WOMAN'S WORK
MUSIC ARTHUR ELS ONIN
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CORNELLUNIVERSITY LIBRARY
MUSIC
'"mimZ^li:S!^&!!!>>S4
as gifted as her
GERMANYbrother in a musical way.positions, of
155
She wrote many comtrio has
which an organ
been pubhshed
in a Leipsic collection, while her cantata, "
Der TodContem-
Jesu," represents a
more ambitious
vein.
porary with her was Maria Antonia, daughter ofthe Emperor Charles VII., and pupil of such famous
men
as
Porpora and Hasse.
Her musical
aspiraII
tions took the
form of operas, of which two, "
Trionfo della Fedelta "published recently.
and " Talestri," have been
Amalia Anna, Duchess of Saxe^
Weimar, composed the incidental music for Goethe's melodrama, " Erwin and Elmira," and won flattering notices, though part of their praise
may have
been due to her rank.
Maria Charlotte Amalie,for an orchestra of ten in-
Duchess of Saxe-Gotha, published several songs,
and wrote a symphonystruments.
Comingble talent.
into the nineteenth century,
we
find the
Princess Amalie of
Her
skill
Saxony possessed of considerashowed itself in the form of
various pieces of church music and no less than four" teen operas, best among them " Die Siegesfahne
and " Der Kanonenschuss." The Empress Augusta herself, wife of Kaiser Wilhelm I., besides alwaysfostering the art of music,
was
gifted with a talent
Among for composing, even in the larger forms. her works are an overture, the ballet " Die Maske-
IS6
WOMAN'S WORK IN MUSICis
rade," and several marches, of which one
on the
German armyofyears,
lists
at present.
Princess Charlotte
Saxe-Meiningen,
who
lived
but
twenty-four
found time to compose several marches and
a number of songs and piano pieces.
AmongBattenberg
livingis
composers,
Princess Beatrice of
the author of a
number of melodiousto holdits
songs, also an orchestralresponses.
march and some church
Saxe-Mdningen seems
ownhasalso
in the present as well as the past.lotte,
Princess CharIII.,
daughter of the Emperor Frederick
composed some military and Turkish marches,Marie Elizabeth, of the same
a tuneful " Cradle Song " for violin and piano.principality, counts her works an " Einzugsmarsch " for orches-
amongtra,
a Torch Dance for two pianos, a number of
piano pieces, and a
Romanze
for clarinet
and piano.
OneVienna
of the most notable female figures in
GermanBornat
music was Maria Theresa von Paradies.in
1759, she met with an accident
three years old,
and became blind forwere
life.
when Even
with this drawback, however, her musical aptitude
was so great
that her parents
justified in letting
her begin regular studies and procuring the bestteachers for her.
At the age
of eleven she appeared
in public, singing the soprano part of Pergolesi's
Stabat Mater, and playing her
own accompaniment
GERMANYon the organ.Theresa,
1^^
This interested the Empress Maria
who procured the best of teachers for her. She made such rapid progress in piano that at herfirst
concert she
was
able to arouse the utmost en-
thusiasm by her expressive and sympathetic performance.
She made a number of concert
tours,
winning
plaudits everywhere.
In Paris, where she stayed
six months, she appeared at the Concerts Spirituelles,
and played frequently before Marie Antoinette.to Vienna,
After various royal audiences in England and Ger-
many, she returnedtired
where she soon
re-
from public
life,
and devoted
herself to teach-
ing and composition.
Her memory was something phenomenal. said that she was able to play no less thanknowing any numberfact that she
It is
sixty
concertos with the most absolute accuracy, besidesof smaller piano works.is
Her
power of concentrationwould
also
made
evident by the
dictate her
own
compositions,
note by note, without the slightest alteration.few, even
Very
among
the great composers, have pos-
sessed this faculty.
Wagner and Mendelssohn wereBeethoven's great workscarefulcorrection,
perhaps the most gifted.
were the result ofin
much
and
some
cases represent as
many
as six or eight
revisions.
Her
compositions have
won
praise from the great-
158est
WOMAN'S WORKmusicians, and
IN-
MUSICorder.
show merit of a high
Among
her dramatic works, the most successful
in point of
performance are " Rinaldo and Alcina,"its
a fairy opera (appreciated insel
day much as " Han-
and Gretel "
is
in
our own), the melodrama
" Ariadne and Bacchus," and the pastoral operetta
Der Schulcandidat." Her other works include a piano trio, a number of sonatas and variations forpiano, several songs
"
and other vocal works, besidesgifts
a few cantatas.
Her remarkable
won
her
the friendship of the foremost musicians of hertime.
Among
others Mozart admired her greatly,her.
and dedicated a concerto toanne Martinez.
Another figure of musical importance was Mari-
Born
at
Viennastill
in 1744, she
began
her musical studies whileeffortsat
composition were
a child. Her first made when she was
twelve years old, and met with a most favourablereception,
though of course they cannot comparelater productions.
with her
She was an
excellentpianist in
pianist, or
what would correspond to ahimself.
our day, and among her teachers on the harpsichord
was Haydnin singing,
She became equally
proficient
under the great teacher, Porpora, and
the historian Burney speaks of her vocal accomplish-
ments with unstinted
praise.
Among
the works of her maturer period, her
GERMANYchurch music ranks highest ofall.
IS9
Heris
oratorio
" Isacco," with words by Metastasio.,est production,
her worthi-
performed
at
and met with deserved success when Vienna in 1788. Besides this work,oratorios, a successful mass,
she composed
two other
a four-part Miserere, a
number of psalms
for four
and eight
voices,
with orchestral accompaniment,pieces of a religious
several motets,character.
and many otherlist
The
of her works does not end here,
but comprises symphonies, overtures, and other orchestral numbers, including several piano concertos.
Takenplace
as a whole, her
works
entitle
her to a worthyall
among women composersis
of
time.
Leaving the eighteenth century, the nextcomposer of noteEmilie Zumsteeg.
womanat
Born
Stuttgart in 1796, she soon showed that she hadinherited the musical taste of her father, himself a
well-known composer.the
On
his death, six years later,
widow supported
herself by keeping a music-
store,
where the growing daughter absorbed muchart.
knowledge of thestudy,
Soon she began regularinto notice
and won her way
by her singing
and
piano' playing.
Her
sight-reading abilities werefull
something phenomenal, and she could play frominstrumental scores with ease.
Her home becameincluding Weber,
the centre of a brilliant
circle,
Hummel,
Lindpaintner, and poets as well as musi-
l6odans.
WOMAN'S WORK IN MUSICShe was much prizedas a teacher of pianoin her native
and singing, and a personal favourite
city. Of her compositions, the most ambitious is an overture to the play " Die Geister Insel." She
wrote also several pianopolonaises.it
pieces,
among themher
three
But according to German
authority,^
is
her songs that have
made
memory honin metrical
oured.
Her
originality
and her
skill
treatment have
won
her high praise, and
many
of
the songs achieved wide popularity.
Leopoldine Blahetka, the Austrian pianist, was
one of the most
prolific
of
near Vienna in 1811, she
women composers. Born made such rapid progressin her fifth year.
under her mother's tuition that by Beethoven's advice she
was placed under Czerny
She pursued composition
as well as piano,
and whenorchestral
twelve years old was able to appear in Vienna andplay a set of variations with her
own
accompaniment.
Among
her later teachers were
Moscheles, Kalkbrenner, and Sechter.
She made
frequent tours, and met with universal success.criticisms of her
The
work include an extremely favourIn 1840 she settled in able notice by Schumann. Boulogne, where she became renowned as a teacher,andled a successful career until her death in 1887.
Of'
her
many
works,
the most
ambitious are
A
Michaelis, " Frauen als Scbafiende Tonkuenstler."
GERMANY
l6l
a piano concerto, the " Souvenir d'Angleterre " forpiano and orchestra, and two sets of piano variations with orchestral accompaniment.
Among
her
numerous examples of chamber music are foundvariations for string quartette arid piano,quartettes, a piano trio,
two pianoand
several violin sonatas, a
polonaise,flute
and
sets of variations for 'cello, violin,
with piano.
She has composed a grand duetsolosfor piano, also
and a number of
numerousat
vocal duets and songs.
Her
operetta, "
Die Rauber
und
die
Sanger,"
was
successfully
produced
Vienna.
One
of Germany's greatest
women
composers wasposition, for
Emilie Mayer.
Hers was a fortunate
she was always well provided for, and could exercise her
powers without the need to think of the
financial result. She was born in Friedland in 1812, her father being " Apotheker," a position of far
more importance
in
German towns than
that held
by our pharmacists.of musical talent, and
Emilie showed the usual signs
was given the best of teachers. After advanced work with Carl Loewe, the greatballad composer, she entered the musical life of the
Germanthe
capital.
Here she gave a concert
as her
introduction, playing the piano herself,
and making
programme
entirely of her own- compositions.
On
this occasion
were given a concert-overture, a
1
62
WOMAN'S WORK IN MUSIC
string quartette, Psalm ii8 for voices and orchestra, and two symphonies, the " Militaire " and the B
minor.
This was an imposing array, but
it
was
only a beginning, and her productive career continued until her death in 1883.
Not all of her works have been published, but all show good thematic material and an unusual sense of musical form. The list includes many dancesand songs, two stringtettes,
quartettes,
two piano quarorchestra,is
two
quintettes, ten piano trios, eight violin
sonatas, twelve overtures.
Psalm 118 with
seven symphonies, and an operetta.tainly
This
cer-
an extensive catalogue for any composer." the printed works, the best are the " Faust
Among
overture, Op. 46; the violin sonatas. Op. 17also the nocturne, Op. 48, an expressive'cello sonata.
and 21,
work; theof
Op. 47; the piano
trio,
Op. 13; andis full
for piano solo an allemande. Op. 29, that
masculine power and energy.
Agnesotherductions.
Bernouilly, a native of Berlin,
was an-
woman who
devoted herself to orchestral proin the larger
Her works
forms have been
given often by the Saro orchestra and others, while her songs and piano works have receivedpraise
muchre-
from the
critics.
Another composer of
nown was Aline Hundt, one who was born in 1849, and
of Liszt's best pupils,died at the early age
GERMANYof twenty-four.
1
63
In her short career she wrote a march for orchestra, a " Champagnerlied " for tenorsolo, chorus,
and orchestra,
selections for viola
and
violin with piano, a
number of male choruses, andpieces.
several songs
and piano
Theresa Schaeffer
has composed a festival overture for grand orches-
many piano pieces and songs. Anna Benfey-Schuppe wrote an overture for " Gotz vontra, besides
Berlichingen," as well as incidental music to otherplays and various chamber works.
Nanette von
Schaden, a native of Salzburg, composed two pianoconcertos, as well asfor piano.
numerous sonatas and rondosissu-
Constanze von Buttenstein, besides
ing a number of songs and piano works, has published an " Ave Maria " for alto voice, with anorchestral accompaniment thattois
sometimes reduced
organ and string quartette.
Among
other
symphonic
writers,is
Nina
von
Stollewerck, a native of Austria,
credited with
She has written other ambitious works, besides songs and male choruses of some
two symphonies.merit.
Agnes Tyrell been born at Brunn
is
another Austrian, having1848.
in
She pursued her
studies at Vienna, where she became an excellent Among her works pianist as well as a composer. are a symphony, three overtures, and a number of
164
IVOMAJV'S
WORK IN MUSICsome worthy
smaller orchestral selections, as well as
piano pieces.
Louisa Adolpha Lebeau, born at Rastatt in 1850,is
undoubtedly one of the most gifted of livingcomposers, not only in her
women
own
country,
but in the entire world.
Her
teachers include such
famous names as Clara Schumann and Kalliwodafor piano,is
and Rheinbergerpianist,all
in composition.
She
an excellent
and has made frequent andthe greatcities
successful tours to
of Germany.
Her appearancesic is in itself
at the
Gewandhaus
concerts in Leip-
a proof of her superior attainments
in
this
direction.
She often performs her ownopera, her
works, which are always successful.
With the exception of symphony andin
compositions include practically every form used
modern music.Germany.
Her Concert
Overture, Op. 23,
first
performed in 1882, has been repeatedly given
in
Her
Festival Overture, also, has
met
with a37,is
warm
reception.
Her pianois
concerto. Op.
another work that
frequently heard, while
the Fantasia, Op. 25, for piano and orchestra, practically
another concerto,a
is
rich in musical beauty,
and
contains
Unale
of
exceptional
strength.oratorio,
Among
orchestral
works with chorus, heris
" Ruth," Op. 2^,
a
work of extreme
beauty, and
one which has been heard
in all the important cities
LOUISA ADOLPHA LEBEAU
GERMANY
1
65
of Germany, Austria, and Holland. The cantata " Hadumoth " is another valuable work, showinggreat dramatic strength and an excellent handling
of large choral
effects.
A
concert aria for baritoneis
and orchestra, "mention.It is
Im
Sangersaal,"
also
worthy ofresponsi-
her chamber music, however, that
is
ble for her greatest triumphs.
the utmost clearness
marked by of thought and theme, andThisis
shows a most pleasing
originality.
It
has been
highly complimented by such a great musician as
Lachner, and one of her pieces forcarried offfirst
'cello
and piano
prize in a competition at
Hamburg,
in 1882, intered.
which many noted composers had engreat merit'cello,is
Ofis
a quartette, Op. 28, forviola.
piano,
violin,
and
Another worthy
work15,
the string quartette, Op. 34.
Her10,
trio,
Op.
for piano, violin,17,
and
'cello,
the 'cello sonata.
Op.
and the
violin sonata.
Op.
have been
classed with the very best examples of their kind.
Her other works include a number of piano pieces, among them some excellent fugues, three solos forthe humble and seldom-heard viola, and a lovely
romance for
violin
and piano.
A number of other
German women have
attained
prominence through their concerted music.
Jose-
phine Kanzler, born at Tolz in 1780, wrote two
1
66
WOMAN'S WORK IN MUSIC
and songs. She was a pupil of the famous Abt Vogler. Helene Liebmann, about fifteen years later, produced sevstring quartettes, besides piano sonataseral quartettes of thetrios
same
sort, as well as
two piano
and a number of
violin sonatas, piano pieces,
and songs.
Clementine Batta has published a Melo-
dic Religieuse for voice, piano, 'cello,
and organ.
Louise Kern has shown a fondness for combiningviolin, organ,
and piano.at
Louise Langhans (maidenin 1826,is
name Japha), born
Hamburg
usuallylists
given an honourable place in the German
of
womenmann,ist.
composers.
She studied with Robert Schuand became famous as a pianall
at Diisseldorf,
Her
compositions, not
published, include
several string quartettes, a piano trio, sonatas, choral
works, fragments of an opera, and a number ofeffective piano pieces.
Among
contemporary com-
posers, Mathildetrio of
von Kralike has published a pianoattempted large choral
some
interest.
Of
the
women who have
works, there are several besides those already mentioned.
Baroness Bertha von Bruckenthal has
re-
ceived high praise for her "nelle,"
Grand Messe Solenor-
and
for
some four-voiced numbers withShe has also writtenand piano.is
gan accompaniment.for violin,'cello, voice,
pieces
Angelica Henn,credited with a
one of Kalliwoda's best pupils,
GERMANY" Missa Solemnis," also an opera, "
l6j
The Rose
of
Lebanon," and some songs and instrumental works.
Anna manythere,
Pessiak-Schmerling, born in Vienna, was foryears teacher of singing at the conservatory
and won more than a
local reputation
through
the performance of her masses.is
Johanna Kinkel
responsible for a " Bird Cantata," as well as an
operetta and
many
popular songs.
Hers
also
is
the well-known quartette, "
The
Soldier's Farewell."
Agatheisstill
Plitt,
a child prodigy in her early years,pianist,
an excellent
and has entered the
lists in
composition with a number of successful canpsalms,motets,
tatas,
and other sacred works.
Hermine Amersfoodt-Dyck won fame by producingthe cantata, " Gottes Allgegenwart."
In the operatic
field,
Josepha Miillei--Gallenhofer,
born at Viennaher opera, "
in 1770,
seems the pidneer.
Besides
Der Heimliche Bund," she published a
string quartette and
many
pieces for the harp,
upon
which she was an excellent performer.
Caroline
Wiseneder, of Brunswick, deserves notice for heraid to the blind, for
whom
she started a successful
music school.
Her
two operas and several meloafter her death.
dramas were publishedGoetze, born atcess as a singer of
Auguste
an opera school
Weimar in 1840, grew up to sucGerman Lieder, and founded Of her operas, " Suat Dresden.
1
68
WOMAN'S WORK IN MUSIC
sanna Monfort," " Magdalena," and " Einefahrt,"
HdmElise
have beenhas
frequently
performed.opera" Otto
Schmezerbel has
composed
the
der
Schiitz," besides a
number of songs. Thekla Griehad her opera, " Schon Karen," producedElise Bachmann pubmelodrama, " Die Macht der Musik," alsopiecesin
twice within recent years.lished a
some songs and piano
popular
vein.
Amongin
important works, the Countess of Ahlefeldt issued the ballet, " Telemach und Calypso,"less
1794.
Julie
von
Pfeilschifter,ballet,
born
in
1840,
is
author of the grand
" Voglein's
Morgen-
gruss " and the dramatic scena, " Agneta," which
have pleased Wiesbaden audiences; also a numberof piano selections and songs.
AmongMannheim
those
who have
written for the violin,earliest,
Francesca Lebrun, one of thein
was born
at
1756.
A
remarkably great singer
and accomplished
pianist, she
won
laurels in
comso-
position by her musicianly piano trios
and her
natas with violin accompaniment.ner,
Pauline Ficht-
born
in.
1847, became one of Liszt's pupils,pianist.
and won many public triumphs as aand piano.is
works, mostly piano pieces and songs, containfantasies for violin
Her two
Marie Hendrich-
Merta,cellent
five years
younger,
the author of an ex-
piano
trio,
besides the usual song
and piano
GERMANYselections.
1
69
Mary Clementa
has written a violin so-
nata and shorter pieces that have
won encomiumsHenrietta
from no
less
man
than
Max
Bruch.
Heidenreich has composed a number of violin pieces,
and Mathilde Heim-Brehm has done the same.
The Countess Stephanie Vrabely Wurmbrand wrotea violin sonata, also several piano works anddental music to " Die Schone Melusine."inci-
In theis
field
of piano music, Emilie Belleville-Oury
worthy of mention.
Born
at
Munich
in 1808, she
made
that city her residence until her death in 1880.proficient as a pianist,
She became extremely
and
won manymann's"
public triumphs.is
In one of Robert Schu-
criticisms
an interesting comparison beoif
tween her work and that
Clara
Schumann.
They should not be compared," says the great " They are different mistresses of different critic. The playing of Madame Belleville is techschools. nically the finer of the two; Clara's is more impassionate.. . .
Madameitself."
Belleville
is
a
poetess,
Clara
is
poetry
The works
of this virtuoso
are largely
made up
of transcriptions and arrange-
ments, but contain some excellent compositions of
her own.
Though
not credited with any composition in
larger form than songs or piano pieces, Josephine
Lang won
a high artistic rank
among
the
women
I70
WOMAN'S WORK IN MUSICBornat
composers of Germany.
Munich
in 1815,
she began her piano studies
when
five years old,
and
made
progress enough to allow a public appearance
in her eleventh year.
Four years
later
Mendelssohncounterpoint
met her and became her teacherand thoroughbass.
in
He was charmedcalls
by her gifted
and poetic nature, andhe continues, " of
her " one of the love-
hest creatures I have ever seen.
She has the
gift,"
composing songs, and of singing
them, in a degree that I have never
known
before."
To
help support her parents, she didin the royal chapel
some teaching,
and sangshe was
with such success that
named
for the post of royal court singer.
In 1842 she married Christian Kostlin,
who obtaineddeath of her
a law professorship at Tiibingen, and there she
passed fourteen happy years.
The
husband was followed by the
loss of her three sons,
and she was forced once moreliving.
to struggle- for a
In this later period of trial and success,
she published most of her compositions.
The
songs,
amounting
to a
hundred and
fifty in
number, are
remarkable for their strong feeling and expressivepower, while her piano works are stamped withoriginality
and depth of conception.
Among
the
latter are the great " Deutscher Siegesmarsch," two
mazurkas, and an impromptu, " In the Twilight."
ADELE AUS DER OHE
GERMANYHer
171
eulogistic biographer calls these pieces " Real
pearls
amongmuch
piano works."brilliant
Delphine von Schauroth was anotherpianist,
praised by
Schumann and
excessively
admired by Mendelssohn.a Capriccio are
A
Sonata Brilliant and
among
her best works.
Minna
Brinkmannlighter vein.literary
is
a voluminous writer of pieces in
Lina Ramann has won fame by herConstanze Geiger,
work, but has published several worthy
compositions also.at
who appearedsix years old,
Vienna as an infant prodigy whensoprano,chorus,
has written several piano pieces, also anfor
Ave Maria
and organ.sister,
Marie Wieck,has composed a
Clara Schumann's younger
few excellent piano pieces and a number of songs.Sophie, Countess of Baudissin, has published variations,
etudes, nocturnes,
and other piano works.
Amann is another German piano comMore familiar to the American public is Adele Aus Der Ohe, a pupil of Liszt and Kullak, who has established her reputation as a pianist. SheJosephineposer.
has composed several piano suites and a concertetude, besides a
number of
successful songs.
Adele
Lewing
is
another pianist residing in America
who
has produced vocal and instrumental pieces.
Among
other composers of songs
may
be men-
tioned Louise Reichard, whose father was Chapel-
1/2
WOMAN'S WORK IN MUSICHer worksare
master to Frederick the Great. mostly sacred in character.
Marie Borner-Sandrini,
whoas a
lived at
Dresden before entering on her careersinger,
famous opera
wrote a popular
Ave
Maria, besides other melodious songs.
In the do-
main of sacred music, Louise von Vigny has done
some good work.
Ida Becker has
won"
well-de-
served success with her children's songs, which areinimitable in their way.lige
Her
cantata,
Die Heiheard.
Nacht," for soloists and chorus,
is oiften
Marie Hinrichs Franz, wife of the great composer,
was
herself a song-writer of exceptional merit,
and
deserves
more than a passing mention.field
In theis
of organ music, Clotilde Kainerstorfer
the leader to-day.
a high standard,
Her works, which are all of consist of numerous hymns and
some choral numbers, all with organ accompaniment. Marianne Stecher is another successful or-
many fugues earn her a high rank for musicianship. Of earlier date was Judith Bachmann, who flourished at Vienna nearganist and composer, and her
the close of the seventeenth century.ited
She
is
cred-
with a number of organ fugues, as well as a
piano sonata.
Coming to Heinke, who'cello
the lesslives
usualBerlin,
instruments,
Ottilie
in
has composed two
romances, besides worthy piano music.
Sophie
GERMANYSeipt, of Cologne, has also published a'cello pieces.
173
number
of
Caroline
Kramer became a
virtuoso
on the
clarinet,
and wrote a good many pieces forTherese Winkel was a famous
that instrument.
harp player of the early nineteenth century, and published three sonatas for harp
and
violin.
Nina Esch-
born has composed a number of pieces for the harp,besides songs
and
duets.
Fanny
Christ and Ida
Zaubiter have become noted as zither players, and
have written many compositions for that instrument.
CHAPTERFRANCE
VIII.
Famous among women composerstions is Cecile-Louise-Stephanie
of
all
na-
Chaminade.
Shewell
was born
at Paris in 1861, of a family thattaste.
was
endowed with musical
In childhood,
she
made
the pianO' her favourite companion, and while
other girls were devoted to their dolls, she wouldtry to express in tones the simple emotions that
movedlate
her.
There are some gifted mortals whonaturallyinto
can think in music, whose joys and sorrows transthemselves
melody.
Cecile
Chaminade was one of
these.
So
earnestly did she devote her childish days to
music that before the age of eight she was alreadyable toposition.
show some attempts of her own
at
com-
These juvenile works, which consisted of
sacred pieces, were of such interest to the composer Bizet that
when he heard them he advised her174
par-
ents to give her a complete musical training,
and
CCILE - LOUISE STEPHANIE CHAMINADE-
FRANCEpredicted a brilliant future for her.
175In spite of their
fondness for theto see their child
art,
the parents had no inclination
upon the thorny and toilsome path
of a musical career.
Meanwhile the young
girl
devoted herself to the piano with utmost ardour, andcontinued her efJorts at composing.
When
at last
some of her
pieces
were judged worthy of perform-
ance in the church at Vesinet, her parents were
persuaded to
let
her follow her inclinations.
Her
father insisted, however, that her general education
should not be
sacrificed,
and the
result
was
several
years of hard work.
Herinviolin,
teachers were
LeCouppeyGodard
in piano,
Savardin
harmony, counterpoint, and fugue, Marsick
and
Benjamin
in
composition.
Under
these she
made
rapid progress, and, in fact,
the latter part of her education consisted in playing
chamber music with Marsick and Delsarte.
Hereight-
own
debut as pianist took place
when she was
een, and gave a chance for the performance of a
few of her compositions.
These were sonot a
effective
that they occasioned the often-quoted remark of
Ambroise Thomas,
" This
is
woman whoto be a
composes, but a composer
who happens
woman." Her career has been one of constant progress and constant triumph. Her talents as a pianist have
176
WOMAN'S WORK IN MUSICpublic hearingsfor
won
her in London, Berlin,cities
Leipsic,Paris.
and many other
besides her native
She has been
especially in
demand
for the
performance of her own concerto, which has beengiven in the Gewandhaus and London Philharmonic
Lamoureux and CoHer works have become widely known, and her name is now a familiar one, notconcerts, as well as those of
lonne in Paris.
only in France, but in England, Continental Europe,
and America.
Her most ambitious compositions are " Les Amazones," a lyric symphony with choruses; a one-act ballet, " La Sevillane," still in manuscript and the;
grand
ballet
and symphonic scena
entitled
" Cal-
lirrhoe," successfully given at Marseilles
and Lyons,
and now published
in
many
diffepent arrangements.
Her
concerto for piano and orchestra has received
"high praise
from the
critics,
who seem
always readydeli-
to laud
its
refined melodic
charm and graceful
cacy of sentiment.
The one
defect seems to be an
excess of vigour and virility in certain of the later
movements.
two
suites,
Her other orchestral works consist of one of them being arranged from " Calhas written twoare
lirrhoe."
Of
lesser instrumental music, shetrios.
successful
Her pianoin
pieces
many
in
number, and excellent
quality.
Among them
FRANCEis
177
a
group of four and eight-hand works forpianos, as well as duets for a single instrument.
two
Among
her most important solo works are a sonata,
an Etude Symphonique, a Valse Caprice, a Guitarre, an Arabesque, six Etudes de Concert,Ballet, containing thefive
Airs de
well-known Scarf Dance, six
Romances Sans Paroles, and six humourous pieces. She has also written a few selections for violin andpiano.It is
undoubtedly her songs that have made her
fame so wide-spread.infulall,
She has published over sixtyThese
nearly every one endowed with the delightthatfullis
charm
associated with her name.
songs are
of the rarest and most piquant melodic
beauty, and the accompaniments are rich in colour
and
originality.
A well-known critic writesspiritit.
:
music breathes the truein the
of romance
Her shown
"
poems
that inspireaffected,
Her themes
are never
commonplace orharmonies."are
and are gracefully sup-
ported by fluent, appropriate, and finely blended
Among
her most recent compositionsthese, for orchestra
some choral works, three ofbeing of especial
in old style,
interest.
Her
" Par-
don Breton," " Noel des Marins," and " Angelus,"for orchestra, are also worthy of mention, as wellas her set of six "
Poemes Evangeliques."three-act lyric drama.
She
is
now
at
work upon a
178
WOMAN'S
IVORJC
IN MUSICat Paris
Augusta Mary Ann Holmes was bornin 1847.
Of
Irish parentage, she afterward
became
naturalized as a
Frenchwoman.
Her family were
much opposedher givingit
to a musical career, and insisted onup.
They
did not approve of any
artistic pursuit for her,
but allowed her to take upevil.
painting as the lesser
Her
love for music
overcame
all
obstacles,
and she soon began to
appear as a child-prodigy in public and private concerts.
songs, but
Her early compositions took the form of when only eleven she conducted a quickown, playedat Versailles
step of her
by an
artillery
band.
Herfirst
really great works,
however, did not
appear until
many
years
latei".
Herfully
opera, "
Hero
et
Leandre," was success-
produced in 1874, and the psalm, " In Exitu,"In the next year she considers
appeared at about the same time.she became a pupil of Franck,
whom
her real master, and after that great works camethick
and
fast.
An Andante
Pastorale from an un-
symphony met with a favourable recepThen came the symphony " Lutece," which tion. was second only to works of Dubois and Godard This was followed by the in a Paris competition. " Pologne." Meanwhile she made symphonic poem, another effort to win a prize with her lyric dramapublished" Les Argonautes."
Out of twenty-four
votes, she
AUGUSTA MARY ANN HOLMES
FRANCE
179
received nine, her partisans being the best-kqown
musicians on the jury. Next came the symphonic poem, " Irlande," the " Vision de Sainte Therese,"for voice and orchestra, the symphonic ode, "
Pro
Patria Ludus," inspired by a painting of Puvis de Chavannes, and the great " Ode Triomphale," givenat the
Exposition in honour of the centenary of
1789.
The
success of the Triumphal
Ode was
so.
markedlands,
that the composer's
fame reached foreign
and thetata,
city of
Florence ordered from her the cana la Paix," in celebration of the
"
Hymnefestival.
Dante
impressions of Italy are re^ corded in her next suite, " Au Pays Bleu," whichall
Her
charmed
hearers by
its
expressive interest.
Her
other choral works include the " Hymne a Apollo," and the allegorical cantata, " La Vision de la Reine."
Her
latest
symphonic poem, " Andromede," proeffect.
duced a marked
Her
last opera,
"
La Mon-
tagne Noire," was not especially successful, thoughgiven with Alvarez, Breval, and other great artists in the cast. The operas, " Astarte " and " Lancelot
du Lac," areMile.all
in manuscript.
Holmes has composed a number of
songs,
endowed with an unusual share of beauty.
She
writes heris
own words
in almost all cases, as she
able while doing this to hear in a vague
way
l8o
WOMAN'S WORK IN MUSICHerspeopleMile.
the music which she afterward sets to them.is
a
virile genius.
"
These women seem preoccuonecritic,. .
pied, first of all," says
" to.
make
forget that they are
women.
Whatever
Holmes mayharmony, her
do, or whatever she
may
wish, she
belongs to the French school by the vigour of herclearness,
and the logic of her conImbert,:
ception and exposition."
who"
has writtentalent of
a biographical sketch of her, says
The
Augusta Holmesin her
is
absolutely virile, andfind thelittle
nowherewhichher,
works do you
affectations
too often disfigure the works of women.nobility of thought
With
and sentiment take
first place.
She worships the
beautiful,
and her Muse has sung
only subjects that are worthy of being sung.is
She
masterly in her ease, and
all
the resources of
orchestration are
knownname
to her."Reiset,
Maria Felice Clemence deGrandval,sive.is
Vicomtesse deit is
anotherin
as
famous as
exten-
Born
1830, she showed innate taste for
music, and her career
was devoted
to
it.
She
re-
ceived instruction from Flotow at
first,
doing more
valuable
work afterward with Saint-Saens.wasable to take lessons of Chopin.practically all
For
a time she
Her
works include
forms of composition,
but she has shown especial aptitude for dramatic
work and church compositions.
FRANCE Offirst,
l8l
her
many
dramatic works that have been suc"
cessfully produced,
Le Sou
de Lise " appeared
in 1859. Among the operas brought out at a later date are " Les Fiances de Rosa," " La Com-
tesse
Eva,"
"
La
Penitente,"
" Piccolino,"
and
"
Mazeppa."
A
lyric scene, "
La
Foret," for solo^
ists,
chorus, and orchestra, met with a successful
production in 1875.tions are
Among
her vocal composiviolin
many
songs,
some with
and organ
accompaniments.
Herthat
sacred music takes rank with the very best
Her two masses have been frequently given at Paris. Her two oratorios, " Sainte Agnes " and " La Fille de Jaire," met with a similar favourable reception. Her Stabat Mater contains an effective " March to Calvaryand a beautiful " Juxta Crucem," and received theenthusiasticout.
modern writers can show.
homage
of the
critics
when
first
brought
Several smaller works, for voices, organ, and
piano, are
no whit behind the larger compositions She hasalso written a grandtrio,
in musical worth.
overture, " Esquisses Symphoniques," a piano
a violin sonata, a suite for flute and piano, andother violin and piano pieces.
manyrank
She deservesanother
to
among
the foremost
women
composers of our time.Parisian
Jeanne Louise Farrenc was
woman who won fame by
composing.
Bom
in
1
82
WOMAN'S WORK IN MUSICfalls
1804, her career
in
the earlier part of thestudies,
nineteenth
century.
Pursuing the usual
harmony with Reicha, and piano with Hummel andMoscheles, she began to write ambitious works at
an early age.
Such merit did some of these worksat
showfirst
that
Schumann, who reviewed them, wasto doubt her ability to writecredit for
inclined
them
unaided.
She deservesclear
able collection of old
making a remarkclavichord and piano music,of the terms and abbre-
and writing aviations
summary
employed by the early musicians.compositions
Her own
have been
often
per-
formed, even the larger orchestral numbers.
Chief
among them are two symphonies and three overtures. Her chamber music includes a nonette andsextette for strings,trios, in
two
quintettes,
several piano
two
of which clarinet and flute replace the
usual violin, afor violinflute
number of sonatas and other'cello sonatas,
pieces
and piano, severalpieces,
some
and piano
and numerous piano works
and songs.
Her daughter, Victorine Louise; waspiano works and songs.
another gifted musician, but died after a brief career, leaving a heritage of
Louise Angelique Bertin, born in 1805, was oneof those impatient creatures
who
are eager to read
books before learning the alphabet.
In taking up
painting, she wished to start in at once with canvas
FRANCEand brush, regardless of preliminarytraining.
183 In
her musical studies the same tendency showed
itself,
and immediately on beginning her workposition with Fetis, sheairs
in
com-
commenced writingfor success
operaticesti-
and
scenes.
Apparently she was able toopera, "
mate her ownherefforts.
talents justly,first
crowned
Her
Guy Mannering,"
was performed in private, but " Le Loup Garou " made a marked public success. Her " Faust," alater
work, met with a
like favourable reception,
although "Masaniello" and "William Tell" hadalready taught theParis public to be exacting.
" Esmeralda " was another successful work, but " Notre Dame," written to a libretto of Victor
Hugo's own arrangement, proved aBertintettes
failure.
Mile.
wonand
further musical
fame by her string quar-
trios, as
well as her choruses and songs.
She was
also a poetess of
some renown, and her
collection of verse
won
a prize from the French
Academy.Pauline Viardot-Garcia was one of a remarkablemusical family.
Her
father,
Manuel Garcia, was asister,
singer and teacher of note, and, like her elder
Mme.tion.
Malibran, she received the benefit of his tui-
One
of her earliest memories of his singing
was connected with an unexpected appearance in America, when a band of Mexican robbers, not
1
84
WOMAN'S WORK IN MUSIC
content with relieving them of the proceeds of their
tour in this hemisphere, added insult to injury byinsistingline
upon hearing the great tenor
sing.
Pau-
became renownedsister,
in opera, and, after the early
death of her
held the foremost place on theable to impersonate
European from the
stage.
She was
and
create roles
of the most diverse nature, ranging
lightest of Italian heroines to the
most
dramatic characters of Meyerbeer.of fame and honour, sheherself to teaching,life leftit
After a career
the stage and devotedin that period of her
and
is
that her compositions appear.
Her houseattractionfor
in
Baden-Baden was the centre ofcircle
a
including not
only
musicians,
but
artists,
poets,
and
nobility of the highest rank.
There she
produced
her
operettas,
"
"L'Ogre," and " Trop de Femme."
Le Dernier Sorcier," At first arOfher
ranged for private performance, they succeeded sowell that they were given to the public.
other works,
twelve romances for piano, twelve
Russian melodies, and six pieces for violin andpiano are the most important.
She numbered manyand her singingwife of M.
famous names among her
pupils,
exercises are of unusual value.
Her
sister,
Marie
Felicitas, at first
Malibran, and afterward married to the violinist
De
Beriot,
was one of the world's
greatest singers.
FRANCEand her careeris
185to need description.
too well
known
Her fametractive
as a composer rests on a
number of
at-
romances and chansonettes, of which an
extensive collection
was published
in Paris.
LouiseHeritte,
Pauline Marie Viardot, afterward
Mme.if
was a daughter of Pauline Viardot, and possessedall
her mother's talent for composition
not for
singing.
After a sojourn at the Cape of Good
Hope, where her husband was consul, and a fouryears'
term as professor
in the St. Petersburg
Con-
servatory, she settledin Paris.
down to teaching and writing Among her many works are the operas,Himmels"
" Lindoro " and " Bacchus Fest," and the cantatas, "
Wonnetrios.
des
and " Die Bayadere."
HernumAn-
chamber music includes four string quartettes and
two
In the lesser forms she produced a
ber of songs, vocal duets, and piano pieces.otheris
memberliving.
of this famous family, Manuel Garcia,
still
He
is
a brother of Malibran andanother gifted French com-
Pauline Viardot.Gabriella Ferrariis
poser of orchestral works.
She
is
a pupil of suchin
men
as Dubois
and Gounod, and has done much
the larger fornls.
Among
her works are a number
many piano pieces and songs, and the comic opera, " Le Dernier Amour." Mme. Renaud Maury is another composer who is able toof orchestral suites,
1
86
WOMAN'S WORJC IN MUSICShe drewat-
handle large masses of instruments.
tention to herself by carrying off the prize for fugal
work
at the Conservatoire, at a time
when womenin
were expected to take a more modest placeposition.
comand
HerD'Arc"
" Fantasie
Symphonique
"
" Jeanneaudiences.
are often given before French
The Marquise Haenel de
Cronenthal,
one of the older generation, has produced severalsymphonies, a number of sonatas, a string quartette,
numerous piano works, and the opera, " LaCelanie Carissan has produced
Nuit d'Epreuve," which won a gold medal at theExposition of 1867.the operetta, "torio,
La
Jeunesse d'Haydn," and the ora-
" Rebecca," besides other choral works and
many songs and piano pieces. The roll of operatic composersand honourable.of cantatas, and
in
France
is
long
Just as England seems the
home
Germany
of orchestral work, soto
France
is
especially
devoted
opera,
and herfield.
women havefar
held their the
own
well in this
As
back
asla
seventeenth
century,
Elizabeth
Claude de
Guerre upheld the glory of her sexin
by playing and improvising
a masterly fashion.
One
of her greatest admirers was the king, Louis
XIV., himself.wrote a "
Besides a" to
number ofcantatas.
sonatas, she
Te Deum
honour the king's recovery
from
illness,
and a number of
Her
opera.
FRANCE
187
" Cephale et Procris," was successfully given atthe Academie Royale in 1694.of the same century wasetta,
Another composer
Mme. Louis, whose oper" Fleur d'Epine," met with a good reception.in
In the eighteenth century, Henriette de Beaumesnil
was one of the foremost musical women
France.
Endowed by
nature with a fine voice, sheartists in the
became one of the leading
Paris Grand
Opera Company.
When
her voice failed, she tookin that also.
up composition, and succeeded
MostEmilie
popular among her many " Les Legislatrices," and " Les Satumales."Candeille
operas were " Anacreon,"
was the daughter of a dramatic composer,she received a solid musical education.
from
whom
Her works include piano trios, sonatas, and songs with piano and harp, besides the operetta, " La Belle Fermiere," and the comic opera, " Ida." Mile.Duval was another grand operaof thedate,
singer,
and author
ballet, Mile. Kercado, of later produced the operetta, " La Meprise Volon-
" Les Genies."
Lucille Gretry, daughter of the famous composer of that name, produced " Le Mariagetaire."d' Antonio "it
when only sixteen years, and followed " Toinette et Louis." Her career was up with
cut short in her twenty-fourth year by an untimely death.
Edme
Sophie Gail-Garre,
who
flourished at the
1
88
WOMAN'S WORK IN MUSICwon somere-
beginning of the nineteenth century,
nown bybut was
her very popular songs and piano pieces,
known
chiefly
by her successful operas.
Among
these were " Les
Deux
Jaloux," " Mile, de
Launay,"
"La
Meprise,"
and
"La
Serenade."
Mile. Guenin, another youthful aspirant for fame,
produced " Daphnisteenth year.
et
Amanthee
" in her seven-
Louise Puget wrote romances and
chansons that were remarkably pretty and popular,if
"
not very ambitious, and produced the operettas, Le Mauvais Oeil " and " La Veilleuse," besides
the opera, " Beaucoup de Bruit pour Rien."
Helene
Santa Colona-Sourget, author of some beautifulsongs and a stringtrio,
produced a one-act opera,
"L'Image,"
in
1864.is
Pauline Thys
a writer
who
has
won
consider-
able dramatic fame.
She has published some songs,
but has devoted herself almost wholly to the stage. Among her successful operettas are " La Pomme
de Turquie " and "
La Perruque du
Bailli."
Herin-
comic operas have been very well received, andclude such favourites in their time as "
Le Pays de " Le Cabaret du Pot-Casse," " Le Fruit Cosagne," She has Vert," and " Le Mariage de Tabarin."also
composed the
lyric
drama, " Judith."
Comtesse
Anais de Perriere-Pilte (Anais Marcelli) producedseveral successful operas
and
operettas,
among them
FRANCE
1
89
"Le
Sorcier" and " Les Vacances de I'Amour."
The Baroness de Maistre wrote a number of worthyreligious works, among them an excellent " Stabat Mater." Of her operas, "Les Roussalkas " met with a success when produced in Brussels. Marguerite Olagnieris
a composer whose productions" Sais," performed in 1881,
show
real worth.
Her
contained
many
beautiful numbers.
She has writtenwriter for the
another opera, "
Le Persan." Marie de Pierpont was a talented
organ, as well as an excellent performer on thatinstrument.
She entered the operatic
field
with a
Le Triomphe du Coeur," which is reckoned her best production. The Baroness Duworkrand de Fortmague was successful as an amateur, and her " Bianco Torello " and " Folies d' Amour "
entitled "
have been frequently given.
Mile, de Sainte-Croix
has written a number of successful one-act operettas,
which have been well received
in the Paris theatres.
Mme. Ameliefield,
Perronet has
won
laurels in the
same
and has written some popular chansonettes.Veille."
Charlotte Jacques rests her fame on a single work,
"
La
Mile.
Gignoux has"
directed her tal-
ents to the lyric drama,
d'Arc " being her most notable work.Dejazetlois isis
another operetta
La Vision de Jeanne Hermine composer. Mme. Gal-
responsible for several ballets, besides songs
igo
WOMAN'S WORK IN MUSIC
and piano works, while Hedwige Chretien-Genaro,a professor at the Conservatoire and a musician ofreal
worth,
won much
success with her
" Ballet
Oriental."
In the domain of choral music,
Mme.
Delaval,
a famous harpist of the eighteenth century, pro-
duced a cantata depicting the farewell of the unfor-
XVI. to much success, but wastunate Louisrevolutionary France.
his people,
which met with
naturally not a favourite in
She was also the author of much good harp music and many songs. MarieSophie Gay, bornat Paris in 1776, is credited
with
several cantatas, besides a
good deal of piano music.
Marie Anne Quinault was another eighteenth century composer
who
devoted her talents to the writ-
ing of motets and other church music.tesse de Saint-Didier,
The Com-
born in 1790, was an amateur Est Rendu," met with some
whosesuccess
cantata, at
"
II
Paris.
In
later
times,
Mme. Helene
Robert-Mazel, an excellent pianist, produced the cantata, " Le Jugement Dernier," besides a numberof interesting songs and a valuable collection ofchildren's vocal music.
Cecile Derheimer
was anAl-
other
gifted
composer who wrote a number of
masses and other religious music, while
Mme.
phonse
de
Neuville,
widow
of
the
well-knownviolin
painter, has
composed a worthy mass, besides
FRANCEworks and songs.that Frenchin this field,
191
These names are enough to provecould equal their English sistersit
womenif
the national taste demanded
of
them.
With those who have written concertos should be classed Rosa La Roche, who lived in the latter half of the eighteenth century, and published a numberof sonatas besides a successful piece for piano andorchestra.
Mile.
Lechantre,
of the same period,
composed a work that was only a concerto by courtesy, for her orchestra consisted of
two
violins,
twoin
oboes, viola,
and double-bass.Jaell,
In the nineteenth
century, Mme. Marie
born Trautermann
1846, took a position of
some importance.
She
became
a successful pianist,
winning prizes at the
Conservatoire,
and publishing a new method of
piano teaching that roused wide-spread attention
and comment.cellent smaller
Her compositions
include a piano
concerto, a piano quartette,
and a number of ex-
works, such as an impromptu, two
meditations, six petits morceaux, andfor
some
valses
two
pianos.violin writers. Mile. Brisson,
Amonga
who
flour-
ished in the early part of the last century,
produced
number of pieces for that instrument with piano, Virginie as well as some harp and piano music. du Verger was the author of three duetsfor violin
192
WOMAN'S WORK IN MUSICpianO', besidesfield
and
a piano sonata and some etudes.
In the
of piano music, the earliest
of the Marquise de la Misangere,in 1693.
name is that who was bornleft be-
Her
ability as
a performer on the clavi-
chord was something remarkable, and she
hind her a number of works for her instrument.
At
the end of the eighteenth century,
Mme. Helene
Montgeroult held a prominent position as teacherin the conservatory
and publisher of sonatas and
other piano pieces.
In the early years of the nineteenth century,
Mme.
Marie Bigot won a great reputation by her playing.
Her
ability to
read at sight was unusually marked,
and she played the Sonata Appasionata of Beethoven from his manuscript in a
way
that astonishedto in-
and delighted the composer.ences.
She did much
troduce Beethoven's piano works to Parisian audi-
Among
her
own
compositions are
many
excellent piano pieces.
Camille Marie Pleyel was
another fine Parisian pianist, and a pupil ofscheles
Mo-
and other great masters.
Schumann gaveShe, too, pub-
high praise to her performances.lished a
number of piano works.
Louise Massart,
who
succeeded
Mme. Farrenc
as a Conservatoirenote.
professor,
was another piano composer ofcontemporarypianist-composers,
AmongMarx
Berthe
takes high rank.
She won
prizes
and medals
FRANCEat
193
an early age, and became famous through many
concert tours, partly alone and partly in
companyinclude ais
with the
violinist Sarasate.
Her works
number of
excellent
display pieces.
She
now
Mme. Otto
Goldschmidt.
Two
other brilliant per-
formers and writers for the piano are Charlotte Tardieu de Malleville and Helene Collin.
Louisewriters.
la
Hye
deserves mention with the organ
She was a grandniece of the great Jeanfirst
Jacques Rousseau, and flourished in theof last century.
part
She won her
laurels early, being
cut off by an untimely deatheight.
when only twenty-
She had already attained a professorship of harmony in the Conservatoire, and published
many
valuable organ works, besides pieces for piano
and other instruments. mainedin manuscript.
Several masses by her re-
Among
the song composers of the eighteenth cen-
tury belongs
Mme. de
Travenet, whose romances
and chansons, with piano or harp, became verypopular.
Pauline Duchambge, of
later, date,
won
great success in a similar manner.
Hortense, Queen
of Holland (17831837), published an album of her
ownited
songs at Paris.
Mile. Molinos-Lafitte
is
cred-
with a number of songs, which form anotherIn connection with singing, the
Parisian collection.excellent teaching
work of Mme. Marchesi has been
194
WOMAN'S WORK IN MUSIC
supplemented by the publication of numerous setsof admirable vocalises from her pen.
In the realm
of harp playing, the Comtesse de Genlis became
noted in the eighteenth century, and publishedcompositionsfor
many
the
instrument.
Marie PoUet,wrote a number
somewhatcert tours.
later in point of time,
of harp pieces, and played them in her
many
con-
Theresa Demar was another celebrated
harpist
and harp composer.
CHAPTERAMERICA
IX.
If the term America be applied, ascase, only to the
is
often thelist
United States, then thewillstill
of
its
women
composers
be found to include practhis line in the
tically all
Western hemisphere.these
who have done work in By far the women are living now, for our
larger part of
musical growth
has taken place in recent years.
The
recordstill
is
already a worthy one, and will becomeextensive in the near future.
more
Attry.
the head of the
list
stands Mrs. H.to be
H. A.
Beach, the one great
name
found
in
our coun-
She was born5,
in
Henniker, N. H., on Septem-
ber
1867, her maiden
name being
Amy
Marcyindiin-
Cheney.
She
is
descended from one of the oldest
New
England
families,
and her middle name
cates her relationship to the
Marcy
line,
which
cludes the famous cabinet
officer,
William L. Marcy.
Mrs. Beach's love of music, which she inherited19s
196
WOMAN'S
WORJsT
IN MUSICitself
from her mother's family, began to showalmost at once.
From
the time
when she was onlyfeats.
a year old, she began to amaze her family and theirfriends by the
most astonishing musical
Sheshe
proved herself possessed of absolute pitch;
memorized dozens of tunes; sheat
listened for hours
a time to violin music, while pieces in minor keys
caused her such grief that they were employed byher parents in place of punishments.of two she was given a photographicat the critical
At
the age
sitting,
and
she electrified the group about singing Handel's " See, the conher by suddenly
moment
quering hero comes."
The photographer, who hadfirstit
been rehearsing that work for the
peace jubilee,
was astoundeditself
to find that she gave
with the mostexerted
perfect accuracy.
Her power* of memory
in other fields,
and almost as soon as sheable to recite long and difability
learned to
read she was
ficult selections.
She also showed a marked
to improvise melodies and sing an accompanying
part to any given theme.
Her
active
mind
asso-
ciated a certain definite colour with each musical
key, a habit which continues to the present time.
At the age of four she succeeded
in
obtaining
permission to touch the piano, although she wasso small that she had to improvise a pedestal in
order to reach the keys.
She soon learned many
MRS. H.
H.
A.
BEACH.
AMERICApieces,
197little
and began
to
compose
waltzes of her
own.ward.their
One
of these was thought out wholly without
the pianO', and played correctly three months after-
She read from printed notes before she knew names, and found no trouble in making trans-
positions at will.
At
six she insisted
on having reg-
ular lessons, which were
begun by her mother, and
continued for two years at home.period she learned
During thatvalses,
many
difficult
works, including
etudes by Heller and Czerny,
some Chopinone.
and various movements of the Beethoven sonatas,including the whole of thealso shefirst
At
this
time
grew
interested in the
works of Bach, and
learned to
understand and appreciate the beauty
of the interweaving voices in a fugue.
Atsical
the age of eight, her parents took her to
Boston to pursue her general education.authorities
The mu-
who
heard her play insisted that
she was able to enter any one of the great Europeanconservatories, but with due regard to her health
and her othernot tolet
studies, her parents wisely decided
her go.
She was
sent to
Mr.
W.
L.
Whittemore's private school, where she manifestedall
her usual quickness of attainment.
Her piano
work was greatly aided by her quick ear and accurate memory, and she was able, for example, to reproduce a Beethoven sonata without notes, merely
198
WOMAN'S WOSJC IN MUSICit.
after hearing a fellow pupil practise
Another
use to which she put this accomplishment was thecollection of bird songs, of
which she now possesses
a complete volume.
Her
skill in this direction
was
employed by ornithologists in obtaining the notes
sung by the California
larks.
Her more
serious musical educationfirst,
was pursuedand
under Mr. Ernst Perabo atunder Junius
and afterwardHill she took a
W.
Hill, of Wellesley College,
Carl Baermann.single course of
Under Professorharmony, but
in all the important
subjects of counterpoint, fugue, musical form, and
instrumentation, she carried on heralone.
work
entirely
Among
the tasks she set for herself
was the
translation of the books
on orchestration by Berliozin
and Gevaert.each
Another consis!ed
memorizing
Bach fugues and rewriting them with a voice onstaff.
She made her Boston debut as aat the
pianist in 1883,
age of sixteen, playing a Moscheles concerto
and a Chopin rondo.ous,
Her
success
was
instantane-
and
in the
same season she gave
several recitals
with similar
result.
In the next year she played a
Chopin concerto with the Boston Symphony Orchestra,
and a Mendelssohn work with the ThomasSince then she has appeared constantlycities,
Orchestra.inall
of our large
often devoting whole pro-
AMERICAgrammesto her
199
own
works.
At one
of the
Sym-
phony concerts she brought out her ownhas since then
concerto.
In December, 1885, she married Doctor Beach, and
made Boston
her permanent home.
The
first
performances of her large works haveIn 1892,at the
often been events of importance.
when
she brought out her mass in
E
flat
Handel
and Haydn
concerts,
she was on the
programmewill
for the piano part of Beethoven's Choral Fantasie,
and the ovation she received on her appearancenot soon be forgotten by those present.late " cantata
Her
" Jubi-
was written for the dedication of the women's building at the Chicago Exposition, andscored a great success there.
During the
fair,
she
played for the
first
time her romance for violin and
piano, in conjunction with Missviolin sonata,
Maudlater
Powell.
A
which she composed
and played
with Mr. Franz Kneisel, has become a favourite with the most famousartists in Paris, Berlin,
Lon-
don, and other great musical centres.
The same
popularity and favourable mention have been ac-
corded to her piano pieces and songs, the Italianaudiencesespeciallylatter.
becoming
enthusiastic
over
some of the
Her
Gaelic
Symphony,
built
on
realIt
Gaelicfirst
themes, was another ambitious work.
was
given at Boston in 1896, and since then has gone
200the rounds
WOMAN'S WORK IN MUSICO'f all
the great American
cities.
Amongdi-
her other large works are three cantatas, with orchestral
accompaniment that can be reduced to
mensions suitable for piano.
They
are "
The RoseMinstrel
of Avontown," for female voices, "
The
and the King," for male chorus andAnother vocal work of great merit
soloists,
and
" Sylvania," a wedding cantata recently published.is
an a capella
motet, while among her earlier compositions is the scena for contralto and orchestra, entitled " Eilende Wolken," on a text from Schiller's " Maria Stuart."
Mrs. Beach's piano works consist of a cadenzato Beethoven's
C minor
concerto, a valse-caprice, a
ballade, four sketches, a " Bal
Masque
" Waltz, a
Children's Carnival and Children's Album, her concerto in
C
sharp minor, a transcription of Richard(
Strauss's " Serenade," five pieces
Barcarolle,
Men-
uet
Italien,
Danse des
Fleurs,
Scottish
Legend,
Gavotte Fantastique), and atitled
set of six duets en-
"
Summer Dreams."
For
violin
and piano,three
besides thepieces,
two works already mentioned, areall
"Laalso.
Captive" (G string), "Berceuse," andthree being arranged for 'cello and
" Mazurka,"
piano
Her
vocal works include
sixty songs, most of which are well
more than known to Amer-
ican music lovers.ohligato,
Some
are provided with violin
while others have orchestral accompani-
AMERICAments.
20dif-
There are a number of part-songs for
ferent combinations of voices,selections for various occasions.
and several sacred
Among
her songs
the"
favourites
are
" Fairy
Lullaby,"
" Ecstasy,"et
Thy
Beauty," " Scottish Cradle Song," " Elle
Moi," " Spring," "Shakespeare,
Hymn
of Trust,"
some
sets of
Browning,
manygifted
others,
and Burns poems,
andlist.
in fact, practically the entire
Margaret Ruthven Lang, another of Boston'smusical women,
was born NovemberJ.
27,is
1867.
The nameall
of her father, Mr. B.
Lang,to
familiar to
Americans who can claim
know
anything of music.
Her mother was an
exquisite
amateur singer, and in the musical atmosphere ofthe family the daughter's talents have had every
opportunity to develop.
She commenced her pianoviolin withit
study under a pupil of her father's and continuedit
under paternal
direction.
Louis Schmidt in
She took up Boston, and carried
on with
Drechsler and Abel in Munich, where she also began
composition with Victor Gluth.
After her return
she continued her work for a time with Prof. John
K. Paine andtration with
J.
C. D. Parker, finishing her orches-
George
W.
Chadwick.
Her own
per-
sistent study has been of great
advantage to her.
She began composingbering
at the
age of twelve, num-
among
her early works several songs and
202a
WOMAN'S WORJC IN MUSICquintette.
movement of a piano
Her
efforts in
larger
forms have been unusually well received.
Her " Dramatic Overture " was given by the Boston Symphony Orchestra in 1893, and in the same year Theodore Thomas performed her overture, " Witichis."script.Still
another overture, " Totila,"
is
in
manu-
arias,
Among other works are three orchestral " Sappho's Prayer to Aphrodite," for altoforbaritone.
" Armida," for soprano ; and the yet unperformed " Phoebus,"
An
orchestral
ballade
won muchtette,
success in Baltimore in 1901.
She has
also written an orchestral cantata, a string quar-
and several works for
violin
and piano.
Miss Lang has published a number of successfulpart-songs for men's, women's, and mixed voices.
Of herto be "
fifty
or
more songs,
all,
widely known.
My
The favourites Lady Jacqueminot," " Meg" Eros,"
more or less among them seemareMerrilies,"sets,
" Deserted,"
and
the
well-knownScotch
" Five
Norman Songs,"Her piano music
" Six
Songs,"
" Three Songs of the Night," and " Three Songs ofthe East."is also excellent,
among
the best examples being the Rhapsody, the Meditation,
a poetic revery, the charming Spring Idyll,suite, entitled
and her early
" Petit
Roman."Rogers,is
Clara Kathleen Barnett,also a resident of Boston.
now Mrs.Born
in England, she
,'.
'W'f^^^^^w^^-
AMERICA
203
received her earliest musical education from herparents.
They were of a talented family, for her grandfather was the famous song-writer, Robert Lindley. In 1856 she was sent to the Leipsic Conservatory, studying piano with Moscheles, ensemble
playing with David and Rietz, and harmony withRichter.
Her
singing, by
which she
first
became
famous, was begun with Goetze and finished atBerlin under Frau
Zimmermann.finally
Under the name
of Clara Doria, she appeared with success inItalian cities,
manywhere
and
came
to America,
she married and settled in Boston.
Her
present
working,"
consists of teachingfield,
and composing.
In theof Singmaterial.
former
her book, "
contains
The Philosophy much new and valuableisfirst
Among
her compositions
of
all
a stringalso
quartette of excellent workmanship.
There are
sonatas for violin and for
'cello
with piano, and ain
piano scherzo.
Her songs
are
many
number and twosets of
excellent in quality.
Among them
are
Browning Songs,ites
six Folk Songs,
and such favour-
as "
The Rose and
the Lily," " Clover Blos-
soms," " Confession," " At Break of Day," and
many
others.is
In the front rank of American pianists
Julia
Rive-King.
A
native of Cincinnati, she began her
musical education under William
Mason and
S. B.
204Mills,
WOMAN'S WORK IN MUSICfinishing abroad
with Reinecke and Liszt.
At herand
debut, in Leipsic, she scored a great success,
since then has been steadily before the public.
Hersome
compositions are mostly for piano, includingexcellent
Liszt and
Scarlatti
transcriptions.
Among
own works Polka Caprice, Gems ofher
are a Polonaise Heroique,Scotland, and
many
other
popular numbers.
known to American audiMme. Helen Hopekirk Wilson. Although her birthplace and home are in England, she has spent so much time in this country that she mayAnotheris
pianist well
ences
well be regarded as belonging to
it.
She, too, was
a pupil of the Leipsic Conservatory, finishing with
Leschetizky, and
making a
successful debut with
the Leipsic
Gewandhaus
orchestra in
1878.
Shecon-
has shown ability in the larger forms, her
own
certo being produced in a Henschel concert at Edin-
burgh.
She has
several orchestral
works
still
in
manuscript, as well as a violin sonata.
Her manyit is
songs and piano workshonourable.
make a
list
as long as
Several of the younger American
women
are be-
ginning to make
efiforts in
orchestral work.is
Clara
Korn, a pupil of Bruno Klein,
responsible for
two
suites for orchestra, as well as
one for
violin,
and various piano
pieces
and songs.
Grace Marck-
JULIA Riv-KING
AMERICAwald has alsotried her
205in the larger forms.
hand
Edna Rosalinding in
Park, a native of Boston,
now
resid-
New
York, has shown decided talent in the
songs she has published, and has several important
works
in manuscript.
Margaret Williams, ain Tennessee,
Balti-
more student who was born
produced
a concert overture at one of the Peabody SymphonyConcerts, and has also composed the words and" Columbus."place, has
music for aEliza
five-act
opera, entitledat the
Woods, another studentfull
same
written a
manuscript score for an overture,
as well as a double fugue, a sonata,
and a number
of songs.at
Edith Noyes Porter, of Boston, is also work on some extensive compositions, her pub-
lished
works to date beingfield,
chiefly songs.
In the operatichead.
Emma
Steiner stands at the
Born
at Baltimore, she
showed a
taste for
music at an early age, and was ablewrite notes
to read
and
when only
seven.
Her
parents objected
to a musical career for her, but she continued herpractice,
and earned money for further study bywaltzes andother
writing
popular dance music.orchestral arrange-
She becameof
proficient in
making
ments, and has been eminently successful as a leader
many
large
New York
organizations.
Among
her operettas are "
The Alchemist,"
also a version
of the old French romance, " Fleurette," and an
206
WOMAN'S WORK IN MUSICDay Dreams."
adaptation from Tennyson, called "
She
is
also the author of
many
songs.
Lillie Mahon Siegfried, of Buffalo, has also produced an operetta, besides the song, " The Beautiful
Landbies.
of Nod," and several other songs and lulla-
Miss Estabrook has over forty songs to herbesides
credit,
the operetta,
"
The Tournament."
Mrs. John Orth has composed a children's operetta,also
a number of simple songs and piano works for
beginners.
readyrot,"
won
has ala high rank, wrote the music to " PierCollins,
Laura Sedgwick
who
besides
many
excellent
songs
and
violin
works.
In chamber music, Marguerite Melville has pro-
duced some worthy works.
Among them
is
a re-
markably good piano
quintette, while she has also
written a sonata and a romanza for violin and piano,besides several beautiful songs.also author of a
Alicia
Van
Buren,
number of worthy songs, has puband Hartel.has writtensongs.
lished a string quartette with Breitkopf
Alice Locke Pitman,
now Mrs. Wesley,
several violin works, besides a
number of
Mary Knight Wood, another gifted member of the new generation, studied with Arthur Foote andShe has already produced a piano trio, J. Lang. and her songs, such as " Ashes of Roses," " HeartsB.ease,"
"Autumn," and so
forth, are
imbued with
AMERICAthe most exquisite refinement.
207
Marie vonpieces
Hammerfor the
and Laura Danziger have written'cdlo, the latter supplementing this
work by a num-
ber of piano compositions.
work of Helen Josephine Andrus, of Poughkeepsie. She is a graduate of Vassar, where she won a degree by her musical studies. Her compositions include several organ pieces and a cantata for organ and strings, also anthems and various church music,is
Organ music
well represented by the
as well as piano
works and songs.
Clara Reesa
is
another organistcompositions.
who has produced
number of
Lucina Jewell, ais
New
England Coneffective
servatory graduate,
the author of an introduction
and fugue for organ, besides some and other works.other able organist
songs
Faustina Hasse Hodges was an-
who wrote
church music.really
Helen Hoodgifted musical
is
one of America's few
women.
Boston has been her home
and the scene of hertravelled abroad,
chief work, although she has
and studied for two years withabsolute pitch, she has
Moszkowski.
Endowed with
composed from her earliest years, and her music
wontrio,
for her a medal and diploma at the Chicago
Exposition.
Her most important work
is
a piano
while her two violin suites are also
made
of
excellent material.
208
WOMAN'S WORK IN MUSICwon anenviable posi-
Mrs. Jessie L. Gaynor has
tion for herself, chiefly as a composer of children's
songs.
Her work
is
marked by bright anddiscretionin
pleas-
ing
rhythms,
excellent
the proper
choice of harmony, and a fluent ease that makes
her productions unusually singable.to
It is
not givenreal
many composers
to be able to
make anyis
appeal to younger hearers, but Mrs. Gaynor
pos-
sessed of the sympathetic insight that enables hertois
win the utmost popularity with them.songsfor
Her workmoreand even
not confined to this vein, but includes someolder
ambitious
performers,
vocal quartettes.
Eleanor Smithlieves
is
another song writer who' beshould be given the best of
that children
music, and not allowed to listen wholly to the popular rag-time tunes of the day.
Her
position as
music teacher in the Cook County Normal Schoolhas enabled her to put her ideas in practice, andher songs for boys are delightful bits of worthymusic.
She, too, has done
more ambitious work,
such as a Rossetti Christmas Carol, the contraltosolo,
"
Thethe
Quest," eight settings of Stevenson's
poems,piano,
Wedding
Music
for
eight"
voices,
and organ, and a
cantata,
The Golden
Asp."
Mrs. C. Merrick,
who
publishes her works over
AMERICAthe
209is
name
of
Edgar Thorn,
another
talented
woman whoHer
displays great gifts in small forms.
" Amourette," for piano, has often figured on
In her two collections, " Forgotten Fairy Tales " and " Six Fancies," many ofconcert programmes.
the numbers
show a rare imaginative charm.several effective
Themale
same composer has produced
choruses, which have been sung by the Mendelssohn
Glee Club and other organizations.
Among
other
song-writers,tO'
Mildred
Hill,
of
Louisville, has been able
preserve the real South-
ern flavour inis
some of her works,
a
result thatefforts
seldom attained, in spite of the countless
in this direction.
She, too, has insisted in putting
good music
into her children's songs.
Mrs. Philip
Hale, a resident of Boston, has produced a numberof songs and piano works, the latter under the
pseudonym of Victor Rene.is
Stella Prince Stocker
another well-known song-writer.
Mrs. Theodore
Sutro, a pupil of Dudley Buck, has also composed songs, besides piano works and a four-voiced fugue.
Louise Tunison
is
another
song composer well
worthy of mention, while Adeline Train has produced some solos of remarkableTretbar, famous as a writer andsical
delicacy.
Helen
translator ofalso.
muAn-
works, has tried her hand at songs
210
WOMAN'S WOUX IN MUSICis
Other literary song-composerRitter.
Fanny Raymondwrites
Ais
prominent figure in the musical worldJosephine Gro,is
to-day
who
songs andpopular
piano pieces, anddances.
the author of
many
CHAPTER
X.
OTHER COUNTRIES
Thoughits
not as prolific of
women
composers asstill
musical reputation might indicate, Italy has
produced some famous names.earlier schools of contrapuntal
The women
of the
been mentioned.nent of thea gap, andfirst
work have already Francesca Caccini was an expoAfter her comes
growth of opera.find no'
we
women
at
work during thesawits
time of Scarlatti, for example, and few in the era
when
the early conventional opera
palmy
days in the hands of Cimarosa and his compeers.
A
number
flourished at the beginning of the nine-
teenth century, and
now
that Italy
is
experiencingstill
a musical regeneration, thein the field.
women
are
present
One
of the foremost of them toi-day
is
the Count-
ess Gilda Ruta.
She was born
at Naples,
and was
the daughter of a musician of
some
note, in fact,
he became one of her best teachers.
Among
others
212with
WOMAN'S WORJC IN MUSIC
whom
she studied was the opera composer,
Mercadante, whose long career extended well intothe last century.
She became a
pianist of great
renown, butcomposition.is
wonHer
her laurels more in the field of opera, " The Fire^Worshippers,"its
a worthy example of
school.
Her
orchestral
ability
showed
itself also in
the form of a concerto
for piano, while
amongis
her other works are a num-
ber of songs and a good deal of instrumental music.
Eva Deir Aquahas
another Italian
woman whoShe didBrussels
won
a high position by her works.
not inherit the taste directly, for her father was nota musician, but a painter.his
He
has
made
home,
and there
his
talented
daughter
hasare
brought forth her compositions.her operetta, "
Her songs
widely known, and show sterling merit.ambitious veinis
In more
La
Bachelette,"in the Brusis
which was given with unusual successsels theatres.
Another work for the stage
the
comic opera, "
Tambouris
Battant."
Carlotta Ferrarithe Italian
undoubtedly the greatest of
women
composers.
Born
at
Lddi
in
1837, she soon began her musical studies, complet-
ing them with the best masters of the Milan Conservatory.
When
she tried to enter the
lists
in
dramatic work, she found the theatre managers unwilling to give her any encouragement because of
OTHER COUNTRIESher sex.Feeling sure of herability,
213
however, she
was brave enoughjustified her hopes,
to hire a theatre, and produce
her opera, " Ugo," at her
own
expense.
Tlie resultentire
for the
work scored an
success.
Since that time she has had no trouble
