PHYSICS PROJECT WORK made by- Archana pal class-9 roll no.7
PHYSICS
PROJECT WORK
made by- Archana pal class-9 roll no.7
Physicist’s definition Physicist’s definition of “workof “work””
dist
Work = F x dist∥
A scalar
(not a vector)
dist∥
Atlas holds up the Atlas holds up the EarthEarth
But he doesn’t move, dist∥ = 0
Work= Fx dist∥ = 0
He doesn’t do any work!
Garcon does work whenGarcon does work whenhe picks up the trayhe picks up the tray
but not while hecarries it around
the room
dist is not zero,but dist∥ is 0
Why this definition?Why this definition?
Newton’s 2nd law: F=m a
Definition of work+ a little calculus
Work= change in ½mv2
A scalar
equation
A vector
equation
This scalar quantity is givena special name: kinetic energy
Work = change Work = change in KEin KE
This is called:
the Work-Energy Theorem
Work done by Work done by gravitygravity
start
end
dist dist∥
W=mg
Work = F x dist∥
= -mg x change in height= -change in mg h
change in vertical height
Gravitational Potential Gravitational Potential EnergyEnergy
Workgrav = -change in mgh
This is called:“Gravitational Potential Energy” (or PEgrav)
Workgrav = -change in PEgravchange in PEgrav = -Workgrav
If gravity is the only force If gravity is the only force doing work….doing work….
-change in mgh = change in ½ mv2
0 = change in mgh + change in ½ mv2
change in (mgh + ½ mv2) = 0
mgh + ½ mv2 = constant
Work-energy theorem:
Conservation of energyConservation of energy
mgh + ½ mv2 = constant
GravitationalPotential energy
Kinetic energy
If gravity is the only force that does work:
PE + KE = constant
Energy is conserved
Free fallFree fall (reminder)(reminder)
V0 = 0
t = 0s
V1 = 10m/s
t = 1s
V2 = 20m/s
t = 2s
V3 = 30m/s
t = 3s
V4 = 40m/s
t = 4s
75m
60m
35m
0m
height
80m
m=1kg free falls from m=1kg free falls from 80m80m
V0 = 0 h0=80m
t = 0s
V1 = 10m/s; h1=75m
t = 1s
V2 = 20m/s; h2=60m 600J 200J 800J
t = 2s
V3 = 30m/s; h3=35m 350J 450J 800J
t = 3s
V4 = 40m/s; h4=0 0 800J 800J
t = 4s
mgh ½ mv2 sum
800J 0 800J
750J 50J 800J
pendulumpendulum
W=mg
T
Two forces: T and W
T is always ┴ to the motion
(& does no work)
Pendulum conserves Pendulum conserves energyenergy
hmax
E=mghmaxE=mghmax
E=1/2 m(vmax)2
Roller coasterRoller coaster
Work done by a springWork done by a spring
RelaxedPosition
F=0
Fx
I compressthe spring
(I do + work;spring does
-work)
Work done by spring = - change in ½ kx2
Spring Potential Spring Potential EnergyEnergy
Workspring = -change in ½ kx2
This is the:“Spring’s Potential Energy” (or PEspring)
Workspring = -change in PEspring
change in PEspring = -Workspring
If spring is the only force If spring is the only force doing work….doing work….
-change in ½ kx2 = change in ½ mv2
0 = change in ½ kx2 + change in ½ mv2
change in ( ½ kx2 + ½ mv2) = 0
½ kx2 + ½ mv2 = constant
Work-energy theorem:
Conservation of energyConservation of energysprings & gravitysprings & gravity
mgh + ½ kx2 + ½ mv2 = constant
Gravitationalpotential energy
Kinetic energy
If elastic force & gravity are the only force doing work:
PEgrav + PEspring + KE = constant
Energy is conserved
springpotential energy
Two types of forces:Two types of forces:
“Conservative” forcesforces that do + & – work
•Gravity
•Elastic (springs, etc)
•Electrical forces
•…
“Dissipative” forcesforces that only do – work
•Friction
•Viscosity
•….
-work change in PE
-work heat(no potential energy.)
(-)Work done by (-)Work done by frictionfrictionheatheat
Work-energy theoremWork-energy theorem(all forces)(all forces)
Workfric = change in (PE+KE)Work done
dissipative
Forces(always -)
Kinetic energy
-Workfric = change in heat energy
potential energyFrom all
Conservative forces
-change in Heat Energy = change in (PE+KE)
Workfric = -change in heat energy
Work – Energy TheoremWork – Energy Theorem(all forces)(all forces)
0 = change in Heat Energy + change in (PE+KE)
0 = change in (Heat Energy+PE+KE)
Heat Energy + PE + KE = constant
Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy conversion while Energy conversion while skiingskiing
Friction: energy gets converted to heat
Potential energy
Potential energykinetic energy
PowerPower
Rate of using energy:amout of energy
elapsed time
Units:Joule
second 1 = 1 Watt
Power =
A 100 W light bulbconsumes 100 J of
electrical energy eachsecond to produce light
Other unitsOther units
Over a full day, a work-horse can
have an average work output of more than 750 Joules each
second
1 Horsepower = 750 Watts
Kilowatt hoursKilowatt hours
energytimePower = energy = power x time
power unit x time unit = energy unit
Elec companies use:Kilowatts(103 W)
hours(3600 s)
1 kilowatt-hour = 1kW-hr
= 103 W x 3.6x103
s = 3.6x106 WsJ
HECO charges us about 15 cents /kW-hr
x
Multiple choice questionsMultiple choice questions1)The work done by a weight of 1kg mass when it 1)The work done by a weight of 1kg mass when it moves up through 1m is:moves up through 1m is:
(a)10 joule (a)10 joule (b)-10 joule(b)-10 joule
(c)0.1 joule (c)0.1 joule (d)-0.1 joule(d)-0.1 joule
2)A stone is tied to a string and then whirled in a 2)A stone is tied to a string and then whirled in a circle. The work done on it by the stringcircle. The work done on it by the string is: is:
(a)Positive (a)Positive (b)negative(b)negative
(c)zero (c)zero (d)undefined (d)undefined
ans ans -1)--1)-10 joule 10 joule 2)2)zerozero
3)3)When a force retards the motion of a body, the When a force retards the motion of a body, the work done is:work done is:
(a)positive (a)positive (b)zero (b)zero
(c)negative (c)negative (d)undefined (d)undefined
4)The speed of a particle is doubled. Its 4)The speed of a particle is doubled. Its kinetic energy:kinetic energy:(a)remains the same (a)remains the same (b)becomes two (b)becomes two timestimes
(c)becomes half (c)becomes half (d)becomes four (d)becomes four timestimes
ans-3) ans-3)negative negative 4) 4)becomes becomes four timesfour times
5)5)A body of mass 5kg falls through a height of 5m. The A body of mass 5kg falls through a height of 5m. The loss in potential energy of the mass is:loss in potential energy of the mass is:
(a)(a)250 j 250 j (b)25 j(b)25 j
(c)2.5 kj (c)2.5 kj (d)50 j(d)50 j
6)Potential energy of a person is minimum when:6)Potential energy of a person is minimum when:
(a)person is standing (a)person is standing (b)person is sitting in a (b)person is sitting in a chairchair
(c)person is sitting on the ground (c)person is sitting on the ground (d)person is lying (d)person is lying on the groundon the ground
ans-5) ans-5)250 j 250 j 6) 6) person is lying on the person is lying on the ground ground
7)An electric motor creates a tension of 4500N in 7)An electric motor creates a tension of 4500N in hoisting a cable and reels it at a rate of 2m/s.The hoisting a cable and reels it at a rate of 2m/s.The power of the motor is:power of the motor is:
(a)25kW (a)25kW (b)9kW(b)9kW
(c)225kW (c)225kW (d)90kW(d)90kW
8)A engine develops a power of 10kW.How much 8)A engine develops a power of 10kW.How much time will it take to lift a mass of 200 kg to a height time will it take to lift a mass of 200 kg to a height of 40m?(g=10m/sof 40m?(g=10m/s):):
(a)4s (a)4s (b)5s(b)5s
(c)8s (c)8s (d)10s(d)10s
ans- 7) ans- 7)9kW9kW 8) 8)8s8s
9)The power (p) is expressed as:9)The power (p) is expressed as:
(a)p=work* distance (a)p=work* distance (b)p=force*distance(b)p=force*distance
(c)p=force* velocity (c)p=force* velocity (d)p=work/ time(d)p=work/ time
10)1 kWh is equal to:10)1 kWh is equal to:
(a)3.6j (a)3.6j (b)3.6kj(b)3.6kj
(c)3.6*10(c)3.6*1066 j j (d)36j (d)36j
ans-9)ans-9)p=work/time p=work/time 10) 10)3.6*103.6*1066j j