Women in the Economy. First time many worked outside the home Focused on younger, single women.

Women in the Economy

Women in the Economy

First time many worked outside the home

Focused on younger, single women

Women in the Economy

Low wages, dangerous conditions, long hours

lived in dorms, social lives regulated and monitored

Irish and German Immigration

0100,000200,000300,000400,000500,000600,000700,000800,000900,000

1,000,000

Irish Germans

1831 - 1840

1840 - 1850

1850 - 1860

Immigration Prior to the Civil War

Reasons for increased immigration:

Political unrest in Europe (“1848 Revolutions”)

Famines and poverty

Opportunities in

America

Need for Labor

i.e. railroads

factories

Free/Cheap Land

German Immigration

Conditions Faced by the Irish

Slums in Eastern cities:

“ghettos”

Job discrimination

Poverty

Nativism

Anti-Catholic bias

Anti-immigration ReactionsNativism – bias against

foreign immigration to the US

The American (“Know-Nothing”) Party Millard

Fillmore

The “Know-Nothings” [The American Party]

The “Know-Nothings” [The American Party]

Nativists.

Anti-Catholics.

Anti-immigrants.

Nativists.

Anti-Catholics.

Anti-immigrants.

1849 Secret Order of the Star-Spangled Banner created in NYC.

1849 Secret Order of the Star-Spangled Banner created in NYC.

Western Expansion

Western ExpansionReasons:

Cheap land

New opportunities

Hazards:

Indians

Weather

Death/illness

Western Trails

The Oregon Trail – Albert Bierstadt, 1869

The Oregon Trail – Albert Bierstadt, 1869

The Doomed Donner PartyThe Doomed Donner Party

April, 1846 – April, 1847

April, 1846 – April, 1847

The Second GreatAwakening

The Second GreatAwakening

Spiritual awakening

Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality

Temperance

Asylum &Penal

Reform

Education

Women’s Rights

Abolitionism

In France, I had almost always seen the spirit of religion and the spirit of freedom pursuing courses diametrically opposed to each other; but in America, I found that they were intimately united, and that they reigned in common over the same country… Religion was the foremost of the political institutions of the United States. -- Alexis de Tocqueville, 1832

The Rise of Popular ReligionThe Rise of Popular Religion

R1-1

“The Benevolent Empire”:1825 - 1846

“The Benevolent Empire”:1825 - 1846

The “Burned-Over” District

in Upstate New York

The “Burned-Over” District

in Upstate New York

Second Great Awakening Revival MeetingSecond Great Awakening Revival Meeting

The ranges of tents, the fires, reflecting light…; the candles and lamps illuminating the encampment; hundreds moving to and fro…;the preaching, praying, singing, and shouting,… like the sound of many waters, was enough to swallow up all the powers of contemplation.

Charles G. Finney

(1792 – 1895)

Charles G. Finney

(1792 – 1895)

“soul-shaking”

conversionR1-2

The Mormons(The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints)

The Mormons(The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints)

Joseph Smith (1805-1844)

1823 Golden Plates

1830 Book of Mormon

1844 Murdered in Carthage, IL

Violence Against MormonsViolence Against Mormons

The Mormon “Trek”The Mormon “Trek”

The Mormons(The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints)

The Mormons(The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints)

Creates major western trading center in Salt Lake City, Utah

Brigham Young(1801-1877)

TranscendentalismTranscendentalisme Liberation from

understanding and the cultivation of reasoning.”

e “Transcend” the limits of intellect and allow the emotions, the SOUL, to create an original relationship with the Universe.

Transcendentalist ThinkingTranscendentalist Thinking Man must acknowledge a body of

moral truths that were intuitive and must TRANSCEND more sensational proof:

1. The infinite benevolence of God.

2. The infinite benevolence of nature.

3. The divinity of man.

They instinctively rejected all secular authority and the authority of organized churches and the Scriptures, of law, or of conventions

Transcendentalist Intellectuals/Writers

Concord, MA

Transcendentalist Intellectuals/Writers

Concord, MA

Ralph WaldoEmerson

Henry DavidThoreau

Nature(1832) Walden

(1854)

Civil Disobedience

(1849)

(1841 Self-Reliance )

“The American Scholar”

(1837) R3-1/3/4/5

Utopian Communities Utopian Communities

The Oneida CommunityNew York, 1848

The Oneida CommunityNew York, 1848

John Humphrey Noyes(1811-1886)

e Humans were no longer obliged to follow the moral rules of the past.• all residents married

to each other.

• carefully regulated “free love.” (yes, it means what you think it means!)

Robert Owen (1771-1858)Robert Owen (1771-1858)

Utopian Socialist

“Village of Cooperation”

Original Plans for New Harmony, INOriginal Plans for New Harmony, IN

New Harmony in 1832

New Harmony, Indiana

New Harmony, Indiana

Temperance MovementTemperance Movement

Frances WillardThe Beecher Family

1826 - American Temperance Society

“Demon Rum”!

R1-6

Educational ReformEducational Reform

Religious Training Secular Education

e MA always on the forefront of public educational reform * 1st state to establish tax support for

local public schools.

e By 1860 every state offered free public education to whites. * US had one of the highest literacy rates.

The McGuffey Eclectic

Readers

The McGuffey Eclectic

Readers

Used religious parables to teach “American values.”

Teach middle class morality and respect for order.

Teach “3 Rs” + “Protestant ethic” (frugality, hard work, sobriety)

R3-8

“Father of American Education”

Horace Mann (1796-1859)Horace Mann (1796-1859)

children were clay in the hands of teachers and school officialschildren should be “molded”

into a state of perfection discouraged corporal punishmentestablished state teacher- training programs

R3-6

Early 19c WomenEarly 19c Women1. Unable to vote.2. Legal status of a minor.3. Single could own her own

property.4. Married no control over her

property or her children.5. Could not initiate divorce.6. Couldn’t make wills, sign a

contract, or bring suit in court without her husband’s permission.

Women’s RightsWomen’s Rights1840 split in the abolitionist movement over women’s role in it.

Motto:” What would you like on your sandwich?”

Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady Stanton

1848 Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments

R2-6/7

What It Would Be Like If Ladies Had Their Own Way!

What It Would Be Like If Ladies Had Their Own Way!

R2-8

Women EducatorsWomen Educatorse Troy, NY Female Seminary

e curriculum: math, physics, history, geography.

e train female teachersEmma Willard(1787-1870)

Mary Lyons(1797-1849)

e 1837 she established Mt. Holyoke [So. Hadley, MA] as the first college for women, and sandwich makers.