Word Order

A. Present Perfect Tense & Exercise

1. Form: to have (present tense)+ the past participle of the main verb.

PositiveSubject to have past participleShe has finished.Negative Subject to have + not past participleShe hasn't finished.Interrogative positiveto have subject past participleHas she finished...? Interrogative negativeto have + not subject past participleHasn't she finished...?

Example: to leave (irregular verb), present perfect form

Affirmative Negative Interrogative I have left I haven't left Have I left?You have left You haven't left Have you left?He, she, it has left He, she, it hasn't left Has he,she,it left?We have left We haven't left Have we left?You have left You haven't left Have you left?They have left They haven't left Have they left?

2. Use:The present perfect is used for a complete action: We are thinking of the result when describing:

EXAMPLES:

1. An action or situation that started in the past and continues in the present.

I have lived in Canada since 1984. (and I still do)

2. An action performed during a period that has not yet finished.

She has been to the doctor twice this week. (and the week isn't over yet)

3. A repeated action in an unspecified period between the past and now.

We have visited London several times.

4. An action that was completed in the very recent past (expressed by 'just')

I have just finished my work.

5. An action when the result is very important but the time is not.

He has seen ‘Harry Potter’.

Present perfect OR past simple?

Very Important: When we want to give or ask details about when, where, who, we use the simple past.

Example: He saw ‘Harry Potter’ last week.

Use the present perfect when the time is not important.Use the simple past when the time or place is important.

Present Perfect or Past Simple Test

Choose the answer which you think is correct.

1. When ________________ the school? a) have you joined b) did you joined c) did you join d) have you ever joined

2. ___________________ in England? a) Did you ever worked b) Have you ever worked c) Worked you d) Didn't you have worked

3. That's the best speech ______________ a) I never heard b) I didn't hear c) I used to hear d) I've ever heard

4. He's the most difficult housemate _____________________ a) I never dealt with. b) I never had to deal with. c) I've ever had to deal with. d) I've never had to deal with.

5. ___________________ to him last week. a) I spoke b) I've already spoken c) I didn't spoke d) I speaked

6. ______________ a contract last year and it is still valid. a) We have signed b) We signed c) We haven't signed d) We have sign

7. _______________ from a business trip to France. a) I come back b) I came back c) I never came back d) I've just come back

8. Prices ________ in 1995 but then _____ in 1996. a) rised falled b) rose fell c) have risen have fallen

d) rose have fallen

9. You ____________ to a word ____________ a) listened I haven't said b) didn't listen I say c) listened saying d) haven't listened I've said

10. I can't believe that ________________ the news. a) you haven't read b) you didn't read c) you don't read d) you read not

B.Present Perfect Continuous Tense & Exercise

Present perfect continuous – form:

The present perfect of the verb 'to be' (have/has been) + the present participle of the main verb.

EXAMPLE:Subject has/have been   verb+ing   He has been jogging

Affirmative He has been / She's been swimmingNegative He hasn't been swimmingInterrogative Has he been swimming?Interrogative negative Hasn't he been swimming?

EXAMPLE:

to work, present perfect continuous

Positive Negative InterrogativeI have been working I haven't been working Have I been working? You have been working You haven't been working Have you been working?He, she, it has been living working He hasn't been working Has she been working?We have been living working We haven't been working Have we been working?You have been working You haven't been working Have you been working?They have been working They haven't been working Have they been working?

Use:

We use the present perfect continuous for an action over a period of time leading up to the present. We are interested in the action as well as the result, and this process may still be going on, or may have just finished

EXAMPLES:

1. Actions that started in the past and continue in the present.

a. We have been waiting for you all day.b. She is tired. She has been working all day.c. They have been studying since 5 o’clock.

2. Actions that have just finished, but we are interested in the results:

a. It's been raining and my hair is still wet. b. I’ve been reading all afternoon. I’ve just finished the book.c. Who's been sleeping in my bed?

Present Perfect Simple or Continuous Test

In some examples two answers may be possible but one is more natural than the other. This natural one is the correct answer.

1. I'm very hungry. I______________________ all day. a) didn't eat b) haven't ate c) haven’t eaten d) have been eating

2. Their new kitchen looks fantastic. They ________ completely ________ it. a) have been redecorating b) have redecorated c) already redecorated d) didn't redecorated

3. Our kitchen’s a mess. We____________________ any cleaning for weeks. a) didn't do b) haven't been doing c) have done d) haven't done

4. I think they are dating. They______________ a lot of each other recently. a) had seen b) haven't been seeing c) have been seeing d) have seen

5. We've discovered this great café and we__________________ there a lot. a) have been going b) have gone c) are going d) have went

6. How's your Mum? I ______________________ her for ages. a) had seen b) haven't seen c) haven't been seeing d) didn't see

7. You're covered in paint! What __________ you __________? a) have done b) were doing c) did do d) have been doing

8. She’s gone to the doctor's. She ______________________ too well lately. a) hasn't felt b) hasn't been feeling c) has felt d) doesn't feel

9. Where have you been? I______________________ for ages. a) have waited b) waited c) was waiting d) have been waiting

10. I have to write an essay. I___________________ about half of it so far. a) have written b) have been writing c) wrote d) have to write

C.1st Conditional Tense - First Conditional Exercise in English

Compare the following two sentences:

A.  If you call me I come.B.  If you call me I will come.

Both sentences seem to suggest that an action will take place, if a certain condition is met.That's what they have in common.

There is a difference though, in a way that sentence A seems to express a sort of general rule, a principle that the speaker adheres to.

In sentence B the speaker merely states an intention (what is likely to happen).

We use the 1st Conditional in offers, suggestions, warnings and threats.

Examples:

A. If we hurry (present simple), we will catch the bus.B. If we miss it, there will be another one

                                Top of Form

Exercise

1. If I lose my job now I ...a. would start a business of my own.b. will take a long holiday and apply for a new job later.

2. If he calls me 'lazy' again I ...a. won't ever help him again if he's in trouble.b. go and tell his parents.

3. Philippa won't ever speak to me again if ...a. I let her down now.b. I would let her down now.

4. If the demand increases prices ...a. rise.b. will rise.

5. Our dog Gelert will start licking you if ...

a. you pat him on the back.b. you will give it a cuddle.

6. Don't be offended. If Jane is annoyed she ...a. will start yelling at people.b. starts yelling at people.

7. If Jeremy doesn't answer the phone this time I ...a. won't call again.b. don't call again.

D. Second Conditional Sentences in English Exercise

Example: If you called me I would come.

Form: The if-clause is put in the simple past, the main clause has got a 'would' + infinitive.

Use: We use this type of sentence pattern when we express suppositions. These suppositions can be :

1. statements of unreal situations

 "If I were 18 again I would go on a round-the-world-tour." (I'm not 18, in fact I'm 45)

2. about things that we don't expect to happen

 "If I won some money I would go on a round-the-world-tour next year." (But I don't    really expect to win money.)

                                                 Try the 2nd Conditional Exercise below!

Top of Form

1. If farmers in developing countries were given a decent price for their produce ...a. they would be able to build a better future for their family, community and country.b. they will be able to build a better future for their family, community and country.

2. If Belgium won the European Soccer Championship in the year 2000 ...a. b. the world will be amazed.c. d. the world would be amazed.

3. Consumers would be much better off if ...a. accurate product information would be printed on the packaging.b. accurate product information were printed on the packaging.

4. The children would be in a much better shape if they ...a. would take my bike to go to school.b. took my bike to go to school.

5. If I had a lot of money I ...a. bought myself a flashy MGf.b. would buy myself a flashy MGf.

6. Helen would be very upset if ...a. she knows about John's past.b. she knew about John's past.

English Grammar - Mixed ConditionalsThere are also other types of conditional sentence.

1. The Zero Conditional is used for fact; we use two present tense verbs,"If you ring this number, nobody answers."

2. We can use a present tense verb and an imperative;"If you need any help, just ask." "If you drink, don't drive."

3. We can use "be going to."

"If it's going to rain, I'd better take my umbrella."

4. We can mix types 2 and 3 (click on our grammar table above) " If you needed help, you should have asked.""If he had booked a table earlier, we wouldn't be standing here in a queue."

Exercise: Mixed Conditionals Exercise

1. If people were a little more tolerant ...a. our world would have been a better place.b. our world would be a better place.c. our world will be a better place.

2. If my father had locked his car properly ...a. his car would never have been stolen.b. his car will not be stolen.c. his car would not be stolen.

3. If the ozone layer peels off a little more we ...a. we ran a much higher risk of attracting skin cancer.b. would run a much higher risk of attracting skin cancer.c. will run a much higher risk of attracting skin cancer.

4. I would never feel comfortable on a plane if ...a. I know it's the pilot's maiden trip.b. I knew it's the pilot's maiden trip.c. I would know that it's the pilot's maiden trip.

5. A dogs will never bite you if ...a. you will look it straight in the eyes, I'm told.b. you look it straight in the eyes, I'm told.c. you looked it straight in the eyes, I'm told.

6. The first thing I will do is drive to Spain if ...a. I would get my driving licence.b. I got my driving licence.c. I get my driving licence.

7. If John hadn't responded in such an aggressive manner he ...a. would never have a black eye.b. won't have a black eye.c. would never have had a black eye.

E. "To be used to doing something" or "Used to do something"

Definitions:

Be used to + ing-form means that something is familiar and is no longer strange. "I'm used to travelling " means that travelling is no longer strange or difficult because I have done it for so long.

Used + to-infinitive means that something happened regularly in the past. "I used to travel" means that in the past I regularly travelled, but no longer do so now.

Try the Exercise below!

1. When I was a child I ... go swimming in the lake.a. used tob. am used to

2. I ... in front of an audience. I am a teacher.a. used to speakb. am used to speaking

3. As a father I ... the mess my children make every evening.a. used to clean upb. am used to cleaning up

4. In the army I ... at six every morning.a. used to get upb. am used to getting up

5. My grandmother ... 5 miles to go to church on Sundays.

a. used to walkb. is used to walking

6. Anderlecht ... the best Belgian players. Nowadays they can't afford that any longer.a. used to attractb. is used to attracting

7. I ... the paper after lunch. That's one of the things I really enjoy.a. used to readb. am used to reading

8. In Spain you will soon ... a siesta in the afternoon.a. used to takeb. be used to taking

9. On holiday in Finland my wife ... a sauna every day!a. used to takeb. is used to taking

10. After all this time I have become quite ... this program.a. used to operateb. used to operating

F. Adjective Lesson Plan - English Adjectives Activity

In English, it is common to use more than one adjective before a noun - for example, "He's a silly young fool," or "she's a smart, energetic woman." When you use more than one adjective, you

have to put them in the right order, according to type. This page will explain the different types of adjectives and the correct order for them.

Opinion: An opinion adjective explains what you think about something (other people may not agree with you). Examples:silly, beautiful, horrible, difficult

Size: A size adjective, of course, tells you how big or small something is. Examples:large, tiny, enormous, little

Age : An age adjective tells you how young or old something or someone is. Examples:ancient, new, young, old

Shape: A shape adjective describes the shape of something. Examples:square, round, flat, rectangular

Colour: A colour adjective, of course, describes the colour of something. Examples:blue, pink, reddish, grey

Origin: An origin adjective describes where something comes from. Examples:French, lunar, American, eastern, Greek

Material: A material adjective describes what something is made from. Examples:wooden, metal, cotton, paperPurpose: A purpose adjective describes what something is used for. These adjectives often end with "-ing". Examples:sleeping (as in "sleeping bag"), roasting (as in "roasting tin").

Some examples of adjective order

  Opinion Size Age Shape Colour Origin Material Purpose a silly young English mana huge round metal bowla small red sleeping bag

1. Which is the correct order?a. a small Canadian thin ladyb. a Canadian small thin ladyc. a small thin Canadian ladyd. a thin small Canadian lady

2. Which is the correct order?a. a carving steel new knifeb. a new steel carving knifec. a steel new carving knifed. a new carving steel knife

3. Which is the correct order?a. a beautiful blue sailing boatb. a blue beautiful sailing boatc. a sailing beautiful blue boatd. a blue sailing beautiful boat

4. Which is the correct order?a. an old wooden square tableb. a square wooden old tablec. an old square wooden tabled. a wooden old square table

5. Which is the correct order?a. an new French exciting bandb. a French new exciting bandc. an exciting French new bandd. an exciting new French band

6. Which is the correct order?a. a red big plastic hatb. a big red plastic hatc. a plastic big red hatd. a bit plastic red hat

7. Which is the correct order?a. a small Japanese serving bowlb. a Japanese small serving bowlc. a small serving Japanese bowld. a serving small Japanese bowl

8. Which is the correct order?a. a cotton dirty old tieb. a dirty cotton old tiec. an old cotton dirty tie

d. a dirty old cotton tieG. Preposition with Adjective 1. List of common adjectives and the prepositions that normally follow them  

accustomed to  afraid of  answerable to  attached toaware of  capable of dependent on  different to doubtful about  enthusiastic about  excited about  famous for fond of guilty of  interested in  keen onopposed to  pleased with  popular with proud of related to   rich in  satisfied with  serious aboutsimilar to  suitable for suspicious of  used to (= accustomed to)2. Some adjectives can be followed by either of two or more prepositionsannoyed about something The Ministry was annoyed about criticism in the paper annoyed with someone They were. annoyed with us for charging them

good/bad at something I'm very bad at mathematics. good/bad for something The expected cut in interest will be good for industry. good/bad with something She should be in Marketing. She's very good with customers.

responsible to someone The Export Manager is responsible to the Sales Director.

responsible for something He is responsible for preparing handouts.

sorry about something I am sorry about the job. It's a shame you didn't get it. sorry for doing something He said he was sorry for keeping me waiting. (feel) sorry for someone I feel very sorry for Peter. He has been fired.

3. These combinations of adjectives with prepositions may be followed by noun or noun phrase.

The students were very excited about the results of the experiment.

4. When followed by a verb, the -ing form must be used.

Please let me know whether you would be interested in arranging a meeting. ExerciseComplete the sentences with a suitable preposition or adjective.1. If you are serious (on, to,with, about,of, for,in) going ahead with this, let's have a meeting.2. The Mini-TV is very popular (on, to,with, about, for,of,,in) our younger customers.3. The new Pilot notebook is similar (on, to,with, about, of,for,in) the previous model, but it has some interesting new features.4. The Finance Director said he was strongly opposed (on, to,with, about, for,in) awarding everyone a tax refund.5. South Africa is rich (on, to,with, about,of, for,in) natural resources like diamonds and gold.6. I have to travel by car or boat because I am afraid (on, to,with, about,of, for,in) flying.7. He has very little experience. I don't think he would be capable (on, to,with, about,of, for,in) running such a large project.8. I would be very interested discussing (on, to,with, about, for,in) the idea of a joint venture.9. Samsung are famous (on, to,with, about, for,in) their electronic goods.10. I am very proud (on, to,with, about, for,of,in) my younger sister.11. We are pleased (on, to,with, about, for,in) the results.12. I'm not sure if he is aware (on, to,with, about, for,in) all the facts.13. I am answerable (on, to,with, about, for,in) my supervisor at work.14. There was a photograph attached (on, to,with, about, for,in) the e-mail.15. We are enthusiastic

(on, to,with, about, for,in) learning English.Adverb Clause, Phrase Definition - Lesson Plan ActivityThere are many types of adverbs, adverb phrases and clauses. This page will introduce some of the basic types and their functions.

1. What is an adverb?

Basically, most adverbs tell you how, where, or when something is done. In other words, they

describe the manner, place, or time of an action.

Here are some examples: Type Adverb Example

Manner slowly Tom drives slowly.

Place here The party is going to take place here.

Time yesterday I called him yesterday.

How to recognize an adverb Many adverbs end with the suffix -LY. Most of these are created by adding -LY to the end of an adjective, like this:

Adjective Adverbslow slowly

delightful delightfully

hopeless hopelessly

aggressive aggressively

However, this is NOT a reliable way to find out whether a word is an adverb or not, for two reasons: many adverbs do NOT end in -LY (some are the same as the adjective form), and many words which are NOT adverbs DO end in -LY (such as kindly, friendly, elderly and lonely, which are adjectives). Here are some examples of adverbs which are the same as adjectives: Adjective Adverb

fast fast

late late

early early

The best way to tell if a word is an adverb is to try making a question, for which the answer is

the word. If the question uses how, where or when, then the word is probably an adverb. Here is an example: Word in context Question Adverb?

John plays tennis aggressively.

How does John play tennis?

Yes -- uses HOW.

They have a small house.What kind of house do they have?

No -- uses WHAT KIND OF, so this is an adjective.

Steven called the police immediately.

When did Steven call the police?

Yes -- uses WHEN.

2. What is an adverb phrase?

An adverb may be a single word, such as quickly, here or yesterday. However, adverbs can also be phrases, some made with prepositions, others made with infinitives. This page will explain the basic types of adverb phrases (sometimes called "adverbial phrases") and how to recognize them. Basic types of adverbs In the section on adverbs above, you learned about three basic types of adverb: manner, place and time adverbs. There are at least two more that are important. Frequency adverbs answer the question "How often?" about an action. Purpose adverbs answer the question "Why?". Here are some examples:

Type Adverb Example

Frequency usually Mary usually gets up early.

Purpose for fun I write computer programs for fun.

While the first example, usually, is a single word, the second example (for fun) is a phrase consisting of a preposition and a noun -- in other words, it is a prepositional phrase which functions as an adverb phrase.

Adverb phrases made with prepositions All kinds of adverb phrases can be made with prepositions. Here are some examples:

Type Adverb phrase Example

Manner with a hammer The carpenter hit the nail with a hammer.

Place next door The woman who lives next door is a doctor.

Time before the holidays We must finish our project before the holidays.

Frequency every month Sally buys two CDs every month.

Purpose for his mother John bought the flowers for his mother.

Adverb phrases made with infinitives Another kind of adjective phrase can be made with the infinitive form of a verb. Most of these phrases express purpose, as in these examples:

Type Adverb phrase Example

Purpose to buy a car I'm saving my money to buy a car.

Purpose to support the team The students all showed up to support the team.

Purpose to show to her mother Sally brought a painting home from school to show to her mother.

3. What is an adverb clause?

Adverbs can also be clauses, containing a subject and a full verb. This page will explain the basic types of adverb clauses (sometimes called "adverbial clauses") and how to recognize them.

Adverbs, adverb phrases, and adverb clauses

Look at these sentences:

I saw the movie yesterday.I saw the movie on Friday.I saw the movie before I left for Paris.

In the first sentence, "yesterday" is a one-word adverb, "on Friday" is an adverb phrase, and "before I left for Paris" is a adverb clause. All of them answer the question "When?", but the adverb clause has a subject ("I") and a full verb ("left"). It is introduced by "before", so it is a dependent clause. This means that it cannot stand alone: "Before I left for Paris" would not be a full sentence. It needs a main clause ("I saw the movie"). An adverb clause, then, is a dependent clause that does the same job as an adverb or an adverb phrase.

Types of adverb clause

There are many types of adverb clauses. Here are some examples of the most common types: Type Question answered Example

Place Where?Wherever there are computers, there is Microsoft software.

Time When?After the fruit is harvested, it is sold at the market.

Cause Why? (What caused this?) I didn't call her because I'm shy.

PurposeWhy? (What was the reason for doing this?)

She took a computer course so that she could get a better job.

Concession Why is this unexpected?Although Gerry has a Master's degree, he works as a store clerk.

Condition Under what conditions?If you save your money, you will be able to go to college.

As you can see from the examples above, most adverb clauses can be recognized because they are introduced by a particular word or phrase (such as "when", "so that", etc.). These words and phrases are called subordinating conjunctions, and there are many of them.

Subordination conjunctions

after, before, until, while, because, since, as, so that, in order that, if, unless, whether, though, although, even though, where

Directions: In this exercise, your task is to choose the correct subordinating conjunction to fill the space at the beginning of the adverb clause. The questions here test your knowledge of English grammar. Each question consists of a short written conversation, part of which has been omitted.

Four words or phrases, labelled a, b, c, and d, are given below the conversation.

Choose the word or phrase that will correctly complete the conversation.

1. We keep our bread in the fridge, ________ it doesn't go bad.

a. since

b. so that

c. although

d. after

2. The five-cent coin looks very Canadian, ________ it has a picture of a beaver on it.

a. since

b. so that

c. though

d. before

3. ________ Volkswagen cars are cheap, they last a long time.

a. because

b. in order that

c. although

d. after

4. You should give the iron time to heat up ________ you iron your clothes.

a. because

b. so that

c. before

d. until

5. You need proper shoes to go hiking in the mountains, ________ the ground is rough and hard.

a. because

b. so that

c. even though

d. before

6. Hockey players wear lots of protective clothing ________ they don't get hurt.

a. because

b. in order that

c. though

d. after

7. You will have to pay higher insurance ________ you buy a sports car.

a. if

b. so that

c. although

d. before

8. You shouldn't drive ________ drinking alcohol.

a. if

b. in order that

c. even though

d. after

9. ________ the dolphin lives in the sea, it is not a fish -- it's a mammal.

a. whether

b. so that

c. although

d. after

10. You may get malaria ________ you are bitten by a mosquito.

a. if

b. so that

c. though

d. before

G. Article the use of a,an, the, or no article

1. Are you shopping for (a,an, the, or no article) health club to join so you can get in shape?

2. Shop wisely! You could end up choosing (a,an, the, or no article) wrong club and losing more money than pounds.

3. You may find out too late that (a,an, the, or no article) health clubs aren't for you.

4. (a,an, the, or no article) San Diego fitness experts recommend thoroughly checking out several health clubs before you join one.

5. First, know what you want and need in (a,an, the, or no article) fitness facility, and don't pay for what you'll never use.

6. If you only want exercise classes, (a,an, the, or no article) exercise studio without weight machines and locker rooms may work for you.

7. If you're looking for (a,an, the, or no article) place to only do bodybuilding, you'll be happy in a basic gym.

8. You may be in (a,an, the, or no article) market for a full-service health club; then, make sure it offers lots of activities.

9. Look for a place near your house, and check out (a,an, the, or no article) exercise instructors and personal trainers.

10. They should be educated in physical education or certified by (a,an, the, or no article) organization such as the American Council on exercise.

11. Certified instructors have at least some knowledge of anatomy, exercise physiology, injury prevention and (a,an, the, or no article) cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).

12. You should evaluate (a,an, the, or no article) equipment and make sure fitness machines are modern and in working order.

13. Try to talk to other members of the club. Find out what they believe are (a,an, the, or no article) advantages and disadvantages there.

14. Look in (a,an, the, or no article) locker room, workout room, and shower--everywhere should be clean.

15. (a,an, the, or no article) locker room sanitation is usually a good indication of how clean other areas are.

I. Gerund Phrase, Definition, Exercise - Infinitive Phrases

Some verbs can be followed by an infinitive, a gerund or both.  If both are possible, then there is usually a difference in meaning.  Here is a list of some of these verbs:+Inf help, make, let

+ inf with to

agree, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, choose, dare, decide, demand, deserve, expect, fail, grow, happen, hasten, help, hope, hurry, learn, long, make (passive), manage, neglect, offer, pay, plan, pledge, pretend, promise, refuse, resolve, seek, seem, struggle, swear, threaten, vow, want, wish

+ Gerund

appreciate, avoid, burst out, can't stand, contemplate, delay, deny, detest, dislike, endure, enjoy, escape, excuse, face, fancy, feel like, finish, give up, involve, it's no good/use, keep on, leave off, mention, mind, miss, postpone, practise, put off, resent, risk, spend/waste time, suggest, want (coll.)

+ inf or gerund hear, see, watch

+ inf with to or gerundattempt, begin, can't bear, continue, forget, go on, hate, intend, love, mean, plan, prefer, propose, regret, remember, start, stop, try

+ object + inf with to or gerund

admit, allow, consider, forbid, imagine, permit, require

+ object + toadvise, assist, beg, bribe, command, dare, employ, enable, encourage, instruct, invite, lead, order, persuade, select, send, teach, tell, train, urge, warn

+ that + clause

admit, advise, agree, appear, appreciate, arrange, decide, demand, deny, expect, fancy, forget, happen, hope, intend, learn, mean, mention, order, persuade, plan, pledge, pretend, promise, propose, regret, remember, resent, resolve, seem, suggest, swear, teach, tell, threaten, vow, warn, wish

Directions: Decide if the verb below is followed by a verb in the infinitive form or in the gerund form.

Three choices labeled a, b, and c are given below.

1. Admit

a. infinitive + to

b. gerund

c. both

2. Like

a. infinitive + to

b. gerund

c. both

3. Begin

a. infinitive + to

b. gerund

c. both

4. Manage

a. infinitive + to

b. gerund

c. both

5. Start

a. infinitive + to

b. gerund

c. both

6. Deserve

a. infinitive + to

b. gerund

c. both

7. Decide

a. infinitive + to

b. gerund

c. both

8. Hope

a. infinitive + to

b. gerund

c. both

9. Put off

a. infinitive + to

b. gerund

c. both

10. Keep on

a. infinitive + to

b. gerund

c. both

11. Feel like

a. infinitive + to

b. gerund

c. both

12. Can't bear

a. infinitive + to

b. gerund

c. both

13. Regret

a. infinitive + to

b. gerund

c. both

14. Forget

a. infinitive + to

b. gerund

c. both

15. Detest

a. infinitive + to

b. gerund

c. both

16. Seem

a. infinitive + to

b. gerund

c. both

17. Threaten

a. infinitive + to

b. gerund

c. both

18. Promise

a. infinitive + to

b. gerund

c. both

19. Finish

a. infinitive + to

b. gerund

c. both

20. Avoid

a. infinitive + to

b. gerund

c. both

21. Try

a. infinitive + to

b. gerund

c. both

22. Propose

a. infinitive + to

b. gerund

c. both

23. Stop

a. infinitive + to

b. gerund

c. both

24. Agree

a. infinitive + to

b. gerund

c. both

25. Remember

a. infinitive + to

b. gerund

c. both

J. Usage of quantifiers:

A few and few, a little and little

Graded Quantifiers

Some or Any?

Something, Anything, Someone, Anyone etc.

Enough

A few and few, a little and little

These expressions show the speaker's attitude towards the quantity he/she is referring to.

A few (for countable nouns) and a little (for uncountable nouns) describe the quantity in a positive way:

* "I've got a few friends" (= maybe not many, but enough)

* "I've got a little money" (= I've got enough to live on)

Few and little describe the quantity in a negative way:

* Few people visited him in hospital (= he had almost no visitors)

* He had little money (= almost no money)

Graded Quantifiers

They are like comparatives and hold a relative position on a scale of increase or decrease.

INCREASE (0% to 100%)

With plural countable nouns:

many more most

With uncountable nouns:

much more most

DECREASE (100% to 0%)

With plural countable nouns:

few fewer fewest

With uncountable nouns:

little less least

Examples:

o There are many people in Poland, more in India, but the most people live in China.

o Much time and money is spent on education, more on health services but the most is spent on national defense.

o Few rivers in Europe aren’t polluted.

o Fewer people die young now than in the nineteenth century.

o The country with the fewest people per square kilometre must be Australia.

o Scientists have little hope of finding a complete cure for cancer before 2010.

o She had less time to study than I did but had better results.

o Give that dog the least opportunity and it will bite you.

Quantifiers with countable and uncountable nouns

Some adjectives and adjectival phrases can only go with uncountable nouns (salt, rice, money, advice), and some can only go with countable nouns (friends, bags, people). The words in the middle column can be used with both countable and uncountable nouns.

Some adjectives and adjectival phrases can only go with uncountable nouns (salt, rice, money, advice), and some can only go with countable nouns (friends, bags, people). The words in the middle column can be used with both countable and uncountable nouns.

With Uncountable Nouns With Both With Countable Nouns

How much?How much? or How many?

How many?

a little no/none a fewa bit (of) not any a number (of)

some (any) severala great deal of a lot of a large number of

a large amount of plenty of a great number of

a large quantity of lots of a majority of

Note: much and many are used in negative and question forms.

Example:

o How much money have you got?

o How many cigarettes have you smoked?

o There's not much sugar in the cupboard.

o There weren't many people at the party.

They are also used with too, (not) so, and (not) as

There were too many people at the party.

It's a problem when there are so many people.

There's not so much work to do this week.

In positive statements, we use a lot of:

o I've got a lot of work this week.

o There were a lot of people at the concert.

Exercise

In the following sentences, fill in the gaps with one of the following quantifiers:

A FEW | A GREAT DEAL | A LITTLE | A LOT | A LOT OF | A MAJORITY OF | ENOUGH | MANY | MUCH OF | PLENTY | SEVERAL OF | SOME

When you've gotten all the answers right, see if you can substitute other quantifiers from the list.

1. I'm having ……….of trouble passing my driving exam.

2. ……………..the movies were rated PG.

3. ………….information proved to be outdated.

4. We're close to the project deadline, but there is still ……………………..time left.

5. Although there are ………………………brilliant students in this state -- thousands, even, only will

choose to remain in the state after graduation.

6. We were able to destroy ………………….the parasites with our antigen, but of them survived to cause

trouble.

7. ……………………………a student has passed through these doors.

8. Although …………………………of the lawn is open to the sun, there are of shade trees to make it

comfortable.

9. I think he drank …………………………………..wine last night.

10. ……………………………………the evidence was taken from the police safe last night.

Quiz and Test

Word Order1. Surprisingly cost was regarded __________ important factor in choosing a new cell phone by the three teenagers.

A. as the leastB. of the least

C. in the leastD. to the least

2. Maine's coastline is a major attraction and a vista of sandy beaches contrasted ________ rockbound shoreline.

A. to the ruggedB. by the rugged C. on the ruggedD. at the rugged

3. John knows that he had better ________ his algebra skills before the mid-term exam.

A. brush up onB. brush on up C. brushing up onD. brushing on up

Adjective Clauses

1. This new service will be available to all users _______ up for paid membership.

A. that signedB. that signed itC. which signedD. sign

2. That is a story of hardship _______ our own situation into perspective.

A. putsB. it puts C. that it putsD. that puts

3. John Smith, _______ of economic crimes, tax evasion and fraud, is being accused of attempted murder now.

A. of that he was accusedB. that was accusedC. whom he was accusedD. who was accused

4. The process uses an innovative digital technology __________ the products with as many colors as the image contains.

(A) imprints (B) that imprints it(C) that imprints(D) that it imprints

5. The police were greatly outnumbered by rioters, _______ ran into the hundreds.

A. whose figuresB. those figuresC. that its figuresD. its figures that

Adverb Clauses

1. __________ getting the highest result in the class, John still had problems with the teacher.

(A) Despite of(B) In spite of(C) Even though(D) Nonetheless

2. _______ air is composed of about 78 percent nitrogen and only about 21 percent oxygen, is a little

known fact on the streets.

A. How thatB. ThatC. WhenD. However

3. _______ he was seen to be an aggressive politician, he was a quiet and loving family man at home.

A. AlthoughB. DespiteC. In spite ofD. Nevertheless

4. _______ the variable drops by a unit of 1, the rank drops by X amount.

A. WhyB. WheneverC. HowD. What

5. This method is widely used _______ algorithm is not only effective but also very simple.

A. because itsB. because C. it is becauseD. because of its

Main Subject

1. It is said he was a man, _________ to have the vision of an eagle and courage of a lion.

(A) who appeared

(B) he appeared(C) that appears(D) and appears

2. Before Johnson & Smith reached great heights in the business world, ______ encountered many great difficulties in promoting their theories and methods.

A. theyB. whoC. whichD. and

3. After the discovery of the abandoned getaway vehicle, ________ believed to be hiding in the nearby Riverside forest region.

A. that the bank robber isB. the bank robber whoC. the bank robber isD. the bank robber who is

4. A gifted scientist, Newton _______ some of the most fundamental laws in the history of science.

A. keeps discoveringB. who discoveredC. the discoverer ofD. discovered

5. George Washington once said that _______ have virtue enough to withstand the highest bidder.

A. few menB. the few menC. few are the menD. the men are few

4. The pressure ________ was intense after his team lost five basketball games in a row.

A. under the coachB. over the coachC. of the coachD. on the coach

5. In __________, the team has begun to show some form again and has won some big games.

(A) few weeks(B) few past weeks (C) the past few weeks(D) a few weeks since

The Subject

1. In general, ________ have a professional obligation to protect confidential sources of information.

A. which journalists B. journalists C. journalists, theyD. journalists that

2. ________ of Elvis Presley is banned in seven different countries across the world.

A. The music isB. That the musicC. The music whichD. The music3. For ________ you who don't know, "Rainbow" was a credible children's TV show from the 70's and 80's.

A. those of B. those inC. these ofD. these in

4. As was the case throughout the United States, __________ was subject to higher gas prices during the winter of 2002-2003.

A. for New YorkB. for New York as wellC. New York whichD. New York

5. ________ in history caused as much shock and grief worldwide as the 2004 tsunami disaster in Asia.

A. None natural disasterB. That natural disasterC. No natural disasterD. The natural disaster

Verb Forms

1. The causes of gamma-ray bursts throughout the universe, and how the gamma rays are actually produced, ________ until recently remained a mystery.

A. haveB. have beenC. has beenD. has

2. That the legal drinking age ________ lowered is a hot topic for debate in many states.

A. should haveB. which shouldC. should beD. should

3. Discovery of these ancient anthropic markings ________ our understanding of how these early humans interacted with their environment.

A. has broadenedB. have broadenedC. broaden

D. will have broadened

4. The rivalry between the two communities stems from ancient times and openly __________ to this day.

A. persistB. which persistC. persistsD. which persists

5. Despite the simplicity of their construction, the ancient systems ________ exhibit very complicated behavior.

A. find to B. found to C. are found toD. were found to

Word Order 1:

1. _________ explores the nature of guilt and responsibility and builds to a remarkable conclusion.

A. The written beautifully novelB. The beautifully written novelC. The novel beautifully written D. The written novel beautifully

2. Over time the young students will perfect the art of piano playing. After all, such ________ needs delicate handling.

A. a tuned instrument finelyB. an instrument tuned finelyC. a finely instrument tuned

D. a finely tuned instrument

3. Honore de Balzac said "The errors of ________, from their faith in the good, or their confidence in the true".

A. women spring, almost alwaysB. almost always, women springC. almost women, always springD. almost spring, always women

4. In that particular department of the company, production __________ day and night.

(A) going often keeps(B) keeps often going(C) keeps going often (D) often keeps going

5. The tenants were asked to throw all recyclable trash into __________.

A. the green big plastic bagB. the big plastic green bagC. the big green plastic bagD. the green plastic big bag

1. Surprisingly cost was regarded __________ important factor in choosing a new cell phone by the three teenagers.

A. as the leastB. of the leastC. in the leastD. to the least2. Maine's coastline is a major attraction and a vista of sandy beaches contrasted ________ rockbound shoreline.

A. to the ruggedB. by the rugged C. on the rugged

D .at the rugged

3. John knows that he had better ________ his algebra skills before the mid-term exam.

A. brush up onB. brush on up C. brushing up onD. brushing on up

4. The pressure ________ was intense after his team lost five basketball games in a row.

A. under the coachB. over the coachC. of the coachD. on the coach

5. In __________, the team has begun to show some form again and has won some big games.

(A) few weeks(B) few past weeks (C) the past few weeks(D) a few weeks since

The Subject

1. In general, ________ have a professional obligation to protect confidential sources of information.

A. which journalists B. journalists C. journalists, theyD. journalists that 2. ________ of Elvis Presley is banned in seven different countries across the world.

A. The music isB. That the musicC. The music whichD. The music

3. For ________ you who don't know, "Rainbow" was a credible children's TV show from the 70's and 80's.

A. those of B. those inC. these ofD. these in

4. As was the case throughout the United States, __________ was subject to higher gas prices during the winter of 2002-2003.

A. for New YorkB. for New York as wellC. New York whichD. New York

5. ________ in history caused as much shock and grief worldwide as the 2004 tsunami disaster in Asia.

A. None natural disasterB. That natural disasterC. No natural disasterD. The natural disaster

Verb Forms

1. The causes of gamma-ray bursts throughout the universe, and how the gamma rays are actually produced, ________ until recently remained a mystery.

A. haveB. have beenC. has beenD. has 2. That the legal drinking age ________ lowered is a hot topic for debate in many states.

A. should haveB. which shouldC. should be

D. should

3. Discovery of these ancient anthropic markings ________ our understanding of how these early humans interacted with their environment.

A. has broadenedB. have broadenedC. broadenD. will have broadened

4. The rivalry between the two communities stems from ancient times and openly __________ to this day.

A. persistB. which persistC. persistsD. which persists

5. Despite the simplicity of their construction, the ancient systems ________ exhibit very complicated behavior.

A. find to B. found to C. are found toD. were found to

Word Order 1:

1. _________ explores the nature of guilt and responsibility and builds to a remarkable conclusion.

A. The written beautifully novelB. The beautifully written novel

C. The novel beautifully written D. The written novel beautifully

2. Over time the young students will perfect the art of piano playing. After all, such ________ needs delicate handling.

A. a tuned instrument finelyB. an instrument tuned finelyC. a finely instrument tunedD. a finely tuned instrument

3. Honore de Balzac said "The errors of ________, from their faith in the good, or their confidence in the true".

A. women spring, almost alwaysB. almost always, women springC. almost women, always springD. almost spring, always women

4. In that particular department of the company, production __________ day and night.

(A) going often keeps(B) keeps often going(C) keeps going often (D) often keeps going

5. The tenants were asked to throw all recyclable trash into __________.

A. the green big plastic bagB. the big plastic green bagC. the big green plastic bagD. the green plastic big bag

1. It is said he was a man, _________ to have the vision of an eagle and courage of a lion.

(A) who appeared(B) he appeared(C) that appears(D) and appears

2. Before Johnson & Smith reached great heights in the business world, ______ encountered many great difficulties in promoting their theories and methods.

A. theyB. whoC. whichD. and

3. After the discovery of the abandoned getaway vehicle, ________ believed to be hiding in the nearby Riverside forest region.

A. that the bank robber isB. the bank robber whoC. the bank robber isD. the bank robber who is

4. A gifted scientist, Newton _______ some of the most fundamental laws in the history of science.

A. keeps discoveringB. who discoveredC. the discoverer ofD. discovered

5. George Washington once said that _______ have virtue enough to withstand the highest bidder.

A. few menB. the few menC. few are the menD. the men are few

Adverb Clauses

1. __________ getting the highest result in the class, John still had problems with the teacher.

(A) Despite of(B) In spite of(C) Even though(D) Nonetheless

2. _______ air is composed of about 78 percent nitrogen and only about 21 percent oxygen, is a little known fact on the streets.

A. How thatB. ThatC. WhenD. However

3. _______ he was seen to be an aggressive politician, he was a quiet and loving family man at home.

A. AlthoughB. DespiteC. In spite ofD. Nevertheless4. _______ the variable drops by a unit of 1, the rank drops by X amount.

A. WhyB. WheneverC. HowD. What

5. This method is widely used _______ algorithm is not only effective but also very simple.

A. because itsB. because C. it is becauseD. because of its

Adjective Clauses

1. This new service will be available to all users _______ up for paid membership.

A. that signedB. that signed itC. which signedD. sign

2. That is a story of hardship _______ our own situation into perspective.

A. putsB. it puts C. that it putsD. that puts

3. John Smith, _______ of economic crimes, tax evasion and fraud, is being accused of attempted murder now.

A. of that he was accusedB. that was accusedC. whom he was accusedD. who was accused

4. The process uses an innovative digital technology __________ the products with as many colors as the image contains.

(A) imprints (B) that imprints it(C) that imprints

(D) that it imprints

5. The police were greatly outnumbered by rioters, _______ ran into the hundreds.

A. whose figuresB. those figuresC. that its figuresD. its figures that

Main Verb Exercise

1. There is a law in France, which says that only the family has the right to decide what _______ or not known about the health of a patient.”

A. must be knownB. must have knownC. must have been knownD. must have been being known

2. A top US disease expert said this week that killer virus "Bird Flu" was the world’s number one health threat and should _______ .

A. be took seriousB. be took seriouslyC. be taken seriousD. be taken seriously

3. After much criticism, the politician _______ his controversial statement of the previous day.

A. quickly retractedB. quickly retracted toC. quickly was retracted D. quickly has retracted

4. The vague and misleading instructions _______ in two entirely opposite ways.

A. could been interpretedB. could be interpretC. could easily be interpretedD. could easily interpreted

5. The beginning of the Symbolist movement in art __________ having begun in the late 1880's.

(A) is regarded as(B) is regarded (C) is regarding(D) regarded as

Noun Clauses

1. We don't know __________ taught us noun clauses before.

(A) if the teacher has(B) the teacher has(C) the teacher hasn't(D) whether teacher

2. The teacher didn't know _______ .

A. which noun clauses teachB. which noun clauses to teachC. why noun clauses to teachD. when noun clauses to teach

3. Can you please tell me ________ ?

A. what time the next bus arrivesB. what time arrives the next bus

C. when arrives the next busD. when arrives the bus

4. The judges had an extremely hard time deciding _______ .

A. who's painting was the bestB. whose painting was the bestC. painting who was the bestD. the best painting was who

5. _______ is a mystery. I wish that I could ask him.

A. How did itB. What he did it C. How he did itD. When did it

Word Order

1. I think Jane deserved to be fired for her __________ .

(A) totally behavior irresponsible (B) behavior totally irresponsible (C) irresponsible totally behavior(D) totally irresponsible behavior

2. _______ appeared to be coming from the science lab next door.

A. The pungent unpleasant odor of burning plasticB. The unpleasant pungent odor of burning plasticC. The pungent unpleasant odor of plastic burning D. The unpleasant odor pungent of burning plastic

3. One of Jane's favorite subjects in school is drama because _______ lots of fun and enjoys being part of it all.

A. has really sheB. she really hasC. she really isD. is she really

4. Only after they had completed the analysis to that degree _______ how to apply technology to the needs of our enterprise.

A. did they ask to begin B. did they begin to askC. they did begin to askD. to ask did they begin

5. The archaeologists were astonished to find such _______ at that particular site.

A. an incredibly rare beautiful artifactB. a rare incredibly beautiful artifactC. a beautiful artifact incredibly rare D. an incredibly beautiful rare artifact