I–1 Index Accelerated air-drying, 12-6 Acid copper chromate (ACC): components, 14-10 effectiveness and leaching, 14-10 retention levels for various wood products, 14-6t Southern pine sapwood stakes retention and life span test results, 14-13t temperature for pressure treating, 14-21 Adherends: bond strength properties, 9-21 density and porosity, 9-6 to 9-7 ease of bonding by species, 9-8t extractives on surface, effect on, 9-3 knife- and abrasive-planed surfaces, 9-3 to 9-4, 9-4fig mechanical testing of bonded assemblies, 9-20 to 9-21 moisture content: and dimensional change, 9-7 control, 9-15 to 9-16 U.S. averages, 9-16, 9-16fig surface preparation, 9-16 surface properties, 9-2 to 9-3 veneer surfaces, 9-4 to 9-5 wettability, 9-3 wood and nonwood composites, 9- 5 to 9-6 Adhesives: affected by: physical properties, 9-6 to 9-9 surface properties, 9-2 to 9-5 wood density, 9-6 to 9-7 wood moisture content, 9-9 wood porosity, 9-7 analytic chemical and mechanical testing of polymers, 9-20 assembly and pressing, 9-16 to 9- 18, 9-17fig composition, 9-9 to 9-10 consistency, effect of, 9-16 to 9-17, 9-17fig definition, 9-1 ease of bonding by species, 9-8t form and color of types, 9-13t to 9- 14t health and safety, 9-10 mechanical testing of bonded assemblies, 9-20 to 9-21 post-cure conditioning, 9-18 preparation and application, 9-13t to 9-14t quality assurance programs, 9-22 to 9-23 short- and long-term performance, 9- 21 to 9-22, 9-22fig selection, 9-12 to 9-15 spreading 9-16, 9-17fig strength and durability, 9-10 to 9- 12, 9-11t, 9-13t to 9-14t strength properties, 9-21 used with fire-retardant-treated woods, 9-6 uses, 9-1, 9-13t to 9-14t use on veneers, 9-4 to 9-5 use on wood and nonwood composites, 9-5 to 9-6 use with chemically modified wood, 9-6 used with preservative-treated wood, 9-6 working life, 9-12, 9-15 Adjustment of properties for design use, 6-1 to 6-14 Advantages of using wood for structures, 1-2 Afara. See Limba Afrormosia: characteristics, 1-17 decay resistance, 1-17 ease of bonding, 9-8t locality of growth, 1-17 mechanical properties, 4-16t, 4-20t shrinkage values, 3-10t uses, 1-17 Air-drying advantages and limitations, 12-6 Albarco: characteristics, 1-17 locality of growth, 1-17 mechanical properties, 4-16t, 4-20t shrinkage values, 3-10t uses, 1-17 workability, 1-17 Alder, red: characteristics, 1-3 characteristics for painting, 15-3t color and figure, 3-3t decay resistance, 3-18t dimensional change coefficient, 12- 16t ease of bonding, 9-8t erosion of planed surfaces, 15-8t locality of growth, 1-3 machining and related properties, 3- 16t moisture content, 3-6t nomenclature, 5-5t plywood stiffness and strength, 10- 11t shock resistance, 1-3 shrinkage values, 3-9t size of pores, 15-31t strength properties, 4-4t, 4-9t uses, 1-3 Alkyl ammonium compound: effectiveness, 14-9 in ammoniacal copper quat, 14-11 solubility, 14-9 Almon. See Lauans Alpha paper, 19-12 Amaranth. See Purpleheart American Lumber Standard Committee (ALSC): accepting design values for foreign species, 6-3, 6-4t design properties, 6-3 stress grading, 6-2 to 6-3 American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM): and AWPA standards, 17-12 calculating design properties, 6-3 calculating strength ratios, 6-3 calculating wood properties for visual stress grades, 6-3 critical radiant flux of floor- covering systems using a radiant heat energy source (ASTM E648), 17-4 related test methods, 17-9 cone calorimeter (ATSM 1354), 17- 6, 17-8 fire tests of roof covering (ASTM E108), 17-4 fire-resistance test (ASTM E119), 17-4, 17-10, 17-11t flame spread (ASTM E84), 17-2, 17- 4, 17-8, 17-12 flame spread index for solid sawn lumber, 17-3t NBS smoke chamber (ASTM E662), 17-9 to 17-10 American Softwood Lumber Standard, 5-1,5-7, 6-2 American standard lumber sizes, 5-10, 5-11t American Wood Preservers’ Association: fire-retardant-treated wood, 17-12, 17-13 Ammonia for plasticizing wood, 19-2 Ammoniacal copper citrate (CC): retention levels for various wood products, 14-6t solution percentages, 14-12 temperature for pressure treating, 14-21 Ammoniacal copper quat (ACQ): common types, 14-11 composition of common types, 14- 11t retention levels for various wood products, 14-6t uses, 14-11 Ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate (ACZA): composition, 14-11 replacement for ACA, 14-11 retention levels for various wood products, 14-6t temperature for pressure treating, 14-21 use, 14-10 use with Douglas-fir, 14-10 to 14- 11 Anani. See Manni Anaura. See Marishballi Andiroba: characteristics, 1-18 characteristics affecting machining, 3-17t decay resistance, 3-18t
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components, 14-10effectiveness and leaching, 14-10retention levels for various woodproducts, 14-6tSouthern pine sapwood stakesretention and life span test results,14-13ttemperature for pressure treating,14-21
Adherends:bond strength properties, 9-21density and porosity, 9-6 to 9-7ease of bonding by species, 9-8textractives on surface, effect on, 9-3knife- and abrasive-planed surfaces,9-3 to 9-4, 9-4figmechanical testing of bondedassemblies, 9-20 to 9-21moisture content:
and dimensional change, 9-7control, 9-15 to 9-16U.S. averages, 9-16, 9-16fig
surface preparation, 9-16surface properties, 9-2 to 9-3veneer surfaces, 9-4 to 9-5wettability, 9-3wood and nonwood composites, 9-5 to 9-6
Adhesives:affected by:
physical properties, 9-6 to 9-9surface properties, 9-2 to 9-5wood density, 9-6 to 9-7wood moisture content, 9-9wood porosity, 9-7
analytic chemical and mechanicaltesting of polymers, 9-20assembly and pressing, 9-16 to 9-18, 9-17figcomposition, 9-9 to 9-10consistency, effect of, 9-16 to 9-17,9-17figdefinition, 9-1ease of bonding by species, 9-8tform and color of types, 9-13t to 9-14thealth and safety, 9-10mechanical testing of bondedassemblies, 9-20 to 9-21post-cure conditioning, 9-18preparation and application, 9-13tto 9-14tquality assurance programs, 9-22 to9-23short- and long-term performance, 9-21 to 9-22, 9-22figselection, 9-12 to 9-15spreading 9-16, 9-17figstrength and durability, 9-10 to 9-12, 9-11t, 9-13t to 9-14tstrength properties, 9-21
used with fire-retardant-treatedwoods, 9-6uses, 9-1, 9-13t to 9-14tuse on veneers, 9-4 to 9-5use on wood and nonwoodcomposites, 9-5 to 9-6use with chemically modified wood,9-6used with preservative-treatedwood, 9-6working life, 9-12, 9-15
Adjustment of properties for designuse, 6-1 to 6-14Advantages of using wood forstructures, 1-2Afara. See LimbaAfrormosia:
characteristics, 1-17decay resistance, 1-17ease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-17mechanical properties, 4-16t, 4-20tshrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-17
Almon. See LauansAlpha paper, 19-12Amaranth. See PurpleheartAmerican Lumber Standard Committee(ALSC):
accepting design values for foreignspecies, 6-3, 6-4tdesign properties, 6-3
stress grading, 6-2 to 6-3American Society of Testing andMaterials (ASTM):
and AWPA standards, 17-12calculating design properties, 6-3calculating strength ratios, 6-3calculating wood properties forvisual stress grades, 6-3critical radiant flux of floor-covering systems using a radiantheat energy source (ASTM E648),17-4
related test methods, 17-9cone calorimeter (ATSM 1354), 17-6, 17-8fire tests of roof covering (ASTME108), 17-4fire-resistance test (ASTM E119),17-4, 17-10, 17-11tflame spread (ASTM E84), 17-2, 17-4, 17-8, 17-12flame spread index for solid sawnlumber, 17-3tNBS smoke chamber (ASTM E662),17-9 to 17-10
American Softwood Lumber Standard,5-1,5-7, 6-2American standard lumber sizes, 5-10,5-11tAmerican Wood Preservers’Association:
fire-retardant-treated wood, 17-12,17-13
Ammonia for plasticizing wood, 19-2Ammoniacal copper citrate (CC):
retention levels for various woodproducts, 14-6tsolution percentages, 14-12temperature for pressure treating,14-21
Ammoniacal copper quat (ACQ):common types, 14-11composition of common types, 14-11tretention levels for various woodproducts, 14-6tuses, 14-11
Ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate(ACZA):
composition, 14-11replacement for ACA, 14-11retention levels for various woodproducts, 14-6ttemperature for pressure treating,14-21use, 14-10use with Douglas-fir, 14-10 to 14-11
characteristics, 1-18decay resistance, 3-18tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-18mechanical properties, 4-16t, 4-20tresistance to decay and insects, 1-18
Bacteria causing decay, 13-8Back priming, 15-23Bagtikan. See Seraya, whiteBalata:
characteristics, 1-18decay resistance, 3-18tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-18resistance to decay and insects, 1-18shrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-19workability, 1-18
Balau:characteristics, 1-19decay resistance, 3-18tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-19species, 1-19uses, 1-19
Baldcypress:characteristics, 1-10characteristics for painting, 15-3tcolor and figure, 3-4t
Beech:characteristics for painting, 15-3tdecay resistance, 3-18tfor flooring, 5-6, 5-7machining and related properties, 3-16tnomenclature, 5-5tpenetration, 14-16tsize of pores, 15-31t
Beech, American:characteristics, 1-4color and figure, 3-3tconnector joint strength, 7-21tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-4machineability, 1-4moisture content, 3-6tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tshock resistance, 1-4shrinkage values, 3-9t
derivations for machine-gradedlumber, 6-8 to 6-10, 6-9figstressed-skin panels, 11-15
Bending of wood:apparatus, 19-4chemicals used, 19-2fixing the bend, 19-4moisture content of stock, 19-3principles of plasticizing andbending, 19-1selection of stock, 19-3solid members, 19-3, 19-4figsteaming, 19-1
Bent wood members:characteristics, 19-4solid wood members, species used,19-3uses, 19-2
Birch:connector joint strength, 7-21tdecay resistance, 3-18tfor casing and base, 5-17for flooring, 5-6, 5-7heat release data, 17-9tmachining and related properties, 3-16tnomenclature, 5-5t
Birch, gray, shrinkage values, 3-9tBirch, paper:
characteristics, 1-4
I–4
color and figure, 3-3tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16tlocality of growth, 1-4machining and related properties, 3-16tmoisture content, 3-6tshrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-4t, 4-9tuses, 1-5
toxicity, 14-8Black locust. See Locust, blackBlood adhesive, working and strengthproperties, and uses, 9-13tBlue stain, description,13-2Boats, wood:
control of decay in, 13-8control of marine borers, 13-15use of varnish on, 15-22
Bolts:bearing stress of wood under:
bolt diameter, effectperpendicular to grain, 7-15figintermediate angle to grainloading, 7-14, 7-13figL/D ratios, 7-14parallel to grain loading, 7-14,7-14figperpendicular to grain loading,7-14, 7-14fig
bearing stress with steel sideplates, 7-15bolt holes, effect on, 7-16 to 7-17,7-16figbolt quality, effect on jointstrength, 7-15, 7-14fig, 7-15figdrift, 7-9member thickness, effect of, 7-15,7-15figmultiple bolt joints, 7-15 to 7-16pre-1991 allowable loads:
parallel to grain, 7-17 to 7-18,7-17tperpendicular to grain, 7-18,7-17t, 7-19t
post-1991 yield model, 7-18, 7-18eq, 7-19tspacing, edge and end distance,7-16
Bondability:of metals and plastics to wood, 9-5of wood species, 9-7, 9-8t
Bonded joints:basic stress modes, 9-20 to 9-21construction joints, 9-19 to 9-20,9-20figedge-grain joints, 9-18, 9-18figend-grain joints, 9-18 to 9-19, 9-19figend-to-edge grain joints, 9-19, 9-19figmechanical testing of, 9-20 to 9-21
Bonding:adhesive selection, 9-12 to 9-15assembly and pressing, 9-16 to 9-18, 9-17figeffect of:
moisture content anddimensional change, 9-7 to 9-9wood density, 9-6 to 9-7wood porosity, 9-7
elements of, 9-1 to 9-2moisture content control, 9-15 to 9-16quality assurance programs, 9-22 to9-23
short- and long-term performance ofadhesives, 9-21 to 9-22, 9-22figstrength and durability ofadhesives, 9-11 to 9-12, 9-11t, 9-18strength properties of adhesives, 9-21surface preparation, 9-16with veneers, 9-4 to 9-5wettability of wood, 9-2, 9-3fig, 9-5wood and nonwood composites, 9-5 to 9-6
Box beam, 11-12 to 11-13Box elder, nomenclature, 5-5tBox nails, 7-2, 7-2tBridges, 16-9 to 16-10, 16-10figBrown rot, 13-5Bubinga (See also Benge):
Butternut:characteristics, 1-5characteristics for painting, 15-3tcolor and figure, table, 3-3tdecay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-5
resistance to decay and insects, 1-20shrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-20workability, 1-20
Cells of wood:description, 2-3fibers, 2-3functions of various types, 2-3length, 2-3parenchyma, 2-3rays, 2-3tracheids, 2-3vessels, 2-3
Cellulose, discussion, 2-3Cellulose insulation, product safetystandard, 17-4Cement-bonded composites, 10-24 to10-26, 10-24fig, 10-26figCement-coated nails, 17-3 to 17-4Chalking, 15-26 to 15-27Checks:
development due to weathering, 15-7during drying, 12-7, 12-9 to 12-10,12-12figin decking boards, 15-10in lumber stress grading, 6-4in glued-laminated timbers, 11-10in veneer adhesion, 9-4 to 9-5
Chemical composition of wood, 2-3 to2-4Chemical discolorations duringdrying, 12-10, 12-13figChemical stain, discussed, 3-13Chemicals, effect on wood:
Chromated copper arsenate (CCA):common types, 14-11component substitutions, 14-11composition of common types, 14-11teffectiveness of common types, 14-11effect on adhesion, 9-6finishing wood treated with, 15-22resistance to marine borers, 14-11retention levels for various woodproducts, 14-6tSouthern pine sapwood stakesretention and life span test results,14-13ttemperature for pressure treating,14-21use with Douglas-fir, 14-11
Coal-tar creosote. See CreosoteCocobolo, shrinkage values, 3-10tCoefficient of friction, 3-21, 3-22Coefficient of thermal expansion, 3-21Coefficient of variation, 4-23tCollapse during drying, 12-10, 12-12figColumns:
built-up and spaced columns, 8-9flanged columns, 8-9long columns, compressive stress,8-8, 8-8eqshort columns, compressive stress,8-8 to 8-9, 8-8eq
availability, 18-3form, 18-4 to 18-5, 18-5figstandards and specifications, 18-2tstrength properties, 18-7uses, 18-3, 18-4fig
Copper azole - Type A (CBA-Type A):retention levels for various woodproducts, 14-6tsolution percentages, 14-12temperature for pressure treating,14-21
Copper bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate)(CDDC):
retention levels for various woodproducts, 14-6t
solution percentages, 14-11 to 14-12temperature for pressure treating,14-21uses, 14-12
Copper naphthenate:color transfer and changes, 14-8effectiveness, 14-8retention levels for various woodproducts, 14-5tsolution values, 14-8Southern pine sapwood stakesretention and life span test results,14-14ttreatment for cutting pretreatedwood, 14-24
Cotton linter paper, 19-12Cottonwood:
characteristics, 1-5color and figure, 3-3tconnector joint strength, 7-21tdecay resistance, 3-18tease of bonding, 9-8telastic ratio, 4-2tflame spread index, 17-3tlocality of growth, 1-5machining and related properties, 3-16tmoisture content, 3-6tnomenclature, 5-5tpenetration, 14-16tshock resistance, 1-6size of pores, 15-31tspecies, 1-5uses, 1-6workability, 1-6
ease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-20machineability, 1-20mechanical properties, 4-16t, 4-20tresistance to decay and insects, 1-20sapwood, 2-2shrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-20
Covalent chemical bonds, 9-2Crabwood. See AndirobaCrack propagation systems, 4-24 to 4-25Creep:
defined, 4-37discussed, 4-37 to 4-39influence of stress on, 4-39fig
Creosote, coal-tar:advantages, 14-2appearance, 14-2composition variability, 14-2EPA-approved customerinformation sheet, 14-3teffect on mechanical properties, 14-24for non-pressure treatments, 14-7handling precautions, 14-3tin pressure treatment process, 14-19odor and vapors, 14-2retention levels for various woodproducts, 14-5tstandards, 14-2temperature for pressure treating,14-21treatment for cutting pretreatedwood, 14-25use site precautions, 14-3tvolatility, 14-7
Creosote-coal-tar solutions:properties, 14-7retention levels for various woodproducts, 14-5tstandards by volume, 14-7temperature for pressure treating, 4-21
Creosote-petroleum oil solutions:retention levels for various woodproducts, 14-5t
Cristobal. See MacawoodCritical radiant flux test, 17-4Cross grain:
effect on mechanical properties,4-29 to 4-30types, 4-28 to 4-30
Cuangare (See also Banak):dimensional change coefficient, 12-17tmechanical properties, 4-16t, 4-20tshrinkage values, 3-10t
Cucumber, nomenclature, 5-5tCurved members, glulam combinations,11-5 to 11-6Cypress:
for siding, 5-17plywood stiffness and strength,10-11t
characteristics, 1-20locality of growth, 1-20machineability, 1-20mechanical properties, 4-16t, 4-20tresistance to decay and insects, 1-20shrinkage values, 3-10tstrength, 1-20uses, 1-20
Delamination and adhesive failure, 9-21Density:
as function of specific gravity andmoisture content, 3-12, 3-13t, 3-14teffect on adhesive bonding, 9-6 to9-7effect on withdrawal resistance ofnails, 7-3in sorting machine-graded lumber,6-8in visual stress grading, 6-5variation, 3-11
Design factors affecting dimensionalchange in structures:
Determa:characteristics, 1-21decay resistance, 3-18tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-21machineability, 1-21mechanical properties, 4-16t, 4-20tresistance to decay and insects, 1-21uses, 1-21
Diagonal grain, 4-29 to 4-30Dielectric constant, definition, 3-21,3-22Dielectric meters and moisture content,12-2 to 12-3Dielectric power factor, 3-21, 3-22Dimensional change and woodpaintability, 15-4Dimensional changes in wood:
affected by design factors, 12-18calculation based on greendimensions, 12-17, 12-17eqcare during construction 12-18 to12-20estimation using coefficients, 12-15to 12-17, 12-15eq, 12-16t, 12-17t
Dimpling of sandwich panel facings,11-19Discoloration:
by mildew, 15-8, 15-27by mold and fungal stains, 13-2by nonmicrobial or chemical stains,13-3from water-soluble extractives, 15-28 to 15-29of paint due to extractives, 15-2use of wood cleaners, 15-33
Discontinuous rings, definition, 2-2Dogwood, nomenclature, 5-5tDoors, fire resistance in frameconstruction, 17-5Douglas-fir:
availability at retail yards, 5-16characteristics, 1-10characteristics for painting, 15-3tcharring rate equation, 17-10color and figure, 3-4tconnector joint strength, 7-21tdecay resistance, 3-18tease of bonding, 9-8telastic ratio, 4-2terosion of planed surfaces, 15-8tflame spread index, 17-3tfor flooring, 5-17for siding, 5-17fracture toughness, 4-26tkiln drying schedule, 12-11tlocality of growth, 1-10mechanical properties, 4-14t, 4-15tmoisture content, 4-34tnomenclature, 5-13tpenetration, 14-16tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tPoisson ratio, 4-3tpreservative pressure andtemperature, 14-21preservative treatment to preventmarine borer attack on piles, 14-10tpreservatives used, 14-7, 14-11, 14-12shrinkage, 3-8, 3-11figused for poles, 18-2, 18-4tuses, 1-10
Draftstops, 17-5Dried wood, moisture control duringtransit and storage, 12-14 to 12-15,12-14tDrift bolts, 7-9Dry kilns, 12-7 to 12-8, 12-8figDrying of wood:
accelerated air drying andpredrying, 12-6advantages, 12-5affect of properties, 12-5air drying, 12-6drying mechanism, 12-6 to 12-7,12-6figdrying defects:
discoloration, 12-10, 12-13fig,12-14figfracture or distortion, 12-9 to 12-10, 12-12figwarp, 12-10 to 12-12, 12-13fig
Duration of load:adjustment of design properties, 6-12 to 6-13, 6-13t, 6-13figdefined, 4-24, 4-39effect on mechanical properties, 4-39 to 4-40relationship to failure, 4-39fig
Dutch elm disease, 1-6
Earlywood:effect on paintability, 15-4description, 2-2erosion of planed surfaces, 15-8tproperties, 2-3
Elastic properties of clear wood:discussion, 4-2values of:
modulus of elasticity ratios, 4-2tmodulus of rigidity ratios, 4-3tPoisson's ratio, 4-2
Elastomeric adhesives:in light-frame construction, 9-19 to9-20, 9-20figperformance over time, 9-21 to 9-22,9-22figstructural performance, 9-11tworking and strength properties,and uses, 9-13t
Electrical properties of wood:conductivity, 3-21, 3-22dielectric constant, 3-21, 3-22power factor, 3-21, 3-22resistance and moisture content, 3-22fig
Elm:characteristics, 1-6connector joint strength, 7-21tdecay resistance, 3-18tdisease, 1-6locality of growth, 1-6moisture content, 3-6tsize of pores, 15-31tspecies, 1-6uses, 1-6
Elm, American:characteristics for painting, 15-3tcolor and figure, 3-3tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16tease of bonding, 9-8tmoisture content, 3-6tshrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-4t, 4-9tthermal conductivity, 3-19t
Encased knots, definition, 4-27Encino. See OakEnd joints in glued laminated timber,11-7 to 11-8Engineered trusses and light-frameconstruction, 16-4Epoxy:
performance over time, 9-22structural performance, 9-11tuse with wood and nonwoodcomposites, 9-5working and strength properties,and uses, 9-14t
Erosion:of earlywood and latewood planedsurfaces, 15-8tof finishes, 15-9of wood, discussed, 15-7rates for hardwood and softwoods,15-8t
Equilibrium moisture content:definition, 3-5, 15-9relative humidity as related to, 3-7values for U.S. cities, 12-2, 12-3t
Extractives:and mill glaze, 15-25discoloration, water-soluble, 15-28to 15-29discussion, 2-2, 2-4, 4-33effect on painting, 15-2, 15-6 to 15-7, 15-21effect on strength, 4-33heartwood, 2-2species involved, 4-33
Facing stresses, sandwich panels, 11-19Facing wrinkling, sandwich panels,11-19 to 11-20Factory-finished wood products, 15-24Factory lumber (See also Hardwoodlumber):
grades, 5-2standard dimensions, 5-2
False rings, definition, 2-2Fastener head embedment, 7-26, 7-27figFasteners:
and iron stain, 15-29corrosion and fire-retardant treatedwood, 17-12 to 17-13fire resistance in frame construction,17-5multiple-fastener joints, 7-24 to7-25
I–10
Fatigue:defined, 4-24, 4-40discussed, 4-40 to 4-41summary of fatigue studies, 4-40t
Fences, finishing, 15-13, 15-21 to 15-22Fiberboard:
attrition milling or refining, 10-17to 10-18classification, 10-18, 10-3figdistinguished from particleboard,10-17dry-process fiberboard, 10-19, 10-19figfibers used, 10-17, 10-19figfinishing techniques, 10-23hardboard:
heat treatment, 10-20humidification, 10-20physical and mechanicalproperties of hardboard siding,10-22tproperty requirements 10-20 to10-22, 10-21tsiding grade stamps, 10-22figstandards, 10-5ttempering, 10-20
insulation board:cold-pressing, 10-20felting, 10-20grade stamp example, 10-22figtypes of products, 10-23sizing agents, 10-20standards, 10-5t
moisture-excluding effectiveness of,15-10 to 15-11
on ponderosa pine, 15-12tnondrying oils, 15-32, 15-33on:
butcher blocks and cuttingboards, 15-33floors, 15-32glulam, 11-8 to 11-9interior wood, 15-30items used for food, 15-32 to 15-33porches, decks, fences, 15-21 to15-22treated wood, 15-22
wood exposed to marineenvironments, 15-22
paintability values, 15-2, 15-4paraffin wax, 15-32, 15-33refinishing, 15-22 to 15-23suitability and expected service lifefor exterior wood surfaces, 15-5ttypes:
film-forming:effect on water and vaporabsorption, 15-11fire-retardant coatings, 15-19paint, 15-18 to 15-19solid-color stain, 15-18varnish:
decay resistance, 3-18tlocality of growth, 1-10species, 1-10uses, 1-11
Fir, white:characteristics for painting, 15-3tcolor and figure, 3-4tconnector joint strength, 7-21tdimensional change coefficient, 12-17tease of bonding, 9-8tmoisture content, 3-6tnomenclature, 5-5tpenetration, 14-16tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tshrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-7t, 4-12tthermal conductivity, 3-20ttoughness values, 4-25t
Flame-retardant composites, 10-24Flame spread index (FSI):
classes for, 17-2discussed, 17-2values for solid lumber, 17-3twood usage, 17-3
Flat-sawn lumber:advantages, 3-2tand mill glaze, 15-25disadvantages for finishing, 15-1,15-7method of producing, 3-2
Flashover, discussed, 17-4Flooring:
care during construction, 12-19design factors affecting dimensionalchange, 12-18recommended moisture content, 12-5 tretail yard availability, 5-16, 5-17
Formaldehyde adhesives:performance over time, 9-21 to 9-22,9-22figsafety concerns, 9-10structural performance, 9-11tuse with composite products, 10-4used with particleboard, 10-16
Glulam. See Glued-laminated timber(Glulam)Glulam beam construction, 16-8Glulam timber bridge, 16-10, 16-10figGluing properties of different wood,classification of species, 9-8tGmelina, shrinkage values, 3-10tGola. See EkopGoncato alves:
Grades and lumber, purchasingconsideration, 5-17 to 5-18Grading hardwood lumber, 5-2 to 5-4Grading, machine, 6-7 to 6-11Grading softwood lumber, 5-7 to 5-10Grading, visual, 6-3 to 6-7Grain and texture of wood:
and finish performance, 15-2tand paintability, 15-4 to 15-5discussion, 3-1 to 3-2
Greenheart:characteristics, 1-21decay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-17tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-21machineability, 1-21mechanical properties, 4-16t, 4-20tshrinkage values, 3-10tresistance to fungi and insects, 1-21
marine borers, 13-14uses, 1-21
Green wood:and clinched nails, 7-5bending properties, 19-3creep and relaxation under load, 4-38definition, 3-5
relationship of mechanicalproperties to specific gravity, 4-28ttreatment with polyethylene glycol(PEG), 19-10
Growth of tree:branching, 2-1diameter, 2-2fibrils, 2-3
Growth rings:cross section showing, 2-3figdeterminations of tree age by, 2-2discontinuous, definition, 2-2discussion, 2-2, 2-3effect on strength properties, 4-30to 4-31false, definition, 2-2grain, 3-1in sawn boards, 3-2, 3-4principal axes with respect to, 4-2shrinkage, 3-7 to 3-8, 3-8fig
Guatambu. See Pau marfimGuayacan. See IpeGum:
nomenclature, 5-5tsize of pores, 15-31t
Gurjun. See ApitongGypsum board, use in wood-frameconstruction to provide fire resistance,17-5Gypsum-bonded composites, 10-25
Hackberry:characteristics, 1-6color and figure, 3-3tdecay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-6machining and related properties, 3-16tmoisture content, 3-6tnomenclature, 5-5tpenetration, 14-16tshock resistance, 1-6shrinkage values, 3-9tsize of pores, 15-31tstrength properties, 4-4t, 4-9tthermal conductivity, 3-19tuses, 1-6
Hardness:coefficient of variation 4-23tdefinition, 4-3
Hardwood flooring, grading rules:Maple Flooring ManufacturersAssociation, 5-6, 5-4tNational Oak FlooringManufacturers Association, 5-6, 5-4 t
properties, 10-22 to 10-23Insulation for sound control for woodbuildings, 16-13, 16-13tInsulation in wood building, 16-11 to16-12Intergrown knots, 2-3, 4-27Interlocked grain:
definition, 3-4effect on strength, 4-30in Sweetgum, 1-8machining, 3-15
Interior finishes, care duringconstruction, 12-19Internal friction, 4-26Ipe:
characteristics affecting machining,3-17tdecay resistance, 3-18tlocality of growth, 1-22machineability, 1-22mechanical properties, 4-17t, 4-21tresistance to decay and insects, 1-22shrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-22
Ipil. See MerbauIroko:
characteristics, 1-22characteristics affecting machining,3-17tdecay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-17tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-22mechanical properties, 4-17t, 4-21tresistance to fungi and insects, 1-22shrinkage values, 3-10tspecies, 1-22workability, 1-22uses, 1-22
Iron stain, 13-3, 15-23, 15-29, 15-32Ironwood, nomenclature, 5-5tIsocyanate adhesives:
performance over time, 9-22structural performance, 9-11tuse with composite products, 10-4use with particleboard, 10-16working and strength properties,and uses, 9-14t
Jacaranda. See Rosewood, BrazilianJarrah:
characteristics, 1-22characteristics affecting machining,3-17tdecay resistance, 3-18tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-22machineability, 1-22mechanical properties, 4-17t, 4-21tresistance to decay and insects, 1-22
marine borers, 13-14shrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-22 to 1-23
Jequitiba. See AlbarcoJoints, glued, strength, 9-4Joists and light-frame construction,16-2 to 16-3Joists and rafter systems in light-frameconstruction, 16-4Juniper, decay resistance, 3-18tJuvenile wood:
effect on mechanical properties, 4-32effect on strength properties, 4-32properties, 4-32, 4-32figshrinkage of, 3-8, 4-32
Kakaralli. See ManbarklakKaneelhart:
characteristics, 1-23ease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-23mechanical properties, 4-17t, 4-21tresistance to fungi and insects, 1-23shrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-23
Kapur:characteristics, 1-23characteristics affecting machining,3-17tdecay resistance, 3-18tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-23machineability, 1-23mechanical properties, 4-17t, 4-21tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tresistance to fungi and insects, 1-23shrinkage values, 3-10tstrength properties, 1-23uses, 1-23
Karri:characteristics, 1-23characteristics affecting machining,3-17tdecay resistance, 3-18tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-23machineability, 1-23mechanical properties, 4-17t, 4-21tshrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-23
Kauta. See MarishballiKempas:
characteristics, 1-23characteristics affecting machining,3-17tdecay resistance, 3-18tlocality of growth, 1-23machineability, 1-23
I–15
mechanical properties, 4-17t, 4-21tresistance to fungi and insects, 1-23shrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-24
Keruing:characteristics, 1-24characteristics affecting machining,3-17tdecay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-17tease of bonding, 9-8tdurability, 1-24locality of growth, 1-24machineability, 1-24mechanical properties, 4-17t, 4-21tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tshrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-24
Khaya (See Mahogany, African):dimensional change coefficient, 12-17t
Kiln drying:advantages,12-6importance of air circulation, 12-6kiln schedules, 12-8 to 12-9, 12-11ttypes of kilns, 12-7 to 12-8, 12-8fig
Knots:changes during drying, 12-10, 12-12figdefinition, 4-27discoloration through paint, 15-2,15-29 to 15-30effect on:
in determining strength ratios, 6-5 to 6-6, 6-6figmechanical properties of wood,4-27 to 4-28, 4-34stiffness, 6-4strength properties, 6-4
Laminated members, glued. See Gluedstructural membersLaminated wood, strength properties,19-7t to 19-8t
Laminates. See Paper-based plasticlaminatesLaminating grades, 5-8 to 5-9Lapacho (See also Ipe):
ease of bonding, 9-8tLap marks, 15-20Lapuna. See CeibaLarch, western:
characteristics, 1-12characteristics for painting, 15-3tcolor and figure, 3-4tconnector joint strength, 7-21tdecay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-17tease of bonding, 9-8telastic ratio, 4-2tfor flooring, 5-17locality of growth, 1-12mechanical properties, 4-14t, 4-15tmoisture content, 3-6t, 4-34tnomenclature, 5-13tpenetration, 14-16tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tPoisson ratio, 4-3tshock resistance, 1-12strength properties, 4-7t, 4-12ttensile strength, 4-24tthermal conductivity, 3-20ttoughness values, 4-25tused for poles, 18-2uses, 1-12
Lateral buckling, of beams, 8-9 to 8-10Lateral resistance:
and the National DesignSpecification for WoodConstruction, 7-1of lag screws, 7-12 to 7-14of nails, 7-5of wood screws, 7-10 to 7-11
Latewood:description, 2-2erosion of planed surfaces, 15-8tpaintability, 15-4properties, 2-3
Lauans:dimensional change coefficient, 12-17tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tshrinkage values, 3-10tsize of pores, 15-31t
Lemonwood. See DegameLight-frame construction:
balloon framing, 16-1ceiling and roof, 16-4decks, 16-4exterior walls, 16-3 to 16-4fire resistance of, 17-2, 17-5floors, 16-2 to 16-3, 16-2figfoundations, 16-2platform framing, 16-1 to 16-2use of elastomeric adhesives, 9-19to 9-20, 9-20figwood use in, 17-2
Lignin:discussion, 2-3 to 2-4weathering, 15-7
Lignumvitae:characteristics, 1-24characteristics affecting machining,3-17tdecay resistance, 3-18tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-24mechanical properties, 4-17t, 4-21tspecies, 1-24uses, 1-24
Lignocellulosic adhesives:in composite products, 10-4working and strength properties,and uses, 9-13t
Limba:characteristics, 1-24characteristics affecting machining,3-17tdecay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-17tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-24machineability, 1-24mechanical properties, 4-17t, 4-21tresistance to decay and insects, 1-24shrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-24
Lodgepole pine, used for poles, 18-2,18-4tLog homes, 16-6, 16-7fig, 18-5Logs, control of mold, stain, decay, 13-6Longitudinal shrinkage of wood, 3-8Lumber:
commonly used abbreviations, 5-18to 5-20development of grading rules, 5-7grading organization, 5-9t, 5-12hardwood:
drying targets, 12-5finished market products:
flooring:grading rules, 5-6 to 5-7standard dimensions, 5-6to 5-7
common grades, 6-7, 6-8tcomponents of system, 6-7design stresses for other properties,6-10machine sorting criteria, 6-7 to 6-8procedures for deriving allowablestress for bending, 6-8 to 6-10quality control, 6-10 to 6-11
Machining of wood, factors affecting,3-15Machinmango. See ManbarklakMadrone, Pacific:
dimensional change coefficient, 12-16tease of bonding, 9-8tnomenclature, 5-5tshrinkage values, 3-9t
Magnesia-cement-bonded composites,10-25Magnolia:
characteristics, 1-7characteristics for painting,southern, 15-3tdecay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-7machining and related properties, 3-16tmoisture content, 3-6tnomenclature, 5-5tshock resistance, 1-7shrinkage values, 3-9tsize of pores, 15-31tspecies, 1-7strength properties, 4-5t, 4-10tthermal conductivity, 3-19tuses, 1-7
Mahogany:color and figure, 3-3tsize of pores, 15-31tspecies, 1-25
characteristics, 1-25characteristics affecting machining,3-17tlocality of growth, 1-25mechanical properties, 4-17t, 4-21tnomenclature, 1-25shrinkage values, 3-10tresistance to fungi and insects, 1-25
marine borers, 13-14uses, 1-25workability, 1-25
Manni:characteristics, 1-25decay resistance 3-18tlocality of growth, 1-25machineability, 1-25mechanical properties, 4-17t, 4-21tresistance to insects, 1-25shrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-25
Maple, size of pores, 15-31tMaple, black:
color and figure, 3-3tdimensional change coefficients,12-16tshrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-5t, 4-10tthermal conductivity, 3-19t
Maple, bigleaf:color and figure, 3-3tdimensional change coefficients,12-16tmachining and related properties, 3-16tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tshrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-5t, 4-10t
Maple, hard:characteristics, 1-7charring rate data, 17-11tconnector joint strength, 7-21tdecay resistance, 3-18tease of bonding, 9-8theat release data, 17-9tlocality of growth, 1-7machining and related properties, 3-16tnomenclature, 5-5tshock resistance, 1-7species, 1-7uses, 1-7
I–17
Maple, Oregon, nomenclature, 5-5tMaple, red:
color and figure, 3-3tdimensional change coefficients,12-16telastic ratio, 4-2tPoisson ratio, 4-3tshrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-5t, 4-10tthermal conductivity, 3-19t
Maple, soft:connector joint strength, 7-21tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-7machining and related properties, 3-16tnomenclature, 5-5tspecies, 1-7uses, 1-7
Maple Flooring Manufacturers,Association, grading rules, 5-6Marishballi:
characteristics, 1-26characteristics affecting machining,3-17tlocality of growth, 1-26mechanical properties, 4-17t, 4-21tresistance to fungi and insects, 1-26shrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-26
Marine borer damage and control, 13-13Malayapis. See LauansMata-mata. See ManbarklakMayflower. See RobleMecanical interlocking and adhesives,9-2Mechanical properties of wood
adjusted for design use, 6-11 to 6-14affected by:
adhesion to metals, 9-5age, 4-41changes in moisture content, 4-34chemicals:
exposure to, 4-41treatment, 4-41 to 4-43
cross grain, 4-29 to 4-30decay, 4-43duration of load, 4-39 to 4-40fire-retardant treatments, 17-12insect damage, 4-43knots, 4-27juvenile wood, 4-32mold and stain fungi, 4-43rate of loading, 4-37slope of grain, 4-29ttemperature, 4-35 to 4-37waterborne preservatives, 4-42
relation to specific gravity, 4-27, 4-28trelation to stress grades, 6-1
affected by, 7-2, 7-3allowable loads,7-5clinched nails, 7-5corrosion, 7-4density of wood, effect of, 7-3direction of driving, 7-4 to 7-5etched nails, 7-4load displacement curve, 7-3, 7-3figmoisture content, effect of, 7-3, 7-3eq, 7-4nail heads, 7-4nail points, effect of, 7-4plywood, 7-5prebored lead holes, effect of, 7-5seasoning, effect of, 7-3shank form, effect of, 7-4surface coatings, effect of, 7-3 to7-4surface coating, used for 7-4
Naphthenate, copper:color transfer and changes, 14-8effectiveness, 14-8retention levels for various woodproducts, 14-5tsolution values, 14-8Southern pine sapwood stakesretention and life span test results,14-14ttreatment for cutting pretreatedwood, 14-24
Old house borer, 13-11Opaque finishes, 15-30Opepe:
characteristics, 1-28ease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-28machineability, 1-28mechanical properties, 4-18t, 4-21tresistance to decay and insects, 1-28shrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-28
Ordinary construction:code requirements for fireprotection, 17-2description, 17-2
Ovendry weight, specific gravity, 3-12Oxine copper:
composition, 14-8corrosiveness, 14-8retention levels for various woodproducts, 14-5tSouthern pine sapwood stakesretention and life span test results,14-13ttoxicity, 14-8
Pacific yew, nomenclature, 5-13tPaint:
adhesion bandage test, 15-23application and maintenance, 15-14t, 15-20 to 15-21characteristics of wood, 15-3tcost, 15-18 to 15-19cracking, 15-11, 15-26discussed, 15-18 to 15-19disposal, 15-34failure caused by:
dimensional changes in wood,15-4
I–20
earlywood/latewood band, 15-4,15-24face checks in plywood, 15-5grain orientation, 15-4moisture content of wood, 15-10temperature at time of painting,15-21texture of wood, 15-5water soluble extractives, 15-28to 15-29weathering, 15-8, 15-24
avoiding with proper painting,15-21caused by water, 15-10intercoat, 15-26moisture movement, 15-25fig
protection against moisture, 15-11,15-13, 15-16, 15-24preweathering before painting, 15-9repainting, 15-22 to 15-23, 15-33removal, 15-33 to 15-34, 15-35service life, 15-24strippers:
chemical:alkali-based, 15-35solvent-based, 15-34
mechanical, 15-34“safe”, 15-35
VOC regulation compliance, 15-19Palosapis. See MersawaPanel products:
performance standards, 10-5 to 10-6, 10-6figplywood, 10-6 to 10-13product standards, 10-5, 10-5twood elements, 10-2fig
Parana pine:characteristics, 1-33decay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-17tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-33mechanical properties, 4-18t, 4-22tshrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-33
Parenchynia cells, function, 2-3Particle and fiberboard, 10-13 to 10-24Particleboard:
adhesives, 10-4certification, 10-17, 10-18figfinishing, 10-17hot pressing, 10-16 to 10-17mat formation, 10-16particle classifications andconveying, 10-16particle drying, 10-16production, 10-14 to 10-15, 10-15fig, 10-16properties and grades, 10-17, 10-17t, 10-18tresins and wax, 10-4, 10-16screw withdrawal, 7-10standards, 10-5tuses, 10-15
Pau marfim:characteristics, 1-28dimensional change coefficient, 12-17tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-28machineability, 1-28mechanical properties, 4-22tresistance to decay, 1-28shrinkage values, 3-10tspecific gravity, 1-28strength values, 1-28uses, 1-28
Pecan (See also Hickory, pecan):machining and related properties, 3-16tnomenclature, 5-5t
Pecky cypress, 1-10Peeling logs for veneer, 10-7 to 10-8Pentachlorophenal solutions:
and nonpressure treatments, 14-24solution standards, 14-7solution performance, 14-7
Pentachlorophenol:approved uses, 14-7effect on mechanical properties ofwood, 14-24effectiveness, 14-8
EPA-approved consumerinformation sheet, 14-3thandling precautions, 14-3t, 14-8ineffective against marine borers,14-8paintability, 14-7retentions for various woodproducts, 14-5tuse site precautions, 14-4t
Peroba, white. See Peroba de CamposPeroba de Campos:
characteristics, 1-28locality of growth, 1-28machineability, 1-28mechanical properties, 4-18t, 4-22tresistance to decay, 1-28shrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-28
Peroba Rosa:characteristics, 1-28ease of bonding, 4-18t, 4-22tlocality of growth, 1-28mechanical properties, 4-18t, 4-22tresistance to fungi and insects, 1-28shrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-29
Persimmon:dimensional change coefficient, 12-16tease of bonding, 9-8tnomenclature, 5-5tshrinkage values, 3-9t
Phenolic adhesives:performance over time, 9-22, 9-22figstructural performance, 9-11tuse with composite products, 10-4working and strength properties,and uses, 9-14t
Phenolic resins:for laminates, 19-12 to 19-13in sandwich construction, 11-17
Pholads, 13-14Photodegradation. See WeatheringPiles:
knots, effect on strength, 4-27 to 4-28marine, protection against insects,13-14 to 13-15preservative retention levels, 14-5tto 14-6tpreservative treatments, 18-6service life, 18-6straightness, 18-4standards and specifications, 18-2t,18-3, 18-7standards for end-bearing piles, 18-4
for friction piles, 18-4strength properties, 18-7timber availability, 18-3weight and volume, 18-5
Pilon:characteristics, 1-29locality of growth, 1-29mechanical properties, 4-18t, 4-22tresistance to insects, 1-20
I–21
uses, 1-29workability, 1-29
Pine, Caribbean:characteristics, 1-33ease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-33machineability, 1-33mechanical properties, 4-18t, 4-22tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tresistance to insects, 1-33shrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-33
Pine, eastern white:characteristics, 1-12characteristics for painting, 15-3tcolor and figure, 3-4tconnector joint strength, 7-21tdecay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16tease of bonding, 9-8tflame spread index, 17-3tlocality of growth, 1-12mechanical properties, 4-14t, 4-15tnomenclature, 5-13tpenetration, 14-16tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tshock resistance, 1-12shrinkage values, 3-9ttensile strength, 4-24tthermal conductivity, 3-20ttoughness values, 4-25tuses, 1-12workability, 1-12
bent wood members, 19-2bending operation and apparatus,19-4characteristics of bent wood, 19-4chemicals used, 19-2fixing the bend, 19-4laminated members, 19-2 to 19-3moisture content of bending stock,19-3principles of plasticizing andbending, 19-1resin-treated compressed wood, 19-5selection of stock, 19-3steaming, 19-1veneered curved members, 19-3
Plastering, care during construction,12-19 to 12-20Plastic bonding, 9-5Plastic-coated nails, 7-4Port-Orford Cedar, See Cedar, Port-OrfordPlywood:
adhesives, 10-4, 10-8advantages over solid wood, 10-7assembly, 10-8classification by:
exposure durability, 10-9grades, 10-9 to 10-10, 10-10tspan rating, 10-10 to 10-11
I–23
strength and stiffness, 10-10 to10-12, 10-11t
cores, 10-6description, 10-6 to 10-7dimensional stability, 10-12
and grain direction, 10-6edge swelling, 10-12erosion of planed surfaced, 15-8tfinishes, suitability and expectedservice life, 15-15tfinishing, 15-5fire-retardant treated, 17-12grain, 10-6HPVA grade stamp, 10-8, 10-9figin light-frame construction, 16-3plies, 10-6preservative retention levels, 14-5tto 14-6tproduct standard, 10-5 to 10-6, 10-5t, 10-6fig, 10-7protecting form decay, 13-8shear strength, 10-12sheathing-grade, property values,10-12tspecialty panels, 10-13specifications, 10-8 to 10-9softwood logs, processing, 10-7standards, 10-8splitting resistance, 10-12strength and stiffness, 10-11t, 10-12types:
construction and industrial, 10-7hardwood and decorative, 10-7
veneers, 10-7 to 10-8weathering of, 15-16fig
Plywood curved members:bent after gluing:
common hardwoods for, 19-3procedure for, 19-2
bent and glued simultaneously:advantages, 19-2 to 19-3procedure for, 19-2
Poisson's ratio:discussion, 4-2values, 4-3t
Pole buildings, 16-4 to 16-6, 16-5fig,16-6fig, 18-3Poles:
Preservative-pressure-treated wood,EPA-approved customer informationsheets, 14-3t to 14-4tPreservative retention tests, pressure-treated, 14-13t to 14-15tPreservatives:
copper-containing, control ofmarine borers with, 13-15finishing, 15-6effect on mechanical properties, 14-24effect on paintability, 15-22effect on strength of oil-type, 4-41EPA regulations 14-1 to 14-2inorganic arsenicals:
EPA-approved informationsheet, 14-3thandling precautions, 14-3tuse site precautions, 14-4t
copper naphtehnate:color transfer and changes, 14-8effectiveness, 14-8retention levels for variouswood products, 14-5tsolution values, 14-8Southern pine sapwoodstakes retention and life spantest results, 14-14ttreatment for cuttingpretreated wood, 14-24
creosote, coal-tar:advantages, 14-2appearance, 14-2composition variability, 14-2EPA-approved customerinformation sheet, 14-3teffect on mechanicalproperties, 14-24for non-pressure treatments,14-7handling precautions, 14-3tin pressure treatment process,14-19odor and vapors, 14-2retention levels for variouswood products, 14-5tstandards, 14-2temperature for pressuretreating, 14-21treatment for cuttingpretreated wood, 14-25use site precautions, 14-3tvolatility, 14-7
creosote-coal-tar solutions:properties, 14-7retention levels for variouswood products, 14-5tstandards by volume, 14-7
I–24
temperature for pressuretreating, 4-21
creosote-petroleum oilsolutions:
retention levels for variouswood products, 14-5t
naphtalene:Southern pine sapwoodstakes retention and life spantest results, 14-14t
oxine copper:composition, 14-8corrosiveness, 14-8retention levels for variouswood products, 14-5tSouthern pine sapwoodstakes retention and life spantest results, 14-13ttoxicity, 14-8
pentachlorophenol:approved uses, 14-7effect on mechanical propertiesof wood, 14-24effectiveness, 14-8EPA-approved consumerinformation sheet, 14-3thandling precautions, 14-3t,14-8ineffective against marineborers, 14-8paintability, 14-7retention levels for variouswood products, 14-5tSouthern pine sapwoodstakes retention and life spantest results, 14-15tuse site precautions, 14-4t
and non-pressure treatment, 14-24application and maintenance ofexterior wood finish, 15-14teffectiveness, 14-9 to 14-10effect on mechanical properties,4-41 to 4-43effect on strength, 4-41 to 4-43finishing, 15-6for marine piles, 14-10initial kiln-drying temperature,4-42paintability, 14-10post-treatment kiln dryingtemperatures, 4-42 to 4-43retention levels effect of strength,4-24retention levels for variouswood products, 14-6tretentions necessary for marineborer protection, 14-10ttemperature considerations, 14-10
waterborne, various types:acid copper chromate (ACC):
components, 14-10effectiveness and leaching, 14-10retention levels for variouswood products, 14-6tSouthern pine sapwoodstakes retention and life spantest results, 14-13ttemperature for pressuretreating, 14-21
ammoniacal copper citrate (CC):retention levels for variouswood products, 14-6tsolution percentages, 14-12temperature for pressuretreating, 14-21
ammoniacal copper quat (ACQ):common types, 14-11composition of common types,14-11tretention levels for variouswood products, 14-6tuses, 14-11
ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate(ACZA):
composition, 14-11replacement for ACA, 14-11retention levels for variouswood products, 14-6ttemperature for pressuretreating, 14-21use, 14-10use with Douglas-fir, 14-10 to14-11
chromated copper arsenate(CCA):
common types, 14-11component substitutions, 14-11composition of common types,14-11t
effectiveness of common types,14-11effect on adhesion, 9-6finishing wood treated with,15-22resistance to marine borers,14-11retention levels for variouswood products, 14-6tSouthern pine sapwoodstakes retention and life spantest results, 14-13ttemperature for pressuretreating, 14-21use with Douglas-fir, 14-11
copper azole - Type A (CBA-Type A):
retention levels for variouswood products, 14-6tsolution percentages, 14-12temperature for pressuretreating, 14-21
copperbis(dimethyldithiocarbamate)(CDDC):
retention levels for variouswood products, 14-6tsolution percentages, 14-11to 14-12temperature for pressuretreating, 14-21uses, 14-12
inorganic boron (borax/boricacid):
acceptable compounds, 14-12effectiveness, 14-12solubility, 14-12temperature for pressuretreating, 14-21uses, 14-12
Round timber and ties:availability, 18-2 to 18-3durability, 18-6 to 18-7efficient use, 18-1form, 18-3 to 18-5material requirements, 18-1standards and specifications, 18-1,18-2tstrength properties, 18-7 to 18-8weight and volume, 18-5
Sande:characteristics, 1-30characteristics affecting machining,3-17tdecay resistance, 3-18tlocality of growth, 1-30machineability, 1-30mechanical properties, 4-18t, 4-22tresistance to decay and insects, 1-30shrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-30
Shear deflection, of sandwich panels,11-18Shear stiffness:
of box and I beams, 11-12of sandwich panels, 11-18of stressed-skin panels, 11-14
Shear strength parallel to grain:coefficient of variation, 4-23tdefined, 4-3,
Shear stress of beams, 8-6Sheathing and light-frameconstruction, 16-3, 16-4figShingles and shakes, availability, 5-17Shingles, finishes, suitability andexpected service life, 15-15tShipworms, 13-13Shrinkage:
adjustment for design use, 6-11affect on painting, 15-4coefficients for changing moisturecontent by species, 12-16t, 12-17tcoefficient of variation, 3-8, 3-11compression wood, 3-8discussion, 3-7 to 3-11fiber saturation point as related to,3-8
yard lumber:select lumber, 5-7 to 5-8common lumber, 5-8, 5-8fig
development of grading rules, 5-7drying targets, 12-5grading organizations, 5-9t, 5-12kiln drying schedules, 12-8 to 12-9, 12-11t
manufacture:size, 5-10 to 5-11, 5-11tsurfacing, 5-11 to 5-12patterns, 5-12, 5-12fig
species, 5-12Softwoods:
availability, 1-2bending properties, 19-3charring rates, 17-11tcolor and figure, 3-4tdefinition, 1-2flame spread index, 17-3tflammability data, 17-7theat release data, 17-9timported, 1-33 to 1-34moisture content, heartwood andsapwood, 3-6tpreservative penetration, 14-16trelationship of mechanicalproperties to specific gravity, 4-28tspecies by region, 1-2tstained, 3-4figthermal conductivity, 3-20tuses, 1-2
Sorption hysteresis, discussed, 3-7Solvents and adhesion, 9-10Sound, speed of, 4-25 to 4-26Southern pine sapwood stakes,preservative retention and life spantests, 14-13t to 14-15tSoybean adhesives:
structural performance, 9-11tworking and strength properties,and uses, 9-13t
Specific gravity:and paintability of wood, 15-1, 15-4and weathering of wood, 15-7coefficient of variation, 3-11, 4-23tdefinition, 3-11density as a function of, 3-13t, 3-14tinfluence on mechanical properties,4-27, 4-28tmoisture content, 3-5, 3-12figof reaction wood, 4-31workability of wood, 3-15
Speed of sound, 4-25 to 4-26Sphaeroma, 13-14Spikes, 7-8Spiral grain, 4-29 to 4-30, 4-32figSplits:
in glued structural members, 11-10
in lumber stress grading, 6-4Spruce, black:
color and figure, 3-4tdimensional change coefficient, 12-17tmechanical properties, 4-14t, 4-15tmoisture content, 3-6tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tshrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-8t, 4-13tthermal conductivity, 3-20t
use on floors, 15-32Stains. See also DiscolorationStains, chemical, discussed 13-3Stains, fungal:
blue, 15-29discussed, 13-2distinction from mold, 13-2during drying, 12-10, 12-13figeffect on wood, 13-3
Stains, iron, 15-23, 15-29, 15-32Stake tests with preservatives,pressure-treated, 14-13t to 14-15tStandard lengths of lumber, 5-2Standard lumber abbreviations,Standard thicknesses of lumber:
for flooring, 5-5table, 5-4
Standard widths of lumber, 5-4Staples, 7-8 to 7-9Starch adhesive, structuralperformance, 9-11tStaybwood, 19-10Staypak:
appearance, 19-10dimensional stability, 19-9tproperties, 19-6t, 19-9 to 19-10purpose, 19-10strength properties, 19-7t to 19-8tuses, 19-10
Sticker stain during drying, 12-10, 12-14figStiffeners and glued members, 11-13Stiffeners and glulam beamconstruction, 16-8Stiffeners, wood-plywood gluedstructural members, 11-13Stiffness, affected by knots, 6-4Storage of lumber:
care in yards, 12-14 to 12-15, 13-7green or partially seasoned, 12-14storage shed temperature, 12-14t
Storing lumber:finish and factory items, 12-15sheathing and structural items, 12-14
Strength and duration of loadadjustments, 6-13Strength ratio:
definition, 6-3equations, 6-5, 6-6figestimating, 6-5ranges in visual grading, 6-6
Strength properties:bird pecks, effect of, 4-33compression failures, effect of, 4-33creep, 4-37 to 4-39dead trees, 4-33 to 4-34derived for small clear wood, 6-5 to6-6duration of load, effect, 4-39 to 4-40extractives, effect of, 4-33fire-retardant treatments, 4-41for commercially important woods,4-3t to 4-8tinsect damage, effect of, 4-43juvenile wood, 4-32knots, effect of, 4-27 to 4-28, 4-34moisture content as related to, 4-34nuclear radiation, 4-43pitch pockets, effect of, 4-33rate of loading, 4-37slope of grain, 4-28 to 4-30treatment, effect of 6-13
Strength, related to slope, 4-30figStress equations:
Stress, relationship between constantload and failure, 4-39 to 4-40, 4-39figStructural composite lumber (SCL) inbridges, 16-10Structural flakeboard and light-frameconstruction, 16-3Sucupira:
characteristics, 1-32decay resistance, 3-18tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-32mechanical properties, 4-19t, 4-23tresistance to fungi and insects, 1-32shrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-32workability, 1-32
Sugarberry (See also Hackberry):size of pores, 15-31t
Suradan. See PilonSweetgum:
characteristics, 1-8characteristics for painting, 15-3tcolor and figure, 3-3tconnector joint strength, 7-21tdecay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16tease of bonding, 9-8telastic ratio, 4-2t
I–29
flame spread index, 17-3tinterlocked grain, 1-8locality of growth, 1-8machining and related properties, 3-16tmoisture content, 3-6tpenetration, 14-16tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tshock resistance, 1-8shrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-6t, 4-11tthermal conductivity, 3-19ttoughness values, 4-24tuses, 1-8
Swelling, coefficient for changingmoisture content, by species, 12-16t to12-17tSycamore:
characteristics for painting, 15-3tcolor and figure, 3-3tdecay resistance, 3-18tease of bonding, 9-8tmachining and related properties, 3-16tnomenclature, 5-5tsize of pores, 15-31t
Tamarack:characteristics, 1-16characteristics for painting, 15-3tcolor and figure, 3-4tdecay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-17tlocality of growth, 1-16mechanical properties, 4-14t, 4-15tmoisture content, 3-6t, 4-34tnomenclature, 5-13tpenetration, 14-16tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tshrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-8t, 4-13tuses, 1-16, 1-17
Tangare. See AndirobaTanoak:
characteristics, 1-32decay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient,12-16tlocality of growth, 1-8machineability, 1-9
machining and related properties,3-16tnomenclature, 5-5tplywood stiffness and strength,10-11tshrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 1-9, 4-6t, 4-11tuses, 1-9
Thermal, conductivity of wood:definition, 3-15determination, 3-17factors affecting, 3-17selected species, 3-19t to 3-20t
Thermal diffusivity of wood, 3-17Thermal expansion, 3-21
Thermal properties of wood, 3-15Thermoplastics and adhesion, 9-9 to9-10Ties:
availability, 18-3preservative penetration levels, 14-5t to 14-6tservice life, 18-6 to 18-7sizes, 18-5standards and specifications, 18-2tstrength properties, 18-8weight and volume, 18-5
color and figure, 3-3tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16tmachining and related properties, 3-16tmoisture content, 3-6tshrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-6t, 4-11tthermal conductivity, 3-19t
Tupelo, white, color and figure, 3-3t
Urea and dimethylol urea forplasticizing wood, 19-2Urea adhesives:
performance over time, 9-21 to 9-22,9-22figstructural performance, 9-11tuse with composite products, 10-4working and strength properties,and uses, 9-14t
Van der Waal’s forces, 9-2Varnish:
application and maintenance, 15-14tclear, 15-18use on boats, 15-22use on floors, 15-22
Veneer:and adhesion, 9-4 to 9-5, 10-8drying, 10-8grading, 10-9, 10-10tHPVA grade stamps, 10-8, 10-9figuse with plywood, 10-7 to 10-8
Veneered curved members, 19-3Ventilation and anobiids, 13-10Vertical-grained lumber. See Edge-grained lumberVessel:
definition, 1-2function, 2-3texture, 3-1 to 3-2
Vibration properties, 4-25Virola. See BanakVisual grades in the National GradingRule, 6-3tVisual grading:
deriving strength properties forsmall clear wood, 6-5 to 6-6, 6-6figderiving modulus of elasticity forsmall clear wood, 6-6, 6-7figin-grade procedures, 6-6 to 6-7sorting criteria, 6-3 to 6-4
Visual sorting criteria in lumber stressgrading:
checks and splits, 6-4decay, 6-5density, 6-5explanation, 6-3heartwood and sapwood, 6-5knots, 6-4pitch pockets, 6-5shakes, 6-4 to 6-5slope of grain, 6-4wane, 6-5
Waferboard, obsolescence, 10-5Waika. See ManniWalele. See IlombaWallaba:
characteristics, 1-33decay resistance, 3-18tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-32 to 1-33machinability, 1-33mechanical properties, 4-19t, 4-23tresistance to insects, 1-33shrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-33
Walnut, black:availability at retail yards, 5-16characteristics, 1-9characteristics for painting, 15-3tcolor and figure, 3-4tdecay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16tease of bonding, 9-8telastic ratio, 4-2tkiln drying schedule, 12-11tlocality of growth, 1-9moisture content, 3-6tnomenclature, 5-5tPoisson ratio, 4-3tshock resistance, 1-9shrinkage values, 3-9tsize of pores, 15-31tstrength properties, 4-6t, 4-11tuses, 1-1, 1-9workability, 1-9
Wane in lumber stress grading, 6-5Wapa. See WallabaWarp:
and finishing, 15-13and weathering, 15-7during drying, 12-7
Waterborne preservatives. SeePreservatives, waterborneWaterponding, effect on bendingstress, 8-7Water repellants (See also waterrepellant preservative):
application and maintenance, 15-14t, 15-20discussed, 15-10moisture-excluding coatings,different from, 15-11used as a finish, 15-18
Water-repellant preservatives:application and maintenance, 15-14t, 15-19 to 15-20as a first step in finishing, 15-11,15-20backpriming, 15-23 to 15-24caution in use, 15-18effect of use on window sash andframe, 15-17figon wood exposed to marineenvironments, 15-22paintability, 15-6, 15-16refinishing, 15-23used as a finish, 15-16use on edges of reconstituted woodproducts, 15-6use on end grain, 15-13
Wax in composite products, 10-4Weathering of wood:
effect on extractives, 15-6effect on lignin, 15-7effect on paint adhesion, 15-8 to15-9and mill glaze, 15-25artist’s rendition of, 15-7figas a natural finish, 15-16erosion rates for hardwoods andsoftwoods, 15-8tin marine environments, 15-22of finishes, 15-9process, 15-6warp, 15-8
Web stresses, glued members, 11-13Western redcedar, used for poles, 18-2,18-4t, 18-6White-cedar:
Atlantic. See Cedar, Atlantic whiteNorthern. See Cedar, Northernwhite
White rot, 13-5Willow, black:
characteristics, 1-9decay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-9machining and related properties, 3-16tnomenclature, 5-5tpenetration, 14-16tshock resistance, 1-9shrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-6t, 4-11ttoughness values, 4-24tuses, 1-9
Withdrawal resistance:of lag screws, 7-11 to 7-14of nails, 7-2 to 7-5of wood screws, 7-9 to 7-11
I–31
Wood buildings, consideration:moisture control:
effect on heat flow, 16-12mold, mildew, mites and health,16-12moisture control strategies, 16-12 to 16-13paint failure and appearanceproblems, 16-12structural failure, 16-12
sound control, 16-13, 16-13tstructural performance andservicability, 16-10 to 16-11thermal insulation and airinfiltration control, 16-11 to 16-12
Wood cells. See cells of woodWood cleaners and brighteners, 15-33Wood Components ManufacturersAssociation, 5-2, 5-4tWood fillers,15-30, 15-31Wood identification, 2-4Wood screws. See screws, woodWork to maximum load in bending, 4-3Working qualities of wood, 3-15
Yang. See KeruingYellow-cedar. See Cedar, yellowYellow-poplar:
characteristics, 1-9characteristics for painting, 15-3tcharring rate data, 17-11tcolor and figure, 3-4tconnector joint strength, 7-21tdecay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16tease of bonding, 9-8telastic ratio, 4-2terosion of planed surfaces, 15-8tflame spread index, 17-3tfracture toughness, 4-26tlocality of growth, 1-9machining and related properties, 3-16tmoisture content, 3-6tpenetration, 14-16tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tPoisson ratio, 4-3tshock resistance, 1-9shrinkage values, 3-9tsize of pores, 15-31tstrength properties, 4-6t, 4-11tthermal conductivity, 3-19ttoughness values, 4-24tuses, 1-9