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WIRELESS NETWORKING IN THE DEVELOPING WORLDThird EditionWireless Networking in the Developing WorldFor more information about this project please visit http://wndw.netFirst Edition, January 2006Second Edition, December 2007 Tird Edition, February 2013Many designations used by manufacturers and vendors to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the authors were aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in all caps or initial caps. All other trademarks are property of their respective owners. Te authors and publisher have taken due care in preparation of this book, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information contained herein.As we have discovered the developing world of wireless networking is all around us, the authors of this book have included projects in North America, Europe, and in Asia, South America, India and Africa. So we have come to the conclusion that most places have the potential to fnd afordable indoor and outdoor wireless networks useful. We hope you enjoy reading this book and use it as the starting point of a wireless project in your community.Te book and PDF fle are published under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 license. Tis allows anyone to make copies, and even sell them for a proft, as long as proper attribution is given to the authors and any derivative works are made available under the same terms. Any copies or derivative works must include a prominent link to our website, http://wndw.net/See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ for more information about these terms.ISBN-13: 978-1484039359LICENSEWireless Networking in the Developing World by Te WNDW Authors is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution -ShareAlike 3.0UnportedLicense. ABOUT THIS BOOKTis third version of this book was started as a BookSprint in September 2011 in the beautiful city of Copenhagen hosted by Sebastian Buettrich, who is one of the authors. A core team of eight people then fnished this version over the following months leading to publication in March 2013. Troughout the project, the core group has actively solicited contributions and feedback from the wireless networking community worldwide. You can provide your own feedback or post technical questions to the authors at our Facebook page:https://www.facebook.com/groups/wirelessuTis book is available as an eBook for your mobile device, or it is downloadable from the website http://wndw.net/ for free (high and low resolution available), or it can be ordered as a printed book from http://www.lulu.com/We do give out a copy to every student who attends a wireless training course given by all of the Institutions we work with such as the International Centre for Teoretical Physics (ICTP), the Network Startup Resource Center (NSRC), the Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), Te Internet Society (ISOC) and AirJaldi, to name just a few. And we would all strongly encourage you to sign up for a local course.For information about upcoming courses or if you would like to arrange a course in your region, please contact the editor, Jane Butler [email protected] you are planning a wireless project and you need a copy of this book and can neither download it as you have limited bandwidth nor aford to order it online, please send an email to Jane or send a message on Facebook and we'll mail a printed copy to you.ICoreContributorsJane Butler, who is lead editor of this version of the book. Jane is currently President of the private Foundation called networktheworld.org which promotes and supports the growth of Internet connectivity around the world mainly by supporting wireless projects and training http://wirelessu.org. Jane is also head of industrial collaboration and outreach at University College London. Jane holds an Honours Degree in Engineering, is a Chartered Engineer and Fellow of the Institution of Electronics and Technology. Jane can be reached at [email protected] editor would like to acknowledge and thank the core group of contributors who are listed below -Ermanno Pietrosemoli. Ermanno is currently a researcher at the Telecommunications/ICT for Development Lab of the International Centre for Teoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, and President of Fundacin Escuela Latinoamericana de Redes "EsLaRed", a non- proft organization that promotes ICT in Latin America through training and development projects. EsLaRed was awarded the 2008 Jonathan B. Postel Service Award by the Internet Society. Ermanno has been deploying wireless data communication networks focusing on low cost technology, and has participated in the planning and building of wireless data networks in Argentina, Colombia, Ecuador, Italy, Lesotho, Malawi, Mexico, Morocco, Nicaragua, Peru, Trinidad, U.S.A. and Venezuela. He has presented in many conferences and published several papers related to wireless data communication and is coauthor and technical reviewer of the book "Wireless Networking for the Developing World" freely available from http://wndw.net. Ermanno holds a Master's Degree from Stanford University and was Professor of Telecommunications at Universidad de los Andes in Venezuela from 1970 to 2000.Ermanno can be reached at [email protected] Zennaro. Marco received his M.Sc. Degree in Electronic Engineering from University of Trieste in Italy. He defended his PhD thesis on Wireless Sensor Networks for Development: Potentials and Open Issues at KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.His research interest is in ICT4D, the use of ICT for Development. IIIn particular, he is interested in Wireless Networks and in Wireless Sensor Networks in developing countries. He has been giving lectures on Wireless technologies in more than 20 diferent countries. When not travelling, he is the editor of wsnblog.com. Marco can be reached at [email protected] Fonda is a member of the Radio Communications Unit at the Abdus Salam International Center for Teoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy. Carlo can be reached at [email protected] Okay. Steve is a geek-of-all-trades with over 20 years of experience in systems/network programming and administration with a particular passion for free/open networks and software. He has deployed wireless networks in Laos, Malawi, Italy, and the United States. He is an Inveneo co-founder and has taught workshops on VoIP and wireless networking at Institutions around the world. He lives and hacks in San Francisco, California. Steve can be reached at [email protected] "Elektra" Aichele. Elektra has been busy working on mesh networking protocols for the Freifunk community in Germany. Before inventing the B.A.T.M.A.N. routing protocol for wireless mesh networks in 2006, she was working on improving the OLSR routing protocol. She is one of the people behind the Mesh-Potato device, a rugged outdoor open-source and open-hardware WiFi router with an FXS port. She is part of the Villagetelco community, that strives to deploy mesh networks for VOIP and data. She lives in a solar-powered home in Berlin, Germany. Te philosophy behind her ideas about ubiquitous communication for everyone is: "Te fact that you talk in your head doesn't mean that you think - but only that you speak with yourself". Elektra can be reached at [email protected]://villagetelco.orghttp://open-mesh.net/Sebastian Buettrich. Sebastian is Research Lab Manager at the IT University of Copenhagen, http://pit.itu.dkHe works with embedded/pervasive systems, wireless technology, open source / free software and solar energy to build networks, systems, skills and capacity as a manager, developer, architect, consultant and teacher.Tis work focused on (but not limited to) developing countries and communities, especially in Asia and Africa. One current focus is to help IIIdevelop campus networks for research and education, with emphasis on global integration and sustainability. His current side afliations are: http://www.nsrc.org - the Network Startup Resource Center http://wire.less.dk - NGO and company co-founded with Tomas Krag http://wirelessU.org - a group of dedicated professionals working towards aworld-wide,people-centered,inclusiveInformation Society http://wndw.net/ - Co-author of the Wireless Networking in the Developing World book. Sebastian holds a Ph.D. in Quantum Physics from the Technical University of Berlin in Germany, with a focus on optics, radio spectroscopy, photovoltaic systems and scientifc programming. He loves and plays music, is fascinated and engaged with text, language and poetry in many forms. Sebastian can be reached at [email protected] Forster. Jim is passionate about extending the Internet. He started at Cisco in 1988 when it was quite small and spent 20 years there, mostly in IOS Software Development and System Architecture, and becoming a Distinguished Engineer. While at Cisco he started working on projects and policies to improve Internet access in developing countries. Now he is engaged in both for-proft and non-proft eforts to extend communications in Africa and India. He founded networktheworld.org, a foundation dedicated to improving communications and Internet, especially in Africa and India. He is on several Board of Directors, including Range Networks / OpenBTS and Inveneo in the US, Esoko Networks in Ghana, and AirJaldi in India. Jim can be reached at [email protected] Wierenga. Klaas works in the Research and Advanced Development group at Cisco Systems where he focuses on Identity, Security and Mobility topics, often in collaboration with the Research and Education Community. He is co-author of the Cisco Press book "Building the Mobile Internet". Prior to joining Cisco he worked at SURFnet, the Dutch Research and Education Network, where he created the global WiFi roaming service in academia called eduroam. He is also the Chair of the Mobility Task Force of TERENA, the European association of R&E Networks. Klaas participates in a number of IETF working groups in the felds of identity, security and mobility and chairs the abfab working group that deals with federated identity for non-web applications. He can be reached at [email protected] Vyncke. Since 1997, Eric has worked as a Distinguished Engineer at Cisco in the feld of security by assisting customers to deploy secure networks. Since 2005, Eric has also been active in the IPv6 area, he is notably the co-chair of the Belgian IPv6 Council and has a well-known site for monitoring IPv6 deployments: http://www.vyncke.org/ipv6status/He is also Associate Professor at the University of Lige in Belgium. He participates in several IETF working groups related to security or to IPv6. Eric can be reached at [email protected] Baikie. Bruce is a member of the Broadband for Good team at Inveneo as Senior Director Broadband Initiatives. He is leveraging his extensive experience in the energy and telecom industries, and 16 years at Sun Microsystems as telecom industry expert to advise on implementing solar powered ICT4D projects. His areas of expertise include: wireless networking, eco-data centers, DC telecom power systems, and solar power. Bruce has published numerous white papers and articles on green data center operations and solar power in ICT4D. His educational background includes a B.S. in Mechanical Engineering from Michigan Technological University and advanced studies in International Business from the University of Wisconsin. Bruce is also a guest lecturer on solar powered ICT4D at the Abdus Salam International Centre for Teoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy. During past two years, Bruce has been mentoring engineering students from Illinois Institute of Technology, University of Colorado-Boulder, San Francisco State University, and San Jose State University in ICT4D design and projects in Haiti, West Africa, and Micronesia. Bruce can be reached at [email protected] Hosman. Laura is Assistant Professor of Political Science at Illinois Institute of Technology. Prior to IIT, Professor Hosman held postdoctoral research fellow positions at the University of California, Berkeley and the University of Southern California (USC). She graduated with a PhD in Political Economy and Public Policy from USC. Her current research focuses on the role of information and communications technology (ICT) in developing countries, particularly in terms of its potential efects on socio-cultural factors, human development, and economic growth. Her work focuses on two main areas: Public-Private Partnerships and ICT-in-education, both with a focus on the developing world. Her blog, giving insights on her feldwork experiences, is athttp://ict4dviewsfromthefeld.wordpress.comVMichael Ginguld. Founder, Director - Strategy and Operations, Rural Broad Band Pvt. Ltd.Co-Founder, CEO, AirJaldi Research and Innovation. Michael was born and raised in Kibbutz Kissufm in Israel. He has more than 20 years of experience working in ICT, community and rural development projects in India, Indonesia, Cambodia, Nepal, and Israel. Michael worked in the non-proft and for- proft sectors with start-up grassroots organizations, advocacy groups, large international NGOs and commercial enterprises working in developing countries. Michael worked and lived in Dharamsala between 1998 and 2002 and returned to India in the beginning of 2007 to join a rural connectivity initiative that eventually led to the creation of AirJaldi Research and Innovation, a non-proft organization dedicated to R&D and capacity building work in the feld of Wireless networks in 2007, and of RBB, a for-proft working on the design, deployment and management of rural broad band networks in rural areas, in 2009. Michael holds a B.Sc. in Ag. Economics from the Hebrew University., Jerusalem, Israel, an MA in Development Studies from the Institute of Social Studies, the Hague, the Netherlands, and an MA in Public Administration from the Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA. Michael is based in Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh, India. He can be reached at [email protected] Togo. Emmanuel is from Ghana, and earned his frst degree in Computer Science and Physics from University of Ghana in 1999. He currently works as the Head of the Networking Unit of the University of Ghana's Computing Systems (UGCS). He is also a founding member of the Ghanaian Academic and Research Network's (GARNET) technical team working to build the national research and education network in Ghana. Emmanuel's current focus is designing and deploying an afordable, large-scale campus-wide WiFi network in Ghana. Emmanuel can be reached at [email protected] Open Technology Institute, (who provided a case study), strengthens individuals and communities through policy research, applied learning, and technological innovation.VISupportTe editorial team would especially like to recognise the support of our technical illustrator, Paolo Atzori, who has over several months worked tirelessly to ensure the book has some wonderful, as well as accurate, easy to read illustrations. He has also ensured that we've been able to publish successfully several versions of the book in high and low resolution format.Paolo Atzori. Paolo studied Architecture in Venice and Rome and Media Arts in Cologne. After working as an architect in Vienna, Paolo collaborated with the Cologne Academy of Media Arts (KHM); At NABA, Milan he was named the Director of the Master Digital Environment Design and Advisor of the PhD program of the Planetary Collegium, M- Node. He has created many theatrical and artistic projects, introducing new representations of space characterised by the dynamics of pervasiveness and interaction.Paolo has also curated exhibitions dedicated to digital arts, directed educational programs, and published articles and essays on digital culture.He has lived and worked in Venice, Rome, New York, Vienna, Cologne, Brussels, Tel Aviv. Since 2005 he has lived with his partner Nicole and their children Alma and Zeno in Trieste, Italy. In 2011 he founded with Nicole Leghissa the Agency "Hyphae.http://hyphae.org http://vimeo.com/groups/xtendedlab/videos http://www.xtendedlab.com/http://www.khm.de/~Paolo Authors and editorsofearlierversions ofthe bookRob Flickenger. Rob has written and edited several books about wireless networking and Linux, including Wireless Hacks (OReilly) and How To Accelerate Your Internet (http://bwmo.net/). He is proud to be a hacker, amateur mad scientist, and proponent of free networks everywhere.Laura M. Drewett is a Co-Founder of Adapted Consulting Inc., a social enterprise that specialises in adapting technology and business solutions for the developing world. Since Laura frst lived in Mali in the 1990s and wrote her thesis on girls education programs, she has strived to fnd sustainable solutions for development. Laura holds a Bachelors of Arts VIIwith Distinction in Foreign Afairs and French from the University of Virginia and a Masters Certifcate in Project Management from the George Washington University School of Business.Alberto Escudero-Pascual and Louise Berthilson are the founders of IT +46, a Swedish consultancy company with focus on information technology in developing regions. More information can be found at http://www.it46.se/Ian Howard. After fying around the world for seven years as a paratrooper in the Canadian military, Ian Howard decided to trade his gun for a computer. After fnishing a degree in environmental sciences at the University of Waterloo he wrote in a proposal, "Wireless technology has the opportunity to bridge the digital divide. Poor nations, who do not have the infrastructure for interconnectivity as we do, will now be able to create a wireless infrastructure." As a reward, Geekcorps sent him to Mali as the Geekcorps Mali Program Manager, where he led a team equipping radio stations with wireless interconnections and designed content sharing systems.Kyle Johnston, http://www.schoolnet.na/Tomas Krag spends his days working with wire.less.dk, a registered non-proft, based in Copenhagen, which he founded with his friend and colleague Sebastian Bttrich in early 2002. wire.less.dk specialises in community wireless networking solutions, and has a special focus on low-cost wireless networks for the developing world. Tomas is also an associate of the Tactical Technology Collective http://www.tacticaltech.org, an Amsterdam-based non-proft to strengthen social technology movements and networks in developing and transition countries, as well as promote civil societys efective, conscious and creative use of new technologies.Currently most of his energy goes into the Wireless Roadshow (http://www.thewirelessroadshow.org), a project that supports civil society partners in the developing world in planning, building and sustaining connectivity solutions based on license-exempt spectrum, open technology and open knowledge.VIIIGina Kupfermann is graduate engineer in energy management and holds a degree in engineering and business. Besides her profession as fnancial controller she has worked for various self-organised community projects and non-proft organisations. Since 2005 she is member of the executive board of the development association for free networks, the legal entity of freifunk.netAdam Messer. Originally trained as an insect scientist, Adam Messer metamorphosed into a telecommunications professional after a chance conversation in 1995 led him to start one of Africa's frst ISPs. Pioneering wireless data services in Tanzania, Messer worked for 11 years in eastern and southern Africa in voice and data communications for startups and multinational cellular carriers. He now resides in Amman, Jordan.Juergen Neumann (http://www.ergomedia.de) started working with information technology in 1984 and since then has been looking for ways to deploy ICT in useful ways for organizations and society. As a consultant for ICT strategy and implementation, he worked for major German and international companies and many non-proft projects. In 2002 he co-founded www.freifunk.net, for spreading knowledge and social networking about free and open networks. Freifunk is globally regarded as one of the most successful community-projects in this feld. Frdric Renet is a co-founder of Technical Solutions at Adapted Consulting, Inc. Frdric has been involved in ICT for more than 10 years and has worked with computers since his childhood. He began his ICT career in the early 1990s with a bulletin board system (BBS) on an analog modem and has since continued to create systems that enhance communication. Most recently, Frdric spent more than a year at IESC/Geekcorps Mali as a consultant. In this capacity, he designed many innovative solutions for FM radio broadcasting, school computer labs and lighting systems for rural communities.IXContentsABOUT THIS BOOK VCore Contributors VISupport XIAuthors and editors of earlier versions of the book XIINTRODUCTION XXIThe country of Aipotu XXIPurpose of this book XXIIFitting wireless into your eisting network XXIV!ow this book is organi"ed XXIVPHYSICS 261. RADIO PHYSICS 1#hat is a wave$ %&lectro'agnetic forces (Sy'bols of the international syste' of units )Phase *Polari"ation +The electro'agnetic spectru' ,-andwidth %.Fre/uencies and channels %.-ehaviour of radio waves %%The !uygens Principle %0Absorption %(1e2ection %)3iffraction %4Interference %+5ine of sight %67nderstanding the Fresnel "one 0.Power 0(Physics in the real world 042. TELECOMMUNICATIONS BASICS 268odulation (08ultipleing and dupleing ((Conclusions (4X3. LICENSING AND REGULATION 36&a'ples of relevant types of regulation (*4. RADIO SPECTRUM 40#hat is the electro'agnetic spectru'$ ).!ow is the spectru' ad9udicated$ ))Political issues )*&plosion in spectru' de'and )*Spectru' scarcity or spectru' hoarding$ )6I&& ,.0:00 4.3eveloping countries advantage 4%5. ANTENNAS / TRANSMISSION LINES 54Cables 4*#aveguides 4,Connectors and adapters *.Antenna ter' glossary *(Types of antennas +01e2ector theory ,.A'pli;ers ,%Practical antenna designs ,0Antenna 'easure'ents ,0NETWORKING 846. NETORKING !5Introduction ,*Cooperative co''unications ,6The )**The Air9aldi Darhwal Cetwork H Vital Statistics )*+1ealities? needs )*,Su''ary )+6C)(. S/01+, OB/((/*.);235821.', 1 % 4 MB/( C&. (:)*235, 1 % ! MB/( 1.824. B)4>0. S.. )&(', CP$% &aster &o'eacc&lator. A3'/:.* 3);. 9'* ) (atter).a'-*oc &o'e. A *)12' ;'1. 0(.1 B+ !02.11 1.824.( /:)/ )&&'=( /:. 4*.)/2'3 '9 ) 3./='*> =2/:'0/ )3 )44.(( ( '9/.3 0(. *)12'( 23 )1%:'4 ;'1.. S.. )&(', &anage' &o'e% &aster &o'e% &onitor &o'eA''ress +esoltion Protocol "A+P#.A (@ ) :'/%( )11*.(( 2( 0(.1 23 *'0/235 /)B&.( /' (. A44.(( or?4(3Figure CSG 7: With UniFi we are able to simulate the coverage of the wireless signal as shown above.Figure CSG 8: Above is the UniFi controller showing some statistics of our usage.4(4 &S* S)U!I*SFigure CSG 9: Below are statistics per Access Point.Figure CSG 10: We are also able to get statistics per user from the controller.ChallengeswefacedOne of our main challenges was getting a good Cat5 cable for the installation. In addition it was somewhat challenging to get the cable to the right location since the buildings were not designed with this in mind.Bandwidth is also a challenge but we are trying to limit peer-to-peer activity on the network using cyberoam.&3se St6d4: Uni:ersit4 "; ,ire2ess net>or?4(5=extstepsWe (the IT Department of the University of Ghana) operate the wireless network ourselves. We have immediate plans to expand the wireless network until we get as much coverage of our campus buildings as we can. Tis will then reduce the need for our students to setup their own APs making our job managing the network much easier!Author: Emmanuel Togo, Head of the Networking Unit of the University of Ghana's Computing Systems (UGCS).4(( &S* S)U!I*SC+se St34-2 A5,9+*45AsG+,