Workers Compensation: Overview & Outlook for New York and US Markets AmComp New York Seminar New York, NY September 24, 2012 Download at www.iii.org/presentations Robert P. Hartwig, Ph.D., CPCU, President & Economist Insurance Information Institute 110 William Street New York, NY 10038 Tel: 212.346.5520 Cell: 917.453.1885 [email protected]
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Workers Compensation:Overview & Outlook for
New York and US MarketsAmComp New York Seminar
New York, NYSeptember 24, 2012
Download at www.iii.org/presentationsRobert P. Hartwig, Ph.D., CPCU, President & Economist
Insurance Information Institute 110 William Street New York, NY 10038Tel: 212.346.5520 Cell: 917.453.1885 [email protected] www.iii.org
Economic Overview & Outlook
3
Growth Opportunities for Business and Insurers Are Uneven But Exist
* Estimates/Forecasts from Blue Chip Economic Indicators.Source: US Department of Commerce, Blue Economic Indicators 9/12; Insurance Information Institute.
2.7
%0
.5%
3.6
%3
.0%
1.7
%-1
.8%
1.3
%-3
.7%
-5.3
%-0
.3%
1.4
%5
.0%
2.3
%2
.2%
2.6
%2
.4%
0.1
%2
.5%
1.3
%4
.1%
2.0
%1
.7%
1.8
%1
.8%
1.9
%1
.8%
1.9
%1
.9%
-8.9%
4.1
%1
.1%
1.8
%2
.5% 3.6
%3
.1%
-9%
-7%
-5%
-3%
-1%
1%
3%
5%
7%
2
00
0
2
00
1
2
00
2
2
00
3
2
00
4
2
00
5
2
00
6
07
:1Q
07
:2Q
07
:3Q
07
:4Q
08
:1Q
08
:2Q
08
:3Q
08
:4Q
09
:1Q
09
:2Q
09
:3Q
09
:4Q
10
:1Q
10
:2Q
10
:3Q
10
:4Q
11
:1Q
11
:2Q
11
:3Q
11
:4Q
12
:1Q
12
:2Q
12
:3Q
12
:4Q
13
:1Q
13
:2Q
13
:3Q
13
:4Q
Demand for Insurance Continues To Be Impacted by Sluggish Economic Conditions, but the Benefits of Even Slow Growth Will Compound and
Gradually Benefit the Economy Broadly
Real GDP Growth (%)
Recession began in Dec. 2007. Economic toll of credit crunch, housing
slump, labor market contraction has been
severe but modest recovery is underway
The Q4:2008 decline was the steepest since the Q1:1982 drop of 6.8%
2012 is expected to see slow growth lasting into 2013; Fed’s QE3 could
push 2013 GDP up 0.2%
5
Real GDP Growth: New York State vs. US
Source: US Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis; Insurance Information Institute.
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce; Blue Chip Economic Indicators (10/11 and 8/12); Insurance Information Institute.
Car/Light Truck Sales Will Continue to Recover from the 2009 Low Point, Bolstering the Auto Insurer Growth and the Manufacturing Sector.
New auto/light truck sales fell to the lowest level since the late 1960s. Forecast for 2012-13 is
still far below 1999-2007 average of 17 million units, but a recovery is underway.
Job growth and improved credit market conditions will boost auto sales in
2012 and beyond
16
$200,000
$300,000
$400,000
$500,000
Dollar Value* of Manufacturers’ Shipments Monthly, Jan. 1992—July 2012
*seasonally adjustedSource: U.S. Census Bureau, Full Report on Manufacturers’ Shipments, Inventories, and Orders, http://www.census.gov/manufacturing/m3/
Monthly shipments are nearly back to peak (in July 2008, 8 months into the recession). Trough in May 2009. Growth from trough to July 2012 was 35%. Manufacturing is an
energy intensive activity and growth leads to gains in many commercial exposures: WC, Commercial Auto, Marine, Property and Various Liability Coverages
ENERGY INTENSIVE
The value of Manufacturing Shipments in July 2012 was up 32% to $479B from its June 2009 trough.
June figure is only 1.3% below its previous record high in July 2008.
$ Millions
16
17
Manufacturing Growth for Selected Sectors, 2012 vs. 2011*
11.4%
3.9%
11.6%
2.4% 3.4% 3.9%
-0.5%
5.9% 5.0%5.3%8.8%
6.7%
19.2%
6.1%
-5%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
All
Ma
nu
fact
uri
ng
Du
rab
le M
fg.
Wo
od
Pro
du
cts
Pri
ma
ryM
eta
ls
Fa
bri
cate
dM
eta
ls
Ma
chin
ery
Ele
ctri
cal
Eq
uip
.
Tra
nsp
ort
atio
nE
qu
ip.
No
n-D
ura
ble
Mfg
.
Fo
od
Pro
du
cts
Pe
tro
leu
m &
Co
al
Ch
em
ica
l
Pla
stic
s &
Ru
bb
er
Te
xtile
Pro
du
cts
Manufacturing Is Expanding Across a Wide Range of Sectors that Will Contribute to Growth in Energy Demand and Insurable Exposures Including: WC, Commercial Property, Commercial Auto and Many Liability Coverages
Growth (%)
Manufacturing of durable goods has been
especially strong in 2012
*Seasonally adjusted; Date are YTD comparing data through July 2012 to the same period in 2011.Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Full Report on Manufacturers’ Shipments, Inventories, and Orders, http://www.census.gov/manufacturing/m3/
Durables: +8.8% Non-Durables: +2.4%
19
Manufacturing Employment,Jan. 2010—August 2012*
11,4
5811
,462
11,4
7011
,502
11,5
3611
,546
11,5
6611
,549
11,5
5111
,551
11,5
60
11,5
7511
,627
11,6
6411
,690
11,7
1811
,726
11,7
38
11,7
6811
,771
11,7
6811
,777
11,7
8011
,808
11,8
6011
,890
11,9
32
11,9
4211
,955
11,9
6211
,985
11,9
70
11,000
11,200
11,400
11,600
11,800
12,000
12,200
12,400
Jan-
10
Feb
-10
Mar
-10
Apr
-10
May
-10
Jun-
10
Jul-1
0A
ug-1
0
Sep
-10
Oct
-10
Nov
-10
Dec
-10
Jan-
11
Feb
-11
Mar
-11
Apr
-11
May
-11
Jun-
11Ju
l-11
Aug
-11
Sep
-11
Oct
-11
Nov
-11
Dec
-11
Jan-
122/
30/2
102
Mar
-12
Apr
-12
May
-12
Jun-
12Ju
l-12
Aug
-12
Manufacturing employment is up by more than 500,000 or 4.6% since Jan. 2010—a
surprising source of strength in the economy
*Seasonally adjustedSources: US Bureau of Labor Statistics at http://data.bls.gov; Insurance Information Institute.
(Thousands)
50
.7 52
.7 54
.1
54
.6
54
.8
53
.5
53
.7
52
.8 53
.9
54
.6 56 5
7.1 5
9.4
59
.7
56
.3
54
.4
53
.3
53
.4
53
.8
52
.6
52
.6
52
.6
52
.6
53
.0
56
.8
57
.3
56
.0
53
.5
53
.7
52
.1
52
.6 53
.7
40
45
50
55
60
65
Jan
-10
Fe
b-1
0
Ma
r-1
0
Ap
r-1
0
Ma
y-1
0
Jun
-10
Jul-
10
Au
g-1
0
Se
p-1
0
Oct
-10
No
v-1
0
De
c-1
0
Jan
-11
Fe
b-1
1
Ma
r-1
1
Ap
r-1
1
Ma
y-1
1
Jun
-11
Jul-
11
Au
g-1
1
Se
p-1
1
Oct
-11
No
v-1
1
De
c-1
1
Jan
-12
Fe
b-1
2
Ma
r-1
2
Ap
r-1
2
Ma
y-1
2
Jun
-12
Jul-
12
Au
g-1
2
ISM Non-Manufacturing Index(Values > 50 Indicate Expansion)
January 2010 through August 2012
Non-manufacturing industries have been expanding and adding jobs. The question is whether this will continue.
Source: Institute for Supply Management at http://www.ism.ws/ismreport/nonmfgrob.cfm; Insurance Information Institute.
Optimism among non-manufacturers was stable in late 2011 and remained
Sources: American Bankruptcy Institute at http://www.abiworld.org/AM/AMTemplate.cfm?Section=Home&TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm&CONTENTID=61633; Insurance Information Institute
Significant Exposure Implications for All Commercial Lines as Business Bankruptcies Begin to Decline
2011 bankruptcies totaled 47,806, down 15.1% from 56,282 in 2010—the second consecutive year of decline. Business bankruptcies more
than tripled during the financial crisis. Through Q1:2012, filings are down 11.1% vs. Q1:2011
Business Starts Were Down Nearly 20% in the Recession, Holding Back Most Types of Commercial Insurance Exposure, But
Are Recovering Slowly* Data through Dec. 31, 2011 are the latest available as of Sept. 20, 2012; Seasonally adjusted. **Annualized based on data through Q3:2011.Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, http://www.bls.gov/news.release/cewbd.t08.htm.
(Thousands)
Business starts were up 2.2% to 748,000 in 2011 vs. 2010. 742,000 new business
starts were recorded in 2010, up 6.0% from 700,000 in 2009, which was the slowest year for new business starts since 1993
Business Starts2006: 872,0002007: 843,0002008: 790,0002009: 700,000 2010: 742,000 2011: 748,000**
22
NFIB Small Business Optimism Index
January 1985 through August 2012
Source: National Federation of Independent Business at http://www.advisorperspectives.com/dshort/charts/indicators/Sentiment.html?NFIB-optimism-index.gif ; Insurance Information Institute. 23
Small business optimism has increased but is still only at
the level it was when the Financial Crisis began
24
12 Industries for the Next 10 Years: Insurance Solutions Needed
Export-Oriented Industries
Health Sciences
Health Care
Energy (Traditional)
Alternative Energy
Petrochemical
Agriculture
Natural Resources
Technology (incl. Biotechnology)
Light Manufacturing
Insourced Manufacturing
Many industries are
poised for growth, though
insurers’ ability to
capitalize on these
industries varies widely
Shipping (Rail, Marine, Trucking)
25
Labor Market Trends
Massive Job Losses Sapped the Economy and Commercial Lines
Exposure, But Trend is Improving, Including Workers Comp
25
26
Unemployment and Underemployment Rates: Stubbornly High in 2012, But Falling
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Jan00
Jan01
Jan02
Jan03
Jan04
Jan05
Jan06
Jan07
Jan08
Jan09
Jan10
Jan11
Jan12
Traditional Unemployment Rate U-3
Unemployment + Underemployment Rate U-6
Unemployment stood at 8.1% in
Aug. 2012
Unemployment peaked at 10.1% in October 2009, highest monthly rate since 1983.
Peak rate in the last 30 years:
10.8% in November -
December 1982
Source: US Bureau of Labor Statistics; Insurance Information Institute.
U-6 went from 8.0% in March
2007 to 17.5% in October 2009; Stood at 14.7%
in Aug. 2012
January 2000 through August 2012, Seasonally Adjusted (%)
Recession ended in
November 2001
Unemployment kept rising for
19 more months
Recession began in
December 2007
Stubbornly high unemployment and underemployment constrain overall economic growth, but the job market is now clearly improving
26
Aug 12
27
Unemployment in NY State is Rising in 2012, But Falling Nationally
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Jan 02 Jan 03 Jan 04 Jan 05 Jan 06 Jan 07 Jan 08 Jan 09 Jan 10 Jan 11 Jan 12
US NY State
US unemployment stood at 8.1% in
Aug. 2012
Unemployment peaked at 10.1% in October 2009, highest monthly rate since 1983.
Peak rate in the last 30 years:
10.8% in November -
December 1982
Source: US Bureau of Labor Statistics; Insurance Information Institute.
NY’s unemployment
rate is now a full point above the
US (9.1% vs. 8.1%) as of Aug.
2012
January 2002 through August 2012, Seasonally Adjusted (%)
Recession began in
December 2007
NY State’s Unemployment Rate is Now Higher Than at Any Point During or After the Financial Crisis
27
Aug 12
28
NY State Has Recouped Lost Jobs, But Unemployment is Rising
8100
8200
8300
8400
8500
8600
8700
8800
8900
Jan 02
Jan 03
Jan 04
Jan 05
Jan 06
Jan 07
Jan 08
Jan 09
Jan 10
May
10
Sep 10
Jan 11
May
11
Sep 11
Jan 12
May
12
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Employment Unemployment Rate
Source: US Bureau of Labor Statistics; Insurance Information Institute.
99.9% of the jobs NY state lost
during the Great Recession have been recouped,
but unemployment
rate hit new peak of 9.1% in
July/Aug. 2012
January 2002 through August 2012, Seasonally Adjusted (%)
Pre-recession peak of 8.8251 mill jobs
in July 2008
Like Many States, NY Has Recouped Jobs Lost in the Recession, But Net New Entrants to the Labor Force is Pushing Unemployment Rate Up
28
Aug
12
Thousands Unemployment Rate (%)
Employment trough 8.542 mill
jobs in April 2009, a loss of 283,100 jobs
from peak
Pre-recession unemployment rate low
was 4.3% from Nov. 2006 to Feb. 2007
29
Unemployment Rates by Metropolitan Areas in NY State, July 2012*
9.3%
7.6%
7.0%
9.4% 9.5%
8.7% 8.5%9.0%
8.6%8.3%
9.1%
8.0%
9.1% 9.0%
5%6%6%7%7%8%8%9%9%
10%10%
US
NY
Sta
te
Alb
any
Bin
gh
amto
n
Bu
ffal
o
Elm
ira
Gle
ns
Fal
ls
Ith
aca
Kin
gst
on
NY
C**
Po
ug
hke
epsi
e
Ro
ches
ter
Syr
acu
se
Uti
ca-R
om
e
Unemployment Rate (%) Unemployment in most NY MSAs remains
high, including the NYC MSA.
*Most recent available. Metro area data are not seasonally adjusted.**The NYC MSA includes Northern NJ and parts of Eastern PA.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics; Insurance Information Institute.
186
7921
365
127
42 15-1
09-1
465
9723
-12
-85 -58
-161
-253 -230
-257
-347
-456
-547
-734 -6
67-8
06-7
07-7
44-6
49-3
34-4
52-2
97-2
15 -186
-262
75-8
316
62
229
51 6111
714
311
2 193
128 16
711
925
726
126
410
810
2 175
5221
613
9 178 23
4 277
254
147
8511
663
162
10314
4
(1,000)
(800)
(600)
(400)
(200)
0
200
400
Jan-
07F
eb-0
7M
ar-0
7A
pr-0
7M
ay-0
7Ju
n-07
Jul-0
7A
ug-0
7S
ep-0
7O
ct-0
7N
ov-0
7D
ec-0
7Ja
n-08
Feb
-08
Mar
-08
Apr
-08
May
-08
Jun-
08Ju
l-08
Aug
-08
Sep
-08
Oct
-08
Nov
-08
Dec
-08
Jan-
09F
eb-0
9M
ar-0
9A
pr-0
9M
ay-0
9Ju
n-09
Jul-0
9A
ug-0
9S
ep-0
9O
ct-0
9N
ov-0
9D
ec-0
9Ja
n-10
Feb
-10
Mar
-10
Apr
-10
May
-10
Jun-
10Ju
l-10
Aug
-10
Sep
-10
Oct
-10
Nov
-10
Dec
-10
Jan-
11F
eb-1
1M
ar-1
1A
pr-1
1M
ay-1
1Ju
n-11
Jul-1
1A
ug-1
1S
ep-1
1O
ct-1
1N
ov-1
1D
ec-1
1Ja
n-12
Feb
-12
Mar
-12
Apr
-12
May
-12
Jun-
12Ju
l-12
Aug
-12
Monthly Change in Private Employment
January 2008 through August 2012 (Thousands)
Private Employers Added 4.65 million Jobs Since Jan. 2010 After Having Shed 4.66 Million Jobs in 2009 and 3.81 Million in 2008 (State and Local Governments Have Shed Hundreds of Thousands of Jobs)
Source: US Bureau of Labor Statistics: http://www.bls.gov/ces/home.htm; Insurance Information Institute
Monthly Losses in Dec. 08–Mar. 09 Were
the Largest in the Post-WW II Period
103,000 private sector jobs were created in
August
30
0.02
30.
011
-0.0
74-0
.132
-0.2
93-0
.546
-0.7
76-1
.033
-1.3
80-1
.836
-2.3
83-3
.117
-3.7
84-4
.590
-5.2
97-6
.041
-6.6
90-7
.024
-7.4
76-7
.773
-7.9
88-8
.174
-8.4
36-8
.361
-8.4
44-8
.428
-8.3
66-8
.222
-7.9
93-7
.942
-7.8
81-7
.764
-7.6
21-7
.509
-7.3
16-7
.188
-7.0
21-6
.902 -6.3
84-6
.120
-6.0
12-5
.910
-5.7
35-5
.683
-5.4
67-5
.328
-5.1
50-4
.916
-4.6
39-4
.385
-4.2
38-4
.153
-4.0
37-3
.974
-3.8
12-3
.709
-6.6
45
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
Dec
-07
Jan-
08F
eb-0
8M
ar-0
8A
pr-0
8M
ay-
Jun-
08Ju
l-08
Aug
-08
Sep
-08
Oct
-08
Nov
-08
Dec
-08
Jan-
09F
eb-0
9M
ar-0
9A
pr-0
9M
ay-
Jun-
09Ju
l-09
Aug
-09
Sep
-09
Oct
-09
Nov
-09
Dec
-09
Jan-
10F
eb-1
0M
ar-1
0A
pr-1
0M
ay-
Jun-
10Ju
l-10
Aug
-10
Sep
-10
Oct
-10
Nov
-10
Dec
-10
Jan-
11F
eb-1
1M
ar-1
1A
pr-1
1M
ay-
Jun-
11Ju
l-11
Aug
-11
Sep
-11
Oct
-11
Nov
-11
Dec
-11
Jan-
12F
eb-1
2M
ar-1
2A
pr-1
2M
ay-
Jun-
12Ju
l-12
Aug
-12
Mill
ion
sCumulative Change in Private Employment: Dec. 2007—August 2012
December 2007 through August 2012 (Millions)
Source: US Bureau of Labor Statistics: http://www.bls.gov/ces/home.htm; Insurance Information Institute
Cumulative job losses peaked at 8.444 million
in December 2009
Cumulative job losses as of June 2012 totaled
3.709 million
31
All of the jobs “lost” since
President Obama took office in Jan.
2009 have been recouped
Private Employers Added 4.74 million Jobs Since Jan. 2010 After Having Shed 4.66 Million Jobs in 2009 and 3.81 Million in 2008 (State and Local Governments Have Shed Hundreds of Thousands of Jobs)
0.01
6
0.07
8
0.22
2
0.45
1
0.50
2
0.56
3
0.68
0
0.82
3
0.93
5
1.12
8
1.25
6
1.42
3
1.54
2
1.79
9
2.06
0
2.32
4
2.43
2
2.53
4
2.70
9
2.76
1
2.97
7
3.11
6
3.29
4
3.52
8 3.80
5
4.05
9
4.20
6
4.29
1
4.40
7
4.47
0
4.63
2
4.73
5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
Jan-
10
Feb
-10
Mar
-10
Apr
-10
May
-10
Jun-
10
Jul-1
0
Aug
-10
Sep
-10
Oct
-10
Nov
-10
Dec
-10
Jan-
11
Feb
-11
Mar
-11
Apr
-11
May
-11
Jun-
11
Jul-1
1
Aug
-11
Sep
-11
Oct
-11
Nov
-11
Dec
-11
Jan-
12
Feb
-12
Mar
-12
Apr
-12
May
-12
Jun-
12
Jul-1
2
Aug
-12
Mill
ion
sCumulative Change in Private Sector Employment: Jan. 2010—August 2012
January 2010 through August 2012* (Millions)
Source: US Bureau of Labor Statistics: http://www.bls.gov/ces/home.htm; Insurance Information Institute
Cumulative job gains through Aug. 2012
totaled 4.735 million
32
Private Employers Added 4.74 million Jobs Since Jan. 2010 After Having Shed 4.66 Million Jobs in 2009 and 3.81 Million in 2008 (State and Local Governments Have Shed Hundreds of Thousands of Jobs)
Job gains and pay increases have added more than $600 billion to payrolls
since Jan. 2010
0
-8
40
86
518
259
109
-70
-212 -188
-201
-221
-230
-267
-282
-295
-349
-367
-446 -4
13
-427
-454
-475
-486
-488
-483
-487
-504
-533
-551
-572
-579
-700
-500
-300
-100
100
300
500
700
Jan-
10
Feb
-10
Mar
-10
Apr
-10
May
-10
Jun-
10
Jul-1
0
Aug
-10
Sep
-10
Oct
-10
Nov
-10
Dec
-10
Jan-
11
Feb
-11
Mar
-11
Apr
-11
May
-11
Jun-
11
Jul-1
1
Aug
-11
Sep
-11
Oct
-11
Nov
-11
Dec
-11
Jan-
12
Feb
-12
Mar
-12
Apr
-12
May
-12
Jun-
12
Jul-1
2
Aug
-12
Cumulative Change in Government Employment: Jan. 2010—August 2012
January 2010 through August 2012* (Millions)
Source: US Bureau of Labor Statistics http://www.bls.gov/data/#employment; Insurance Information Institute
Cumulative job losses through Aug. 2012 totaled 579,000
33
Governments at All Levels are Under Severe Fiscal Strain As Tax Receipts Plunged and Pension Obligations Soared During the
Financial Crisis, Causing Them to Reduce Staff
Government at all levels has shed more than a half
million jobs since Jan. 2010 even as private employers created 4.74 million jobs.
Temporary Census hiring distorted 2010
figures
34
Net Change in Government Employment: Jan. 2010—August 2012*
-579
-426
-92-61
-700
-600
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
Total Local State Federal
(Thousands)
Local government employment shrank by 426,000 from Jan.
2010 through Aug. 2012, accounting for 74% of all government job losses,
negatively impacting WC exposures for those cities and counties that insure privately
*Cumulative change from prior month; Base employment date is Dec. 2009.Source: US Bureau of Labor Statistics http://www.bls.gov/data/#employment; Insurance Information Institute
State government employment fell by 1.8% since the end of 2009 while
Federal employment is down by 2.1%
35
Unemployment Rates by State, July 2012:Highest 25 States*
12
.0
10
.8
10
.7
9.8
9.6
9.6
9.3
9.1
9.1
9.0
8.9
8.9
8.8
8.7
8.5
8.5
8.4
8.3
8.3
8.3
8.3
8.3
8.2
7.9
7.7
7.6
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
NV RI CA NJ NC SC GA MS NY MI DC IL FL OR CT WA TN AL AZ CO KY US IN PA AK LA
Un
em
plo
ym
en
t R
ate
(%
)
*Provisional figures for July 2012, seasonally adjusted.
Sources: US Bureau of Labor Statistics; Insurance Information Institute.
In July, 44 states reported over-the-month unemployment rate increases, 2 states and the District of Columbia had decreases, and 4 states had no change.
NY has one of the highest
unemployment rates in the
country
36
7.6
7.5
7.4
7.3
7.3
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.0
6.8
6.6
6.4
6.4
6.3
6.1
6.0
5.9
5.8
5.6
5.4
5.3
5.0
4.9
4.4
4.0
3.0
0
2
4
6
8
ME ID WV AR WI MO OH TX MD DE NM HI MT KS MA UT VA MN WY NH IA VT OK SD NE ND
Une
mpl
oym
ent R
ate
(%)
Unemployment Rates by State, July 2012: Lowest 25 States*
*Provisional figures for July 2012, seasonally adjusted.Sources: US Bureau of Labor Statistics; Insurance Information Institute.
In July, 44 states reported over-the-month unemployment rate increases, 2 states and the District of Columbia had
decreases, and 4 states had no change.
37
US Unemployment Rate Forecast
4.5
%
4.5
%
4.6
%
4.8
%
4.9
% 5.4
% 6.1
%
6.9
%
8.1
%
9.3
%
9.6
% 10
.0%
9.7
%
9.6
%
9.6
%
8.9
%
9.1
%
9.1
%
8.7
%
8.3
%
8.2
%
8.2
%
8.2
%
8.1
%
8.0
%
7.9
%
7.8
%
9.6
%4.0%
5.0%
6.0%
7.0%
8.0%
9.0%
10.0%
11.0%
07
:Q1
07
:Q2
07
:Q3
07
:Q4
08
:Q1
08
:Q2
08
:Q3
08
:Q4
09
:Q1
09
:Q2
09
:Q3
09
:Q4
10
:Q1
10
:Q2
10
:Q3
10
:Q4
11
:Q1
11
:Q2
11
:Q3
11
:Q4
12
:Q1
12
:Q2
12
:Q3
12
:Q4
13
:Q1
13
:Q2
13
:Q3
13
:Q4
Rising unemployment eroded payrolls
and workers comp’s
exposure base.
Unemployment peaked at 10% in
late 2009.
* = actual; = forecastsSources: US Bureau of Labor Statistics; Blue Chip Economic Indicators (9/12 edition); Insurance Information Institute.
2007:Q1 to 2013:Q4F*
Unemployment forecasts have been revised slightly
upwards for 2012 and 2013. Optimistic scenarios put the
unemployment as low as 7.3% by Q4 of next year.
Jobless figures have been revised
slightly upwards for 2012/13
39
Nonfarm Payroll (Wages and Salaries):Quarterly, 2005–2012:Q2
Note: Recession indicated by gray shaded column. Data are seasonally adjusted annual rates.Sources: http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/series/WASCUR; National Bureau of Economic Research (recession dates); Insurance Information Institute.
Billions
$5,500
$5,750
$6,000
$6,250
$6,500
$6,750
$7,00005
:Q1
05:Q
2
05:Q
3
05:Q
4
06:Q
1
06:Q
2
06:Q
3
06:Q
4
07:Q
1
07:Q
2
07:Q
3
07:Q
4
08:Q
1
08:Q
2
08:Q
3
08:Q
4
09:Q
1
09:Q
2
09:Q
3
09:Q
4
10:Q
1
10:Q
2
10:Q
3
10:Q
4
11:Q
1
11:Q
2
11:Q
3
11:Q
4
12:Q
1
12:Q
2
Prior Peak was 2008:Q1 at $6.60 trillion
Latest (2012:Q2) was $6.89 trillion, a new peak--$640B
Payroll vs. Workers Comp Net Written Premiums, 1990-2012E
*Private employment; Shaded areas indicate recessions. Payroll and WC premiums for 2012 is I.I.I. estimate based YTD 2012 actuals.Sources: NBER (recessions); Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis at http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/series/WASCUR ; NCCI; I.I.I.
Continued Payroll Growth and Rate Increases Suggest WC NWP Will Grow Again in 2012; +7.9% Growth in 2011 Was the First Gain Since 2005
7/90-3/91 3/01-11/0112/07-6/09
$Billions $Billions
WC premium volume dropped two years before
the recession began
WC net premiums written were down $14B or 29.3% to
$33.8B in 2010 after peaking at $47.8B
in 2005
+9% in 2012E
41
POSITIVE LABOR MARKET DEVELOPMENTS
Key Factors Driving Workers Compensation Exposure
41
42
Mass Layoff Announcements,Jan. 2002—August 2012*
*Seasonally adjusted.Note: Recessions indicated by gray shaded columns.Sources: US Bureau of Labor Statistics at http://www.bls.gov/mls/; National Bureau of Economic Research (recession dates); Insurance Information Institute.
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
'02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12
Mass layoff announcements peaked at more than 3,000 per
month in Feb. 2009
There were 1,276 may layoffs announced in Aug. 2012, close to
pre-recession levels
44
Average Hourly Wage of All Private Workers, Mar. 2006—June 2012
*Seasonally adjustedNote: Recessions indicated by gray shaded columns.Sources: US Bureau of Labor Statistics at http://www.bls.gov/data/#employment; National Bureau of Economic Research (recession dates); Insurance Information Institute.
$18.00
$19.00
$20.00
$21.00
$22.00
$23.00
$24.00
'06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12
The average hourly wage was $23.50 in June, up
10.6% from $21.25 when the recession began in
Dec. 2007Wage gains continued during the
recession, despite massive job losses
(Hourly Wage)
45
ADVERSE LONG-TERMLABOR MARKET DEVELOPMENTS
Key Factors Harming Workers Compensation Exposure and the
Overall Economy
45
47
Labor Force Participation Rate,Jan. 2002—June 2012*
*Defined as the percentage of working age persons in the population who are employed or actively seeking work.Note: Recessions indicated by gray shaded columns.Sources: US Bureau of Labor Statistics at http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS11300000; National Bureau of Economic Research (recession dates); Insurance Information Institute.
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
'02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12
Large numbers of people are exiting (or not returning to the
labor force
Labor force participation
continues to shrink despite a falling
unemployment rate
Labor Force Participation as a % of Population
48
Notes: Recessions indicated by gray shaded columns. Data are seasonally adjusted.Sources: Bureau of Labor Statistics http://www.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.a.htm ; NBER (recession dates); Ins. Info. Inst.
Workers Comp Underwriting Results Are Deteriorating Markedly and the Worst They
Have Been in a DecadeSources: A.M. Best; Insurance Information Institute. 51
NY State Workers Compensation DPW: 2001–2011
$2.012 $1.995 $1.959
$3.437 $3.423$3.623
$4.157
$3.502$3.763
$4.134 $4.228
$0.0
$0.5
$1.0
$1.5
$2.0
$2.5
$3.0
$3.5
$4.0
$4.5
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11
Premium Volume in NY State is Still Recovering After a 19% Decline During the
Financial Crisis/Soft MarketSources: SNL Financial; Insurance Information Institute. 52
$ Billions
Workers Compensation Combined Ratio: 1973–2012P*
96
.8 99
.91
01
.1 10
4.2
10
3.5
99
.49
6.4
10
1.4
10
2.8
10
3.9
11
2.5
12
1.9
11
8.8
12
1.1
11
7.6
11
8.4
11
8.2
11
7.4 12
2.6
12
1.5
10
9.1
10
1.4
97
.0 99
.71
00
.71
07
.61
15
.3 11
8.2
12
0.9
11
2.6
10
8.6
10
5.1
10
2.7
98
.51
03
.61
04
.61
10
.41
16
.61
17
.11
16
.0
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
Workers Comp Underwriting Results Deteriorated Markedly in Recent Years
*Data are on a calendar year basis.Sources: Insurance Information Institute from A.M. Best (1973-1979; A.M. Best Aggregates & Averages, 1980-2011 (annual editions);A.M. Best Review & Preview for 2012F..
WC was the worst performing of the major commercial lines in 2011.
This is the 3rd time in 30 years that WC has suffered from very poor underwriting performance
Workers Compensation Premium: First Increase in YearsNet Written Premium
$ Billions
Calendar Yearp Preliminary
Source: 1990–2010 Private Carriers, Best's Aggregates & Averages; 2011p, NCCI1996–2011p State Funds: AZ, CA, CO, HI, ID, KY, LA, MD, MO, MT, NM, OK, OR, RI, TX, UT Annual Statements
State Funds available for 1996 and subsequent
Workers Compensation Lost-Time Claim Frequency Declined in 2011Lost-Time Claims
57
Percent
Accident Year2011p: Preliminary based on data valued as of 12/31/20111991–2010: Based on data through 12/31/2010, developed to ultimateBased on the states where NCCI provides ratemaking services, including state funds; excludes high deductible policiesFrequency is the number of lost-time claims per $1M pure premium at current wage and voluntary loss cost levelSource: NCCI.
2010p: Preliminary based on data valued as of 12/31/20111991–2010: Based on data through 12/31/2010, developed to ultimateBased on the states where NCCI provides ratemaking servicesExcludes high deductible policiesSource: NCCI
Accident Year
Workers Comp Indemnity Claim Costs: Modest Increase in 2011
Average indemnity costs per claim resumed its upward climb in 2011
Average Indemnity Cost per Lost-Time Claim
Workers Compensation Indemnity Severity:Modest Increase in 2011
59
Yearp PreliminaryBased on the states where NCCI provides ratemaking services, including state funds; excludes high deductible policies
Source: Average Weekly Wage 1995–2008: Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, Economy.com; 2009-2011p, NCCIAccident year indemnity severity—NCCI states, NCCI.
Percent ChangeAverage Indemnity Cost
per Lost-Time Claim
Workers Compensation Medical Severity Moderate Increase in 2011
61
Year
p PreliminaryBased on the states where NCCI provides ratemaking services, including state funds; excludes high deductible policies
Source: Medical CPI—All states, Economy.com; Accident year medical severity—NCCI states, NCCI
Percent ChangeAverage Medical Cost per Lost-Time Claim vs. Medical
CPI
Current NCCI Voluntary MarketFiled Rate/Loss Cost Changes(Excludes Law-Only Filings)
64
Ratio
•IN and NC filed in cooperation with state rating bureauSource: NCCI
66
Direct Premiums Written: Worker’s CompPercent Change by State, 2005-2010*
34
.4
23
.1
14
.2
10
.2
9.0
4.6
1.4
-3.7
-7.3
-9.3
-10
.0
-10
.3
-10
.9
-10
.9
-13
.0
-14
.7
-15
.3
-15
.9
-16
.9
-17
.8
-19
.8
-21
.4
-21
.7
-35-30-25-20-15-10-505
10152025303540
OK
MT ID LA
SD IA KS
NY WI
PA
MS IL
NM NJ
NE
MD
NC AL
CT VA
SC
AR
MN
Pe
ce
nt
ch
an
ge
(%
)
*Excludes monopolistic fund states: ND, OH, WA, WY as well as WV, which transitioned to a competitive structure during this period.
Sources: SNL Financial LC.; Insurance Information Institute.
Top 25 States
Only 7 (small) states showed growth in workers
comp premium volume between 2005 and 2010
Workers Comp DPW in NY dropped 3.7% from between 2005 and 2010
67
Direct Premiums Written: Worker’s CompPercent Change by State, 2005-2010*
-22
.6
-23
.7
-24
.2
-25
.0
-25
.2
-25
.2
-25
.3
-26
.8
-26
.9
-28
.1
-28
.3
-28
.7
-29
.0
-30
.1
-32
.5
-32
.6
-33
.8
-34
.7
-36
.1
-42
.7
-45
.4
-50
.7
-51
.2
-57
.7
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
AZ
ME
GA
KY IN NH
OR
DC
MA
TN VT
US
TX
AK
MO MI
UT RI
CO
DE
NV HI
CA
FL
Pe
ce
nt
ch
an
ge
(%
)
Bottom 25 States
States with the poorest performing economies also produced the most negative net change in premiums of
the past 5 years
*Excludes monopolistic fund states: ND, OH, WA, WY as well as WV, which transitioned to a competitive structure during this period.
Sources: SNL Financial LC.; Insurance Information Institute.
Workers Comp DPW plunged 28.7% from
between 2005 and 2010
Workers Compensation Residual MarketCombined Ratio
70
Percent
Policy Year•Incomplete policy year projected to ultimate
•Source: NCCI.
NCCI-Serviced Workers Compensation Residual Market Pools as of Dec. 31, 2011
Workers Compensation Residual Market Premium—First Increase Since 2004
71
$ Billions
Policy Year•Incomplete policy year projected to ultimate
Source: NCCI/
NCCI-Serviced Workers Compensation Residual Market Pools as of Dec. 31, 2011
Workers Compensation Insurance Plan States* Premium as a Percentage of Direct Written Premium
73
Percent
Calendar Yearp Preliminary
•NCCI Plan states plus DE, IN, MA, MI, NC, NJ
Source: NCCI.
Calendar Year Market Share
2009 =5.12010 =4.62011 =5.0
Life$1.2 (3%)
Aviation Liability
$4.3 (11%)
Other Liability
$4.9 (12%)
Biz Interruption $13.5 (33%)
Property -WTC 1 & 2*$4.4 (11%) Property -
Other$7.4 (19%)
Aviation Hull$0.6 (2%)
Event Cancellation
$1.2 (3%)Workers Comp
$2.2 (6%)
Total Insured Losses Estimate: $40.0B***Loss total does not include March 2010 New York City settlement of up to $657.5 million to compensate approximately 10,000 Ground Zero workers or any subsequent settlements.
**$32.5 billion in 2001 dollars.
Source: Insurance Information Institute.
Loss Distribution by Type of Insurancefrom Sept. 11 Terrorist Attack ($ 2011)
($ Billions)
78
P/C Insurance Industry Financial Overview
Profit Recovery Was Set Back in 2011 by High Catastrophe
Loss & Other Factors
78
P/C Net Income After Taxes1991–2012:Q1 ($ Millions)
P-C Industry 2012:Q1 profits were up 29% from 2011:Q1, due primarily to lower catastrophe losses
* ROE figures are GAAP; 1Return on avg. surplus. Excluding Mortgage & Financial Guaranty insurers yields a 8.2% ROAS for 2012:Q1, 4.6% ROAS for 2011, 7.6% for 2010 and 7.4% for 2009.Sources: A.M. Best, ISO, Insurance Information Institute
A 100 Combined Ratio Isn’t What ItOnce Was: Investment Impact on ROEs
Combined Ratio / ROE
* 2008 -2012 figures are return on average surplus and exclude mortgage and financial guaranty insurers. 2012:Q1 combined ratio including M&FG insurers is 99.0, ROAS = 7.2%; 2011 combined ratio including M&FG insurers is 108.2, ROAS = 3.5%. Source: Insurance Information Institute from A.M. Best and ISO data.
Combined Ratios Must Be Lower in Today’s DepressedInvestment Environment to Generate Risk Appropriate ROEs
A combined ratio of about 100 generates an ROE of ~6.7% in 2012, ~7.5% ROE in 2009/10,
10% in 2005 and 16% in 1979
Year Ago
2011:Q1 = 102.2, 6.1% ROE
-5%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
*1
2:
Profitability Peaks & Troughs in the P/C Insurance Industry, 1975 – 2012:Q1*
*Profitability = P/C insurer ROEs. 2011 figure is an estimate based on ROAS data. Note: Data for 2008-2012 exclude mortgage and financial guaranty insurers. 2012:Q1 ROAS = 7.2% including M&FG.Source: Insurance Information Institute; NAIC, ISO, A.M. Best.
1977:19.0% 1987:17.3%
1997:11.6%2006:12.7%
1984: 1.8% 1992: 4.5% 2001: -1.2%
10 Years
10 Years9 Years
2011:4.6%*
History suggests next ROE peak will be in 2016-2017
ROE
1975: 2.4%
2012:Q8.2%
84
RNW Workers Comp: NY vs. U.S.,2001-2010
*Excluding 2001 (9/11 effect), RNW for the period 2002-2010 is 5.3%.Sources: NAIC.
-10%
-5%
0%
5%
10%
15%
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10US WComp NY WComp
(Percent)
Average 2001-2010
US: 6.1%
NY: 3.9%*9/11 attack drove RNW
down to -8.1% in NY state
INVESTMENTS: THE NEW REALITY
87
Investment Performance is a Key Driver of Profitability
Depressed Yields Will Necessarily Influence
Underwriting & Pricing 87
88
Insurers Have Not Yet Fully Adapted to a Persistently Low Interest Rate Environment
No Expectation that Rates Would Be:Pushed to Such Low Levels
Pushed Down so Rapidly
Held to Such Low Levels for So Long
Suppressed via Unprecedented Aggressiveness of the Federal Reserve– Use of traditional and unconventional tools (QE)– Unconventional ’s policies couldn’t be anticipated, esp. QE1, 2 (3?)
Competitive PressureProtracted Soft MarketAbility to Release Prior Reserves Eases UrgencyRealization of Capital Gains
OFFSETTING FACTORSCapitalization Still SolidEmergence of Sophisticated Price Monitoring and Underwriting Tools
Property/Casualty Insurance Industry Investment Income: 2000–2012F1
$38.9$37.1 $36.7
$38.7
$54.6
$51.2
$47.1 $47.6$49.0
$46.6
$39.6
$49.5
$52.3
$30
$40
$50
$60
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12F
Investment Income in 2011 Was Surprisingly Strong, Though Investment Income Is Likely to Weaken in 2012 Due to Persistently Low Interest Rates
1 Investment gains consist primarily of interest and stock dividends.*2012F is based on annualized Q1:2012 actual figure of $11.656B.Sources: ISO; Conning Research & Consulting; Insurance Information Institute.
($ Billions)
Investment earnings in 2011 were 10.3% below
their 2007 pre-crisis peak
Property/Casualty Insurance Industry Investment Gain: 1994–2012F1
Investment Gains in 2011 Were Surprisingly Robust. Investment Gains Recovered Significantly in 2011 Due to Realized Investment Gains; The
Financial Crisis Caused Investment Gains to Fall by 50% in 20081 Investment gains consist primarily of interest, stock dividends and realized capital gains and losses.* 2005 figure includes special one-time dividend of $3.2B; 2012F figure is III estimate based on annualized actual Q1:2012 result of
$12.341B.Sources: ISO; Insurance Information Institute.
($ Billions)
Investment gains in 2011 were $2.8B above 2010 levels—a surprise given falling rates
and flat stock markets
91
P/C Insurer Net Realized Capital Gains/Losses, 1990-2012:Q1
Sources: A.M. Best, ISO, Insurance Information Institute.
Insurers Posted Net Realized Capital Gains in 2010 and 2011 After Following Two Years of Realized Losses During the Financial Crisis. Realized Capital
Losses Were the Primary Cause of 2008/2009’s Large Drop in Profits and ROE
($ Billions) $27.0B positive swing from 2008-2011
92
U.S. 10-Year Treasury Note Yields:A Long Downward Trend, 1990–2012*
*Monthly, through Aug. 2012. Note: Recessions indicated by gray shaded columns.Sources: Federal Reserve Bank at http://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/h15/data.htm. National Bureau of Economic Research (recession dates); Insurance Information Institutes.
Yields on 10-Year U.S. Treasury Notes have been essentially below 5% for a full decade.
Since roughly 80% of P/C bond/cash investments are in 10-year or shorter durations, most P/C insurer portfolios will have low-yielding bonds for years to come.
Yields on 10-Year U.S. Treasury Notes recently
plunged to all time record lows
92
93
Treasury Yield Curves: Pre-Crisis (July 2007) vs. August 2012
Reserve Releases Remained Strong in 2010 But Tapered Off in 2011. Releases Are Expected to
Further Diminish in 2012 and 2103Note: 2005 reserve development excludes a $6 billion loss portfolio transfer between American Re and Munich Re. Including this transaction, total prior year adverse development in 2005 was $7 billion. The data from 2000 and subsequent years excludes development from financial guaranty and mortgage insurance. Sources: Barclays Capital; A.M. Best.
Considers all reserve discounts as deficienciesLoss and LAE figures are based on NAIC Annual Statement data for each valuation date and NCCI latest selectionsSource: NCCI analysis
WC Loss and LAE Reserve Deficiency: Private Carriers
Workers Compensation Loss and LAE Reserve Deficiencies, 1995-2011
Financial Strength & Underwriting
103
Cyclical Pattern is P-C Impairment History is Directly Tied to
Underwriting, Reserving & Pricing
103
P/C Insurer Impairments, 1969–20118
15
12
71
19
34
91
31
21
99
16
14
13
36
49
31 3
45
04
85
56
05
84
12
91
61
23
11
8 19
49 50
47
35
18
14 15 16 1
9 21
34
5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
Source: A.M. Best Special Report “1969-2011 Impairment Review,” June 2012; Insurance Information Institute.
The Number of Impairments Varies Significantly Over the P/C Insurance Cycle, With Peaks Occurring Well into Hard Markets
3 small insurers in Missouri did encounter
problems in 2011 following the May
tornado in Joplin. They were absorbed by a
larger insurer and all claims were paid.
104
106
Reasons for US P/C Insurer Impairments, 1969–2010
3.6%4.0%
8.6%
7.3%
7.8%
7.1%
7.8%13.6%
40.3%
Source: A.M. Best: 1969-2010 Impairment Review, Special Report, April 2011.
Historically, Deficient Loss Reserves and Inadequate Pricing AreBy Far the Leading Cause of P-C Insurer Impairments.
Investment and Catastrophe Losses Play a Much Smaller Role
Deficient Loss Reserves/Inadequate Pricing
Reinsurance Failure
Rapid GrowthAlleged Fraud
Catastrophe Losses
Affiliate Impairment
Investment Problems (Overstatement of Assets)
Misc.
Sig. Change in Business
107
Top 10 Lines of Business for US P/C Impaired Insurers, 2000–2010
2.0%4.4%
4.8%
6.5%
6.9%
7.7%
8.1%
10.9%
22.2%
26.6%
Source: A.M. Best: 1969-2010 Impairment Review, Special Report, April 2011.
Workers Comp and Pvt. Passenger Auto Account for Nearly Half of the Premium Volume of Impaired Insurers Over the Past Decade
Workers Comp
Financial Guaranty
Pvt. Passenger Auto
Homeowners
Commercial Multiperil
Commercial Auto Liability
Other Liability
Med Mal
SuretyTitle
RENEWED PRICING DISCIPLINE
111
Is There Evidence of a Broad and Sustained Shift in Pricing?
111
115
Average Commercial Rate Change,All Lines, (1Q:2004–2Q:2012)
-3.2
%-5
.9%
-7.0
%-9
.4%
-9.7
%-8
.2%
-4.6
% -2.7
%-3
.0%
-5.3
%-9
.6%
-11
.3%
-11
.8%
-13
.3%
-12
.0%
-13
.5%
-12
.9%
-11
.0%
-6.4
%-5
.1%
-4.9
%-5
.8%
-5.6
%-5
.3%
-6.4
%-5
.2%
-5.4
% -2.9
%
2.7
% 4.4
%4
.3%
-0.1
% 0.9
%
-0.1
%
-16%
-11%
-6%
-1%
4%
9%
1Q
04
2Q
04
3Q
04
4Q
04
1Q
05
2Q
05
3Q
05
4Q
05
1Q
06
2Q
06
3Q
06
4Q
06
1Q
07
2Q
07
3Q
07
4Q
07
1Q
08
2Q
08
3Q
08
4Q
08
1Q
09
2Q
09
3Q
09
4Q
09
1Q
10
2Q
10
3Q
10
4Q
10
1Q
11
2Q
11
3Q
11
4Q
11
1Q
12
2Q
12
Source: Council of Insurance Agents & Brokers; Insurance Information Institute
KRW Effect
Pricing as of Q2:2012 was positive marking the first full
year of gains since 2003. Increases are holding steady in
2012.
(Percent)
Q2 2011 marked the 30th consecutive quarter of price
declines
116
Change in Commercial Rate Renewals, by Line: 2012:Q2
Source: Council of Insurance Agents and Brokers; Insurance Information Institute.
Major Commercial Lines Renewed Uniformly Upward in Q2:2012 for Only the Fourth Time Since 2003; Property Lines & Workers
Comp Leading the Way; Cat Losses and Low Interest Rates Provide Momentum Going Forward
Percentage Change (%)
4.7%5.1%
7.2%
8.3%
0.6%
3.0%3.8% 3.9% 4.1% 4.3%
0.0%
1.0%
2.0%
3.0%
4.0%
5.0%
6.0%
7.0%
8.0%
9.0%
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Workers Comp rate increases are large than any other line, followed
by Property lines
Workers Comp Rate Changes,2008:Q4 – 2012:Q2
Source: Council of Insurance Agents and Brokers; Information Institute.
* Benefits paid during calendar year to injured workers and to providers of their medical care.**Costs are employer expenditures for WC benefits, associated administrative costs and insurance premiums. Includes self-insured employers and payments of benefits under large insurance programs.Sources: National Academy of Social Insurance (1980-2010); Insurance Information Institute estimates for 2011-2012.
Workers Comp Benefits* and Costs** per $100 of Covered Wages, 1980-2012F