U.S. Department of State Bureau of Overseas Buildings Operations Driver Behavior Improvement through Monitoring and Incentives Greg Wolfe, CIH, CSP August 19, 2013
Jun 21, 2015
U.S. Department of StateBureau of Overseas Buildings OperationsDriver Behavior Improvement through Monitoring and Incentives
Greg Wolfe, CIH, CSPAugust 19, 2013
ROAD SAFETY CHALLENGES
Death of American Diplomat, Sana’a, 2006
WHO ROAD TRAFFIC DEATH RATES
W. Europe* Africa*
France 6.4 Nigeria 33.7
Spain 5.4 Uganda 28.9
Germany 4.7 Tanzania 22.7
Denmark 4.7 Kenya 20.9
UK 3.7 Ethiopia 17.6* Global Status Report on Road Safety: 2013
VULNERABLE ROAD USERS
• Written Mission Policy• Driver Qualification, Evaluation & Orientation• Medical Certification• Safe Driver Training• Operational Safety (Local Laws, Alcohol Proscription)• Crash Protection (Seat Belts)• Duty Limits (Fatigue Control)• Distraction Controls• Vehicle Inspections• Mishap Reporting & Investigation
MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY MANAGEMENT
SAFE DRIVER TRAINING
• Aim High in Steering - look ahead to where you will be15 seconds from now.
• Get the Big Picture - maintain a safe distance from other vehicles for good visibility.
• Keep Your Eyes Moving - and check your mirrors every 5 to 8 seconds.
• Leave Yourself an Out - use space around your vehicle to your advantage.
• Make Sure They See You - seek eye contact and use warning devices properly.
2435
47
28
MOTOR VEHICLE FATALITIES
US Missions: FY2000-2011
HIGH RISK POSTS
5% of Posts are Responsible for About 40% of Fatal Mishaps
Port‐au‐Prince Sana’aBamako
Kabul
Addis Ababa
Dar es Salaam
Kampala Nairobi
Abuja
Ndjamena
VEHICLE EVENT RECORDERS
• Hard cornering• Hard braking• Rapid acceleration• Collision• Rough road
30-second video/audio loop always on
Indicator light alternates red and green while event is being saved; Steady red light indicates event saved on EDR
RISKY BEHAVIORS
HOW DRIVER RISK MANAGEMENT WORKS
Risk ReductionRisk Reduction
Risk IdentificationRisk Identification
Risk AssessmentRisk AssessmentBehavior ModificationBehavior Modification
Traffic violations• Speeding 5 points• Red light 5 points
Following too close• <1 second: 5 points• 1.00-1.75 seconds: 4 points• 2.00-2.75 seconds: 2 points• 3.00-3.75 seconds: 0 points, but coached
SAMPLE RISK SCORING SCHEME
EVENT DETAILS
IDENTIFYING RISKY DRIVERS
AttitudeAttitude
Subjective Norm
Subjective Norm
Perceived Behavioral Control
Perceived Behavioral Control
Most motor vehicle collisions arethe result of driver errors
Most Driving Behavior Errors are “intentional”
IntentionIntention BehaviorBehavior
Ajzen’s Theory of Planned BehaviorAjzen’s Theory of Planned Behavior
BEHAVIOR MODEL
• American Automobile Association reported in a 2009 survey that 95% of 2,501 drivers polled said that texting while driving was unacceptable behavior, yet:– 21% had recently texted or emailed while driving– 50% of the drivers age 16-24 had texted while driving
IS DRIVING AND TEXTING DANGEROUS?
OUTCOME PYRAMID
70Minor Collisions
1SeriousCollision
1000Near Collisions
5000Risky Behaviors
Address Risky Behaviors that lead to crashes and collisions
Reactive approachInvestigate/discipline as needed
DISCOUNT RISK EXAGGERATE RISKVoluntary CoercedFamiliar ExoticChronic CatastrophicDelayed ImmediateControlled by Me Controlled by Others
RISK PERCEPTION COMPONENTS*
Strategies for Effective Risk Communication, Peter M. Sandman, PhD
*5 of 20
ATTITUDE/BEHAVIOR CHANGES IMPACT CRASH RATES
University of Michigan‐Transportation Research Institute
US NHTSA Data for 2008• 3.6 % Reduction in VMT• 9.1% Reduction in Fatalities
• In 1982, alcohol impairment accounted for about 20,000 fatalities in US roads.
• By 2009, the number of alcohol-related fatalities was about 10,000
• From 1982-2009, the # of vehicle miles traveled in the US almost doubled.
ATTITUDE/BEHAVIOR CHANGES IMPACT CRASH RATES
Source: US NHTSA
EARLY PROGRAM RESULTS
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan
2009 2010 2011
Scored
Events P
er Veh
icle
Total Score Per Veh
icle
Total Score Per Vehicle
Scored Events per Vehicle
Awards (Cash)• 0 policy violations for seat
belts, cell phones, eating and traffic rules
• Lowest risk scores in group
Discipline• Policy violations: verbal warning
through separation• 20 pts/month: verbal warning• 30 pts/2 months: written warning• 50 pts/3 months: 5 days
suspension• 100 pts/12 months: separation
INCENTIVE POLICY
LATER PROGRAM RESULTS
FOLLOWING TOO CLOSE
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Month
2012 Goal
2012 Actual
2011 Actual
RISK REDUCTION FOR ALL POSTS
69% reduction in risk severity15 lives saved
QUESTIONS