Work Study Assignment

7/23/2019 Work Study Assignment

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WORK STUDY:

Definition: Work study is a general term for the techniques of method study and workmeasurement.

These techniques are used in the examination of human work in all its contexts. They help in

investigation of all the factors which affect the efficiency and economy at the work place in orderto affect improvement

METHOD STUDY:

Method study is the technique of systematic recording and critical examination of existing and

proposed ways of doing work and developing an easier and economical method.

Objectives of Method Study:

1. Improvement of manufacturing processes and procedures.

2. Improvement of working conditions.

. Improvement of plant layout and work place layout.

!. "educing the human effort and fatigue.#. "educing material handling

$. Improvement of plant and equipment design.%. Improvement in the utility of material& machines and manpower.

'. (tandardi)ation of method.

*. Improvement in safety standard.

Method Study Procedure:

This procedure involves seven +asic steps as follows,

! SE"E#T : the work to +e studied

$! RE#ORD : all the relevant facts a+out the present method

%! E&'M()E: the facts critically and in ordered sequences& using the techniques +estsuited to the purpose.

*! DE+E"OP: the most practical& economic and effective method having due regard to all

contingent circumstances.

,! DE-()E : the new method so that it can always +e identified

.! ()ST'"". : the method as standard practice

/! M'()T'(): the method +y regular routine checks.

Recordin0 Techni1ues:

It is the second important step in Method (tudy. The facts collected a+out the existing method

are su+sequently su+-ected to a thorough examination with a view to evolving improved

methods. ence& a clear and precise record is necessary& if method study is to +e effective.

The advantages of such a form of recording are&

/i0 It helps in presenting the necessary information in a precise and clear manner and

facilitates further analysis./ii0 It is easily understanda+le and can +e .clearly visuali)ed&

/iii0 ften presentation of the existing method or procedure& in a graphic form itself shows

o+vious improvements.


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#h2rts 2nd Di20r23s used in Method Study:

The following charts and diagrams are used in method study.1. peration process chart /or0 utline process chart.

2. low process chart.

(a) Material type(b) Man type

(c) 3quipment type

. Two4handed process chart. /or0 5eft hand4"ight hand chart

!. Multiple activity charts.

#. low diagram.

$. (tring diagram

#h2rtin0 Sy3bo4s:6ll activities can +e +roken down into five +asic types of events and each is represented +y asym+ol. ollowing are the five standard sym+ols used in charting.

/a0 6n operation4 78 4occurs& when there is a change in the physical or chemical characteristics

of an o+-ect or material. 6ssem+ling and dis4assem+ling& making ready for the activity or puttingaway after another activity are also classified as operation. Mental activities such as giving or

receiving information or calculating& etc.& are included in operation.

Example: Turning a rod on a lathe& -oining two components +y welding& a chemical reaction&dismantling of a steam pipe.

/+0 6n inspection4 798 4 occurs when an o+-ect is checked for either quantity or quality.

Example: :hecking +y counting& dimensional check& visual inspection of welding& checks a

letter./c0 6 transport47;8 4occurs whenever there is any movement either +y the . the next activity

immediately. ?arious delays and interruptions are denoted +y this sym+ol.

Example: Material waiting near a machine for an operation and operator waiting for a tool near

the tool cri+.

/e0 6 storage47@8 4occurs when an o+-ect is kept and protected against unauthori)ed removal.

Example: Materials in >tore& a letter in a file.

OPER'T(O) PRO#ESS #H'RT

perations Arocess :hart is a graphic representation of the sequence of all the operations and

inspections involved in a process or procedure. It provides a +ird>s eye view of the whole process

or activity. In an operations process chart all the operations and inspections involved are

recorded. The chart does not indicate where the work takes place or who performs it. The delays&transport and storages are not indicated. But the entry points of materials are indicated.


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(uch a chart will serve as a starting point for the critical examination. This is a very useful chart

for initial analysis. Where the process is long and complicated& this chart provides an overall

picture and gives adequate information for critical examination. This chart is particularly usefulfor recording maintenance and other indirect work.

-"OW PRO#ESS #H'RT6 flow process chart is a graphical representation of the sequence of all the activities /operation&

inspection& transport& delay and storage0 taking place in a process. Arocess chart sym+ols are

used here to represent the activities. There are three types of flow process charts. They are1. Man type flow process chart

This flow process chart records what the worker does.2. Material type flow process chart

This flow process chart records how the material is handled or treated.3. Equipment type flow process chart

This flow process chart records how the equipment or machine is used.

5ener24 0uide4ines for 326in0 2 f4o7 8rocess ch2rt:1. The details must +e o+tained +y direct o+servationCcharts must not +e +ased on memory.

2. 6ll the facts must +e correctly recorded.. Do assumptions should +e made.

!. Make it easy for future reference.

#. 6ll charts must have the following details,

(a)Dame of the product& material or equipment that is o+served.

(b) (tarting point and ending point.

(c) The location where the activities take place.

(d) The chart reference num+er& sheet num+er and num+er of total sheets.(e) Eey to the sym+ols used must +e stated.

TWO9H')DED PRO#ESS #H'RT OR; R(5HT H')D< "E-T H')D #H'RT:

It is the process chart in which the activities of two hands of the operator are recorded. It shows

whether the two hands of the operator are idle or moving in relation to one another& in atimescale. It is generally used for repetitive operations.

5ener24 0uide4ines for 8re82rin0 the ch2rt:

1. Arovide all information a+out the -o+ in the chart.

2. (tudy the operation cycle a few times +efore starting to record.. "ecord one hand at a time.

!. irst record the activities of the hand which starts the work first.

#. =o not com+ine the different activities like operations& transport etc

M')9M'#H()E #H'RT MU"T(P"E '#T(+(TY #H'RT;:6 man4machine chart is a chart in which the activities of more than one worker or machine are

recorded. 6ctivities are recorded on a common time scale to show the inter4relationship. It is also

known as multiple activity charts. It is used when a worker operates a num+er of machines at a

time. It is also used when a num+er of workers -ointly do a -o+. 6ctivities of workers ormachines are recorded in separate vertical columns /+ars0 with a hori)ontal time scale.

The chart shows the idle time of the worker or machine during the process. By carefully

analy)ing the chart& we can rearrange the activities. Work load is evenly distri+uted among the


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workers or machines +y this the idle time of worker or machine is reduced. Multiple activity

chart is very useful in planning team work in production or maintenance. Fsing the chart we can

find out the correct num+er of machines that a worker can operate at a time. We can also find outthe exact num+er of workers needed to do a -o+ -ointly. To record the time& ordinary wrist watch

or stop watch is used. igh accuracy is not needed.

-"OW D('5R'M

In any production shop& repair shop or any other department& there are movements of men and

material from one place to another. Arocess charts indicate the sequence of activities. They do notshow the frequent movements of men and material. If these movements are minimi)ed& a lot of

savings can +e achieved in cost and effort. If the path of movement of material is not frequent

and simple& a flow diagram is used for recording the movement.

6 flow diagram is a diagram which is drawn to scale. The relative position of machineries& gang

ways& material handling equipment etc. is drawn first. Then the path followed +y men or material

is marked on the diagram. =ifferent movements can +e marked in different colours. Arocess

sym+ols are added to the diagram to identify the different activities at different work centres.

The flow diagram is used for the following purposes,

1. To remove unwanted material movement.

2. To remove +ack tracking.

. To avoid traffic congestion.!. To improve the plant layout.

#onventions 2do8ted 2re:

1. eading and description of the process should +e given at the top of the diagram.

2. ther information like location& name of the shop& name of the person drawing the

diagram are also given.

. The path followed +y the material is shown +y a flow line.!. =irection of movement is shown +y small arrows along the flow lines.#. The different activities are represented +y the sym+ols on the flow lines. /(ame sym+ols

used in flow process chart are used here0.$. If more than one product is to +e shown in the diagram different colours are used for each

path.

STR()5 D('5R'M

We make use of flow diagram for recording the movement of men or material when the

movement is simple and the path is almost fixed. But when the paths are many and are repetitive&

it may not +e possi+le to record them in a flow diagram. ere a string diagram is used.(tring diagram is a scaled plan of the shop. 5ocation of machines and various facilities are drawn

to scale in a drawing sheet. Ains are fixed at the various work centres in the drawing sheet. 6

continuous coloured thread or string is taken round the pins where the material or worker movesduring the process.

#onstruction 8rocedure of strin0 di20r23:

1. =raw the layout of the shop to scale in a drawing sheet.


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2. Mark the various work centres like machines& stores& work +ench etc. in the diagram.

. old the drawing sheet on a soft +oard and fix pins at the work centres.

!. Tie one end of a coloured string to the work centre from which the movement starts.#. ollow the path of the worker to different work centre and accordingly take the thread to

different points on the drawing +oard.

$. 6t the end of the session note down the num+er of movements from one work centre toanother.

%. "emove the string and measure the total length of the string. Multiply +y the scale and

get the actual distance of movement.

'884ic2tions of strin0 di20r23

1. It is used for recording the complex movements of material or men.

2. Back tracking& congestion& +ottlenecks& underutili)ed paths are easily found out.. It is used to check whether the work station is correctly located.

!. Fsed to record irregular movements.

#. Fsed to find out the most economical route.

TWO H')DED PRO#ESS #H'RT E=2384e: 'sse3b4y of 72sher 2nd nut to 2 bo4t;


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The assem+ly of a nut and washer over a +olt is recorded. The work place layout is shown in the righthand corner. The activities of left hand are recorded at left half of the chart. The activities of the right

hand are recorded at the right half of the chart. The hori)ontal lines represent the time scale.6ctivities of left hand and right hand shown in the same line occur at the same moment.

(ummary of the num+er of each activity can +e ta+ulated at the +ottom of the chart. The chart is first

drawn for the existing method. This chart is analy)ed and if it is found that one hand is over loaded

than the other& modification are done in the layout of the workplace or in the sequence of activities.Then a new chart is made for the proposed cycle.


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M')9M'#H()E #H'RT MU"T(P"E '#T(+(TY #H'RT;:

ere one operator operates two semi4automatic machines simultaneously. The activities of the

operator are recorded in a separate vertical column. The activities of the two machines are recordedin two separate vertical columns. The different activities like loading& machining and unloading are

represented +y different sym+ols. Blank space shows the idle time.


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-"OW D('5R'M


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STR()5 D('5R'M


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OPER'T(O) PRO#ESS #H'RT

OPER'T(O) PRO#ESS #H'RT M')U-'#TURE O- P"YWOOD;


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-"OW PRO#ESS #H'RT


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Work Study Assignment

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