Wise2

Wise Long Term Emission and Fenceline Monitoring

Ram Hashmonay, ScD+1 [email protected]

2

Shel Silverstein, Falling Up

3ORS Emission Monitoring ContinuumPrimary Objective: Annual Emissions [ton/yr]

Information on Individual Emission Sources (Time)Information on Individual Emission Sources (Time)

Number of Emissions Sources Surveyed (Space)Number of Emissions Sources Surveyed (Space)

DIAL – Detailed Short-Term Measurements

VRPM – Detailed Long-Term Measurements

Fenceline Hybrid – Permanent Installations

SOF/TAGA/Picarro-Mobile Screening

Airborne - ITT

LT Retro

OP- LT

DM Pairs

Tower

Dust Source

LT Retro

OP- LT

DM Pairs

Tower

Dust Source

4Optical Remote Sensing (ORS)

Open Path

Nonlocalized Emission Source

ORS Source/Detector (monostatic)

Retroreflector

Open-path instruments provide path-averaged concentration data

5

Open-Path Instruments

UV Diff. Optical Absorption Spectroscopy

Tunable Diode Laser (scanning)

Open Path Fourier Transform InfraRed (scanning)

6OP-FTIR: the ultimate petrochemical monitoring system (OTM-10 and fenceline ready) for VOCs, inorganics, and GHG

• Hundreds of compounds (organic and inorganic)

• High temporal resolution (concentration roses)

• Multiple path provides spatial information and allow measurement of flux (OTM-10)

• Traditionally considered to have moderate detection limits

• Can, with some investment, be automated to be a bullet proof fenceline and OTM-10 ready system

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OP-FTIR Methods and Procedures

8Spectral Validation

9VOC Measurement in the North Direction

0

.02

.04

.06

.08

.1

2850 2900 2950 3000

Absorbance / Wavenumber (cm-1) Overlay X-Zoom CURSOR

File # 1 : ACHZBU 5/1/1992 11:14 AM Res=0.5 cm-1

Butane, 100 ppm-meters in 1 atm. N2; 25 C.

Blue: Run 5 M-3 F14Red: n-ButaneGreen: n-Octane

10VOC Measurement in the South DirectionBlue: Run 5 M-1 F14Red: n-ButaneGreen: n-Octane

0

.05

.1

.15

.2

2820 2840 2860 2880 2900 2920 2940 2960 2980 3000

Absorbance / Wavenumber (cm-1) Overlay Y-Zoom SCROLL

File # 1 : ACHZBU 5/1/1992 11:14 AM Res=0.5 cm-1

Butane, 100 ppm-meters in 1 atm. N2; 25 C.

Blue: Run 5 M-1 F14Red: n-ButaneGreen: n-Octane

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Benefits of Fenceline Continuous Monitoring

Wise leak detection approach

Savings, one leak being fixed in hours may pay for the monitoring system

Workers Health and Safety

PR with neighbors

When correlated with any of the flux methodologies may provide information for representative annual emissions calculations

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Site Specific CorrelationFlux-Concentraton Site Specific Correlation

y = 0.081x

R2 = 0.78

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Fenceline Path Avg Hourly Concentration (ppb)

Ho

url

y F

lux

(k

g/h

r)

y = 0.88xR2 = 0.49

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

0 200 400 600 800 1000

Fenceline Concentration [mg/m3]

Flu

x [

kg

/da

y]

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VRPM to Measure Emissions Fluxes from Area or Fugitive Sources

Mean Wind Direction

X

YZ

PI-ORSInstrument

Fugitive Source/Area of Interest

Mean Wind Direction

PDCs

a

b

c

d

e

f

X

YZ

PI-ORSInstrument

Fugitive Source/Area of Interest

Mean Wind Direction

PDCs

a

b

c

d

e

f

PI-ORS Instrument

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14

USEPA OTM-10http://www.epa.gov/ttn/emc/tmethods.html

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Beyond OTM-10: Hybrid Point/Open-Path

LT Retro

OP- LT

DM Pairs

Tower

Dust Source

LT Retro

OP- LT

DM Pairs

Tower

Dust Source

16Vertical Radial Plume Mapping

EPA Other Technical Method 10 (“OTM-10) provides guidance on methodology. Only mass emission measurement test method for fugitive and area source emissions.

Has been used with OP- FTIR, UV-DOAS and TDLAS instruments.

Has been used to measure emissions from low-to-the-ground sources such as:

- Landfills- Confined animal feeding operations (3 weeks)- Superfund & Brownfield sites- Chlor-alkali plant (8 weeks)- Phosphate processing plant- Refueling stations- Petroleum refinery process units and tank farms- Chemical plants- Barges- Oil & gas production facilities- Iron & Steel coke ovens (7 weeks)

Can be installed to collect data over long periods of time.

17Four Corners Configuration

Wind

Surround the pond with four OTM 10 planes

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Wind

4-Corners Technique is forgiving to wind direction changes

Set up and leave configuration for a long period of time

Four Corners Configuration

19OTM 10 For Produced Water Ponds

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Site Source Average AM Flux [g/s]

Site 1 Evaporation Pond 0.18 ± 0.318 g/s

Site 1 Skim Pond 0.90 ± 0.572 g/s

Site 2 Evaporation Pond 0.07 ± 0.062 g/s

Summary of AM Emission Flux Results from Sites

Site Source AreaBenzene

(g/s)Toluene

(g/s)m-Xylene

(g/s)o-Xylene

(g/s)p-Xylene

(g/s)Methanol

(g/s)Methane

(g/s)

WilliamsEvaporation

Pond0.017 0.037 0.014 0.036 0.017 0.001 0.013

Williams Skim Pond 0.086 0.187 0.069 0.180 0.087 0.007 0.066

EncanaEvaporation

Pond0.062 0.022 0.017 0.015 0.014 0.005 0.010

Summary of VOC Emission Flux Results from Sites

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21

N

W E

S

Cell Room

Prevailing wind

OTM 10 Plane

Lumex Roof Vents (Monitored)

50m Water Tower

Outside Sources

22

22

23

BistaticUV-DOASReceivers

Location of LUMEXMercury Analyzer

Cell Room

Bistatic UV-DOAS Sources (3)

18 m

28 m

37 m

53 m

Water Tower

VRPM Plume ReconstructionsChlor-Alkali Plant

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Six Weeks to Six Months

Six weeks, 24/7 of 17 compounds, at Iron and Steel

Next, six months, 24/7, 2 OP-FTIR, 4-corner configuration, at a specific area of a refinery (confidential)

Longer terms, simplified fenceline monitoring is recommended correlated with at the site with any of the flux measuring methods

Flux-Concentraton Site Specific Correlation

y = 0.081x

R2 = 0.78

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Fenceline Path Avg Hourly Concentration (ppb)

Ho

urly

Flu

x (

kg

/hr)

y = 0.88xR2 = 0.49

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

0 200 400 600 800 1000

Fenceline Concentration [mg/m3]

Flu

x [k

g/d

ay]

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Summary

Very good science is being done

All methodologies are important tools

Long term simplified fenceline monitoring is critical

Need to be correlated to short term flux measurement

This correlation is site specific

Moving toward the stated primary objective – better representation of relevant air toxics and GHG annual emissions calculations for various fugitive and area sources