Work How Cells Work Chapter 5. Learning Objectives 1.Physics tells us that in any energy transformation: a) energy is neither created nor destroyed, and.

How Cells WorkWork

Chapter 5

Learning Objectives

1. Physics tells us that in any energy transformation: a) energy is neither created nor destroyed, and b) there is always some energy lost in an unusable form such as heat. Explain what this means to living systems.

2. What is ATP and what is its role in cell metabolism. Describe the ATP cycle.

3. What are enzymes and what is their role in cell metabolism? What factors affect the efficiency of enzyme function? Give some examples of conditions that might interfere with normal metabolism (i.e. enzyme function).

4. Explain what is involved in redox reactions, and why this process is important in living systems.

5. Describe the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration in the biosphere.

What Is Energy?• Total E =

usable E + unusable E (heat)

• Capacity to do work• Forms of energy

– Potential energy– Kinetic energy

How would you describe the energy in a chemical bond?

What type of energy drives osmosis?

Energy Transformations• Energy release is coupled

to energy-requiring

processes

• Cells use energy for:

– Chemical work

– Mechanical work

– Electrochemical work

• Reactants (describe)• Energy • Enzymes• Coenzymes/Cofactors• Products

What molecule is the only one directly used by cells to perform work?

Can some cellular processes be done without this molecule? Explain.

Energy Transformations

• First Law of Thermodynamics– The total amount of energy in the universe

remains constant– Energy can undergo conversions from one form to

another, but it cannot be created or destroyed

• Second Law of Thermodynamics– No energy conversion is ever 100 percent efficient

– The total amount of energy is flowing from high-energy forms to forms lower in energy

p. 74

One-Way Flow of Energy• The sun is life’s primary

energy source• Producers trap energy

from the sun and convert it into chemical bond energy

• All organisms use the energy stored in the bonds of organic compounds to do work

There is a tendency for increasing disorder (entropy) in the universe.

How is it possible that living systems can resist this move toward disorder?

How would you describe the molecules that contain food energy for other organisms (stable/unstable; how many bonds, etc)?

p. 74

Activation Energy

• For a chemical reaction to occur, some energy must be “invested” in the reactant(s)– Some reactions have a net

release of energy– Some reactions have a net

storage energy

• Enzymes make conditions more favorable, so less energy is needed to activate the reaction

activation energywithout enzyme

activation energywith enzyme

energyreleased

by thereaction

products

starting substance

p. 78

Enzyme Function (review)

• Highly specific• Very efficient

– speed up reaction up to 10 billion times faster

– have a maximum rate– organize metabolic pathways– Can be re-used (are

unchanged by the reaction)• Temperature & pH can affect

the natural shape of any enzyme

p. 78

Endergonic ReactionsProduct has more energy than reactants, and

potential energy is stored.

glucose, a high energy product

ENERGY IN

low energy starting substances

6

+ 6O2

666

Name the reactants. What metabolic process does this describe?

What does “potential energy of molecules” mean?

Anabolic (molecule building) reactions, e.g. ADP + P

p. 75

Exergonic Reactions• Products have less energy than starting substance, and energy is released to fuel cell processes.

• Catabolic (breakdown) reactions (e.g. digestion, ATP use)

glucose, a high energy starting substance

+ 6O2

6 6

low energy productsENERGY OUT

Name the products. What metabolic process does this describe?

p. 75

Red-Ox Reactions• Oxidation is the loss of electrons from a molecule

– decreases its potential energy– acceptor of the electron (often associated with H) is

often oxygen (thus, described as “oxidation”)• Reduction is the gain of electrons by a molecule

– increases its potential energy• In the body, oxidation-reduction reactions are coupled &

occur simultaneously; tightly controlled by enzymes

LEO

the Lion says

GER

Loss of Electrons is Oxidation

Gain of Electrons is Reduction

p. 76

Main Metabolic Pathways in Ecosystems

glucose is oxidized, to

produce ATP

(what is the other form of energy released?)

CO2 is reduced, to

produce glucose

(where does the energy

come from to fuel these

reactions?)

p. 77

The Role of ATP

Cells “earn” ATP in exergonic reactions

Cells “spend” ATP in endergonic reactionsName some examples of ‘cellular work”. Are these energy transformations completely efficient?

p. 75

The Role of Coenzymes• Co = “with”• Shuttle molecules/ions

from one reaction to the next (esp. H+ & e-)

• Unchanged• Reusable• Often made from vitamins

– Niacin NAD (NADP)– Riboflavin FADpp. 78, 80, 97