Word revision 1. 怜悯 2. 探险 3. 最小的 4. 视野 5. 加速 6. 安全的 7. 海上的 8. 任意的 9. 笨拙的 10. 参考 11. 精确的 12. 单一化 13. 可靠的 14. 趋向

Word revision1. 怜悯2. 探险3. 最小的 4. 视野5. 加速 6. 安全的 7. 海上的 8. 任意的

9. 笨拙的10. 参考11. 精确的12. 单一化13. 可靠的14. 趋向15. 手提的16. 磁的

mercy

exploration

minimum

horizon

accelerate

secure

nautical

random

awkward

reference

precise

simplify

reliable

tendency

portable

magnetic

Columbus Magellan

Unit 2

Sailing the oceans

Warming up

Are they navigators or explorers?Navigator is sb who finds the position and plots the course of a ship, using map and instruments.Exporer is sb who travels into or through a place in order to learn about it.

Zheng He Marco Polo James Cook

a compass

指南针 the astrolabe

星盘

What are the navigational instruments?

the sextant

六分仪 a sea chart

海图

Fast reading

First para:

Were the travellers before the 17th under the control of the sea?

Title reading: How did they navigate so well?

Nature

Navigational instruments

Finding longitude

Finding latitude

Keeping alongside the coastline

Using celestial bodies

Using wildlife

Using the weather

Using the sea

North Star, sun, clouds

seaweed, birds fog, winds

The bearing circleThe astrolabeThe quadrantThe sextant

?

Ex 4 on P14

Using nature

2.

3.

A sailor knew that land was nearby if he saw a special cloud formation, a fresh seaweed, nesting birds returning home in the evening or fog.

Sailors used sea currents or tides and winds to increase their speed.

Finding longitude (Ex 4 on P14)

4. There are two methods to find longitude

1) measuring time and speed

2) Compass & complicated mathematical tables

to measure the sun’s shadow and compare it with the height of the sun at midday.

to tell the position of the ship in relation to some stars or the sun.

to measure how height star are above the horizon, and compare that measurement with previous measurements.

to measure the angle between two fixed points outside the ship using two mirrors.

Finding latitude: Ex 4 on P14

Bearing circle:

Astrolabe:

Quadrant:

Sextant:

Read and Question

1, at the mercy of the sea

2, navigational aids

3, accomplished navigators

4, a cloud formation

5, in the sea, at sea

6, show the way to sp

7, outward or return journeys

8, smell strongly

9, a random course

任凭海洋摆布航海技术熟练的海员云层在海上指路出海返航气味浓烈随意行使

10, secure method

11, theoretical problem

12, a fixed period

13, complicated mathematical tables

14, in relation to

15, updated version

16, the tendency to make mistakes

17, a special all-in-one tool

可靠的方法理论问题一定时间内 复杂的数学表关于，与…相比改进版本 犯错的可能性 特殊的集多功能于一体的工具

1. This seems to have been the first and most useful form of exploration, which carried the minimum amount of risk. 这似乎已经是最早的、最有用的探险方式，所以冒的风险也最小。

1). Mary is quite familiar with the people in this town. She seems to have been there a lot.

2). His voice carries the ring ( 声调 )of authority.

3). What’s the minimum age for leaving school in Britain?

2. On a clear day especially during the summer the sailors could use the sun overhead at midday to navigate by.

在晴朗的日子里，特别是夏天，船员可以利用正午在头顶上的太阳来导航。3. There is a special cloud formation which indicates there

is land close by. 有一种特殊的云彩的形状表明附近有陆地。4. An early method of measuring speed involved throwing

a knotted rope tied to a log over the side of the ship. 早期测量速度的方法是沿着船边拉一根打结的绳子。 This lesson involves a lot of work.

Don't involve other people in your trouble.

5. They are developments of one another. 他们是在彼此的基础上发展而成的。 We help one another with the work.

6. It was awkward to use as one of the points of reference was the moving ship itself. 他不容易使用，因为其参照点之一就是行驶中的船只本身。

7 As the ship rose and plunged （跳进，投入） in the waves, it was extremely difficult to be accurate with any reading. 因为船只在海浪中起伏不定，所以很难测出精确的读数。

　 I am sailing ， I am sailing ，　　 Home again ， cross the sea ，　　 I am sailing ， stormy waters ，　　 To be near you ， to be free 。　　 I am flying ， I am flying ，　　 Like a bird ， cross the sky 。　　 I am flying ， passing high clouds ，　　 To be near you ， to be free 。　　 Can you hear me ？ Can you hear me ？　　 Through the dark night faraway 。　　 I am dying ， forever crying ，　　 To be with you ， who can say ？

Sailing

　 Can you hear me ？ Can you hear me ？　　 Through the dark night faraway 。　　 I am dying ， forever crying ，　　 To be with you ， who can say ？ We are sailing ， we are sailing ，　　 Home again ， cross the sea 。　　 We are sailing ， salty waters ，　　 To be near you ， to be free 。　　 Oh ， lord ，　 To be near you ， to be free 。　　 Oh ， long to be near you ， to be free 。　　 Oh ， long to be near you ， to be free 。