, is important in IP/Internet Law at PG level.
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1 D
the management and/or controlling shareholder
, which is essentially the st2 D
flow ownership by the controlling shareholder
mitigates this incentive for3 D
in recent years, particularly as
shareholder activism has developed and b4
D
investors. More recent examples of
shareholder activism include a revolt by5
D is not to suggest that
shareholder
activism is always a good 6 D
rategic and operational matters require shareholder
approval, company election p7 D
board (at least without formal
shareholder
approval) from taking any 8 D
to raise loan capital and
shareholder approval is not normally req9
D
orward financing proposals that require shareholder
approval, they will know tha10 D
which takes account of minority shareholder
interests and does not unfa11 D
the company is to maximise shareholder
interests. The second answer12 D
striking the right balance between
shareholder primacy and stakeholder mana13 D
mpany, including the shareholders. The
shareholder primacy and stakeholder theo14 D
. Accordingly, Berle was not advocating
shareholder
primacy as we understand it 15 D
for approval and where a
shareholder
proposal has been made pursu16 D
have the right to submit
shareholder
proposals to a vote. If 17 D
ublicising underperformance and filing
shareholder
proposals to bring about imp18 D
company elections; nor usually can
shareholder
resolutions bind the board, 19 D
can be supplemented by certain
shareholder resolutions or agreements. S20 D
on the law relating to
shareholder resolutions, proxies and cor23 D
those concerned with transparency and
shareholder
rights, also single out quot24 D
a fight on the Draft
Shareholder
Rights Directive is going on25 D
of US accounting standards and
shareholder
rights' protection; and the 26 D
considerations and because it enhances
shareholder
value. The argument seems to27 D
business, that end is maximising shareholder
value, which depends on busi28 D
with the obligation to maximize shareholder
value. During the same p29 D
as a way of maximizing shareholder
returns? The basic problem i30 D
with B as a minority shareholder,
a position which may prove31 D
and thus becoming a minority shareholder
may be such a costly 32 D
the behest of a minority shareholder.
b Practical impediments to33 D
existence of different and incompatible
shareholder
voting guidelines (5.8). 36 34 D
holding periods for stock; increased
shareholder voting influence in relation35 D
. At the same time, though,
shareholder voting probably only operate
shareholder
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Civil & Commercial ADR
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Keywords
Ref corpus: EnTenTen13
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The vocabulary that is relevant for PG Law students crosses frequency boundaries;
• It also stretches across word boundaries;• So a
keyword list
of single words is not enough.
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Discipline Specific Vocabulary Core (DSVC)
collocations
multiword units
single words(high frequency)
single words (specific) proper nouns
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Multiword units
collocations
Salient items in each domain subcorpus
Salient items in each communicative function subcorpus
Salient items in the whole corpus
Single words
Single wordsProper nouns
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Methodologically sound
Pedagogically useful
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How can we use this in the classroom?
• Observe• Highlight• Extract• Use
1. corpus‐informed teaching
2. guided awareness‐raising activities
3.
hands‐on learner trainingPreshous & Kemp (2017)
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The following concordance lines are all taken from a small purpose‐built corpus of law reports from your reading lists.
•
Study the examples in A‐C and work out the meaning(s) of the central phrase.
• Highlight useful patterns.
Remember that you
are looking for
patterns, so it must
occur at least twice
to be useful.
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• Observe• Highlight• Extract• Use
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guided & freer practice • Observe•
Highlight• Extract• Use
Gapfil examples from BAWE and byu‐bncKemp TaLC
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"very useful for our future studies"/ “AntConc and the
knowledge [of corpora] was and is really useful"
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ReferencesBhatia, V., 1983. An Applied Discourse Analysis of
English Legislative Writing, Birmingham: University of
Aston.Gozdz-Roszkowski, S., 2013. Exploring near-synonymous terms
in legal language. A corpus-based, phraseological perspective.
Linguistica Antverpiensia, New Series –Themes in Translation
Studies, 0(12).Hyland, K. and Tse, P. 2007. Is there an "academic
vocabulary"? TESOL Quarterly, 41(2), 235-253.Kemp, J. Forthcoming,
2018. ‘A rosy-fingered dawn for legal education? Insights from a
corpus linguistic perspective on text’. Nottingham Law Journal,
27(2). Marín, M.J. and Rea, C. 2011. Design and compilation of a
legal English corpus based on UK law reports: the process of making
decisions. In Carrió Pastor and M. L. y Candel Mora, M. A. Las
tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones: Presente y
futuro en el análisis de córpora. Actas del III Congreso
Internacional de Lingüística de Corpus. Valencia: Universitat
Politècnica de València, 101-110. Northcott, J. 2009. Teaching
legal English: contexts and cases. In: D. Belcher, ed. English for
Specific Purposes in Theory and Practice. Ann Arbor: University of
Michegan Press, 165-185.Preshous, A. and Kemp, J. 2017. Exploiting
corpora to address the discipline-specific vocabulary needs of
students. In J. Kemp (Ed.) EAP in a Rapidly Changing Landscape:
issues, challenges and solutions. Proceedings of the 2015 BALEAP
Conference. Reading: Garnet, 205-216.Šarčević, S., 1997. New
Approach to Legal Translation. The Hague: Kluwer Law
International.Williams, C. 2007. Tradition and Change in Legal
English: Verbal constructions in prescriptive texts. 2nd edn. Bern:
Peter Lang.
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[email protected]
Images: Word clouds: http://www.wordle.net/create
and https://www.wordclouds.com/
Other images the authors own or licensed by Creative Commons unless otherwise indicated.
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