Thrips (Thysanoptera) Species Occurring on Fruit Orchards in Çukurova Region of Turkey Ekrem Atakan Department of Plant Protection Faculty of Agriculture University of Çukurova Adana, Turkey
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Thrips (Thysanoptera) Species Occurring on Fruit Orchards in
Çukurova Region of Turkey
Ekrem Atakan
Department of Plant Protection Faculty of Agriculture University of Çukurova
Adana, Turkey
Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey has various ecological conditions that provide to produce early and fresh marketing of fruit crops for about 5 months in the region
Peach, nectarines and apricots are the predominant crops
Fruit growers have some problems with insect pests
Thrips has gained important pest status causing serious problems on some fruit crops such as nectarines
There is a little knowledge about thrips species infesting the fruit orchards in Çukurova region
Introduction
Objectives
§Thrips species and their numbers on fruit crops
§Weed hosts of some adult and larval thrips
§Damage assessments due to attacks of thrips
Materials and Methods
Surveying area of thrips
Materials and Methods
ü Surveying of thrips mainly in Research and Implementation area of Agricultural Faculty (RIAF) of Çukurova University located at Adana province
üInland (Districts: Doğankent, Havutlu and Ceyhan) and in coastal parts (Tarsus district and Mersinprovince)
Surveying area of thrips
Materials and Methods
Sampling of Thrips
•Almond (Prunus amygdalus)
•Apple (Malus domestica)
•Apricot (Prunus armenica)
•Cherry (Prunus avium)
•Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica)
•Nectarin (Prunus persica var. nectarina)
•Peach (Prunus persica)
•Plum (Prunus domestica)
Materials and Methods
Sampling of Thrips
ü Flowering periods of each fruit crops
üTen or twenty trees of each fruit crops
üFive flowering shoots, located at southern or southeastern directions
ü Shoots were tapped into white plastic container for 5 sec.
ü Thrips stored in plastic vial (2 cc) containing 60% ethyl alcohol
Materials and Methods
Sampling of Thrips
Nectarin trees
Materials and Methods
Sampling of Thrips
Apricot trees Plum trees
Materials and Methods
Sampling of Thrips
Loquat trees
Materials and Methods
Sampling of Thrips
Apple trees
Materials and Methods
Sampling of thrips on weeds
üWeeds grown nearby or inside the fruit orchards were sampled during the winter and early spring time in RIAF in years, 2006-2007
üTen plants of each weed species were randomly sampled by using the tapping method
Materials and Methods
Damage assessment
ü The premature fruits were randomly collected from no insecticide-treated 10 trees of apple, loquat, nectarines, peaches, and plum
üInjury was described as scarring and silvering on fruits
üEach damage was classified as light (< 1 cm2), moderate (1-4 cm2) or heavy (>4 cm2) (Felland et al. 1995).
ResultsTable 1. Thrips species collected from fruit trees in Çukurova region of Turkey in years, 2006 and 2007 Thrips species Total (%) of a totalAeolothripidaeAeolothrips collaris Priesner 16 <1Aeolothrips intermedius Bagnall 3Aeolothrips sp. 2Melanthrips fuscus (Sulzer) 38 <1Melanthrips pallidor Priesner 29 <1Rhipidothrips gratiosus Uzel 1PhlaeothripidaeHaplothrips aculeatus (Fabricious) 4Haplothrips reuteri (Karny) 11 <1Haplothrips sp. 4ThripidaeFrankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) 2,751 46Frankliniella intonsa (Trybom) 32 <1Isoneurothrips australis Bagnall 443 6Tenothrips discolor (Karny) 3Thrips angusticeps Uzel 13 <1Thrips mayor Uzel 2,283 37Thrips meridionalis (Priesner) 50 <1Thrips minutissimus Linnaeus 3 <1Thrips nigropilosus Uzel 17Thrips tabaci Lindeman 251 4Thrips trehernei Priesner 2 Total 5,966 100
ResultsTable 2. Total numbers of thrips species collected from various fruit crops in Çukurova region of Turkey in years, 2006 and 2007 Thrips species Almond Apple Apricot Cherry Loquat Nectarin Peach Pear Plum TotalAeolothrips collaris 0 4 0 0 2 3 4 0 3 16Aeolothrips intermedius 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2Aeolothrips sp. 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3Melanthrips fuscus 0 1 6 0 29 1 0 1 0 38Melanthrips pallidor 0 0 3 2 14 1 7 0 2 29Rhipidothrips gratiosus 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2Haplothrips aculeatus 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 2 0 4Haplothrips reuteri 0 0 0 0 2 2 3 1 0 11Haplothrips sp. 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 4Frankliniella occidentalis 182 127 120 313 88 609 450 75 787 2,751Frankliniella intonsa 0 3 2 5 7 10 3 0 2 32Isoneurothrips australis 3 309 2 39 55 11 18 3 3 443Tenothrips discolor 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 3Thrips angusticeps 1 1 2 0 3 2 0 1 1 11Thrips mayor 292 569 121 128 653 162 115 174 69 2,283Thrips meridionalis 1 4 7 1 19 7 8 2 1 50Thrips minutissimus 0 2 0 0 2 1 0 0 2 3Thrips nigropilosus 0 5 3 1 2 1 1 1 3 17Thrips tabaci 10 40 20 18 16 41 73 3 30 251Thrips trehernei 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2Thrips larvae 53 617 57 317 11 2,164 1,299 233 633 5,384 Total 542 1,685 343 824 907 3,021 1,994 497 1,538 11,351
ResultsTable 3. Total numbers of larvae and adult thrips species on weeds occurring nearby or inside the fruit orchards in Adana, Turkey in years of 2006 and 2007Weed species Larvae F. oc T. tab T. may T. mer.Anthemis arvensis L. 15 7 7 0 0Anagallis arvensis L. 0 0 0 5 0Calendula arvensis L. 7 39 8 8 0Capsella bursa-pastoris L. 0 31 34 4 13Cardaria draba L. Desv. 0 10 0 1 0Chenopodium album L. 0 9 0 1 0Convulvus arvensis L. 0 3 0 1 0Erodium moschatum (L.). 10 21 2 3 0Ephorbia sp. 10 0 0 3 0Fumaria officinalis L. 0 5 13 3 0Galium aperina L. 0 10 0 1 0Lamium amplexicaule L. 0 11 12 6 0Malva sylvestris L. 30 15 5 3 0Melilotus officinalis (L.) 5 33 16 1 2Medicago coronata (L.) 0 0 0 0 1Mercurialis annua L. 0 2 8 29 2Ochthodium aegyptiacum 106 191 64 75 5Raphanus raphanistrum L. 0 4 0 2 0Silene lutea L. 0 13 2 2 0Stellaria media (L.) 0 3 0 0 8Senecio vernalis Waldst 70 71 42 3 5Sinapis arvensis L. 270 158 21 6 56Solanum nigrum L. 0 24 0 5 0Sonchus oleraceus L. 0 0 0 2 0Vicia sativa L. 4 43 8 1 2Urticae urens L. 0 10 2 4 2
F.oc: Frankliniella occidentalis ; T. tab: Thrips tabaci ; T. may: Thrips mayor ; T. mer: Thrips meridonalis
Results
Sinapis arvensis
Ochtodium eagyptiacum
Capsella bursa-pastoris
Weed species hosting the thrips
Results
Weed species grown inside of the almond orchard
Senesio vernalis
Results
Table 4. The damage level of various fruits caused by thrips in Adana, Turkey in 2007
Fruits Total No. of healhty No. of scarred Damage (%)Apple 282 268 14 5Loquat 253 250 3 1Nectarin 447 317 130 29Peach 250 250 0 0Plum 588 487 101 17
Results
Damage of thrips on apple fruits
Results
Damage of thrips on plum fruits
Results
Damage of thrips on nectarin fruits
Conclusions and Suggestions
üT. mayor and F. occidentalis were the most prevailing thrips species on fruit crops.
üLoquat grown in a wide range in the region may an important source of thrips infestations, hosting for particularly T. mayor .
üSerious thrips damage that is more likely originated from F. occidentalis, was occurred on nectarines and plums.
Conclusions and Suggestions
üPest status of T. mayor infesting the flowers of loguat andapples mostly in coastal areas of the region is not clearlyunderstood.
üDestroying the weeds by using different management tactics before the blooming stage of fruit crops seems to becrucial.
üMore critical stage of fruits to make a decision of insecticide application is the petal-fall or husk-fall.
Thanks for your attending
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