Women, Men, and Society furo .: Claire M. Renzetti St. Joseph's University Daniel J. Curran St. Joseph's University Allyn and Bacon Boston London Toronto Sydney Tokyo Singapore
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Women, Men, and Society
furo .:
Claire M. Renzetti St. Joseph's University
Daniel J. Curran St. Joseph's University
Allyn and Bacon
Boston London Toronto Sydney Tokyo Singapore
Contents
Preface xi
Chapter 1 Studying Gender: An Overview 1
Sociological Perspectives on Gender 3 Structural Functionalism 4 A Paradigm Revolution 7 A Feminist Sociology of Gender 8
The Perspective of This Text 15
Key Terms 16 Suggested Readings 16
PART I MEN AND WOMEN: WHATS THE DIFFERENCE?
Chapter 2 Sex Differences: The Interaction of Nature and Environment 10
The Sex Chromosomes and Sexual Differentiation 19 Prenatal Mishaps: What Can They Teach Us about Gender? 21
Sex Differences: Much Ado about Nothing? 31 Independence vs. Dependence 32 Aggression vs. Passivity 33 Verbal Ability and Visual-Spatial Ability 38
The Case for His and Hers Brains 42 Box 2.1 Sexual Orientation and the Brain 43
"My Hormones Made Me Do It": Premenstrual Syndrome 46 Box 2.2 Postpartum Depression Syndrome 48
The Interaction of Biology and Culture 53
Key Terms 55 Suggested Readings 55
Chapter 3 Ancestors and Neighbors: Social Constructions of Gender a t Other Times, in Other Places 56
Bones and Stones: The Archeological Record 57
Our Relatives, the Chimps 62
Contents
Women and Men Elsewhere: Are Western Constructions of Gender Universal? 64
Gender Relations in Contemporary Foraging Societies 65 Multiple Genders 71
Gender, Evolution, and Culture 73
Key Terms 74 Suggested Readings 75
PART II TEACHING 1)5 TO KNOW OUR RESPECTIVE PLACES
Chapter 4 Early Childhood Gender Socialization 76
Box 4.1 Sex Selection 78
Learning Gender 80 Identification Theory 80 Social Learning Theory 83 Cognitive-Developmental Theory 85 Bern's Enculturated Lens Theory of Gender Formation 87
Growing Up Feminine or Masculine 90 The Gender-Specific Nature of Children's Environments 92 Early Peer Group Socialization 99 The Intervening Variables of Race and Social Class 100
By the Time a Child Is Five 102
Key Terms 103 Suggested Readings 104
Chapter 5 Schools and Gender 105
An Historical Overview of Women and Men in Education 106 Women and Men in Education during the Twentieth Century 109
Educating Girls and Boys: The Elementary Schools 112 Box 5.1 Special Education 114
Educating Teenage Girls and Boys: The Secondary Schools 119 Box 5.2 The High School Experience for Lesbian and Gay Youth 121 Box 5.3 Sex Differences in Mathematics and Science 125
Educating Women and Men: Colleges and Graduate Schools 127 Women Faculty and Administrators: Still Too Few 131
Sexual Harassment 135 Structuring More Positive Learning Environments 139
Gender, Education, and Power 143
Key Terms 144 Suggested Readings 144
Chapter 6 The Great Communicators: Language and the Media 146
Sexism and Language: What's in a Word? 147 Box 6.1 Sexism and Language 148 Do Women and Men Speak Different Languages? 152
Gender and the Media 154 The Written Word: Gender Messages in Newspapers and Magazines 155 Television: The Ubiquitous Media Socializer 163 Gender Messages in Advertisements: Does Sexism Sell?
Images of Gender in the Media: What Are Their Effects? 176 Box 6.2 Violence and the Media 177
Language and Media as Shapers of Gender 179
Key Terms 180 Suggested Readings 180
PART III KEEPING US IN OUR RESPECTIVE PLACES: INSTITUTIONS OF SOCIAL CONTROL
Chapter 7 Gender and Intimate Relationships 1Ö2
Sociology Constructs The Family 183
Sexuality and Reproductive Freedom 188 Box 7.1 Children Having Children: The Problems of Unwanted Teen Pregnancy and Parenthood 190 Reproductive Freedom 192
Gender, Intimacy, and Power 202 Heterosexual Marriages 203 Single-Parent Families 216 Singles and Domestic Partnerships 223
The Dark Side of Intimacy: Domestic Violence 237 Partner Abuse in Heterosexual Relationships 237 Partner Abuse in Lesbian and Gay Relationships 243
viii Contents
Child Abuse 247 Elder Abuse 249
Intimate Relationships: The Ideal and the Real Revisited 250
Key Terms 251 Suggested Readings 252
Chapter & Gender, Employment, and the Economy 253
U.S. Working Women and Men in Historical Perspective 254
Sex Segregation in the Workplace 259 Consequences of Workplace Sex Segregation 267
The Male/Female Earnings Gap 271 The Earnings Gap, Poverty, and Welfare Policy 273 Box 8.1 Gender and Homelessness 278 Explaining the Wage Gap 280 Box 8.2 The Child Care Dilemma 283
The Work World: Ideology and the Role of Law 289 Gender Stereotypes at Work 289 Legislation for Equality in the Workplace 293
Gender and Work in Post-Socialist Societies 300
The Intersection of Home and the Work World 303
Key Terms 304 Suggested Readings 305
Chapter 9 Gender, Crime, and Justice 306
Women and Men as Offenders 307 Box 9.1 Drugs, Crime, and Gender 312
With Justice for All? 316 The Administration of Justice 316 Do the Punishments Fit the Crimes? 322 Gender and Corrections 329
Criminal Victimization: Gender, Power, and Violence 333 Box 9.2 Hate Crimes 336 Rape 338 Pornography 345 Institutionalized Violence against Women 350 Box 9.3 Violence against Women as Human Rights Violations 351
Power, Crime, and Justice 356
Contents ix
Key Terms 357 Suggested Readings 358
Chapter Ю Gender, Politics, Government, and the Military 350 The Gender Gap: Political Attitudes and Activities 360
Gender and Public Office 368 Women and Men in State and Local Government 373 Women and Men in the Federal Government 375
Women and Men in the Military 381 Box 10.1 Homosexuals in the U.S. Military 388
The Politics of Gender 391
Key Terms 392 Suggested Readings 392
Chapter 11 Gender and Spirituality 393 Gender and Religiosity 395
Of Goddesses and Witches 398
Traditional Religious Teachings on Gender 402 Judaism 403 Christianity 408 Islam 416
Religion, Politics, and Social Change 420 The Politics of Gender in the Evangelical New Right 420 Minority Churches: Resistance and Liberation 422
Challenges to Patriarchal Religions: Feminist Spirituality 423 Box 11.1 Ecofeminism 425
Key Terms 427 Suggested Readings 428
Chapter 12 Gender and Health 429 Gender and Mortality 431
Box 12.1 Sex and Life Expectancy in the Third World 434 Heart Disease and Stroke 435 Cancer 438 Occupational Hazards to Male and Female Workers 439 Other Causes of Death 441 Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) 443
X Contents
Box 12.2 AIDS Prevention 445 Women, Men, and Morbidity 447
Sexism in Health Care 448 The Patriarchal Hierarchy of Health Care Work 454 Feminist Health Care 457
Gender, Sport, and Fitness 458
The Politics of Mental Health and Mental Illness 462 The Double Standard of Mental Health 464 Sexism and Mental Health Services 479 Box 12.3 Beauty Norms 480 Feminist Therapy 483
Gender, Health, and Illness: A Summary 484
Key Terms 485 Suggested Readings 486
PART IV TAKING CHARGE—SEX, GENDER, AND SOCIAL CHANGE
Chapter 13 Restructuring Sex/Gender Systems 4Ö7
Social Change and Social Movements 488
The Women's Movement in Historical Perspective 489 Box 13.1 Early Feminists 490 Box 13.2 What Happened to the Equal Rights Amendment? 497 The Second Wave of Feminism 499 Feminism's Third Wave 503 The Women's Movement Internationally 506
Men and Liberation 512
Gay and Lesbian Rights 515
Carrying On 518
Key Terms 519 Suggested Readings 519
Glossary 520 Bibliography 525 Name Index 586 Subject Index 597
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