Wireless Web Applications & m-business Dr. Awad Khalil Computer Science Department AUC

1

Wireless Web Applications

&

m-business

Dr. Awad Khalil

Computer Science Department

AUC

2

Components of Wireless Environment

• Wireless Operators & Service Providers

• Independent Hardware Vendors

• Software Infrastructure Providers

• Independent Software Vendors

• System Integrators

• Device Manufacturers

3

Why Go Mobile?

• Business benefits– Increasing revenue

– Reducing costs

• End-user benefits

Challenges• Wireless networks issues• Mobile device diversity• Software infrastructure choices

4

Mobile Devices

Input Mechanisms• Keypad input• Pen-based input• Keyboard input• Voice input

Wireless Communication• Two-unit configuration• Detachable configuration• Integrated configuration

5

Mobile Devices

Mobile Devices Classification• Web-enabled phones• Two-way pagers• Low-end smart phones• Palm-sized PDAs• High-end smart phones• Handheld PCs• Tablet PCs• Notebook/Laptop

6

Mobile & Wireless Messaging

• Email– SMTP Server

– POP3 Server

• Smart Message Service (SMS)• Enhanced Message Service (EMS)• Multimedia Message Service (MMS)• Instant Messaging• Application-to-Application Messaging

7

Mobile & Wireless Security

Creating a Secure Environment• Authentication• Data integrity• Confidentiality• Authorization• Nonrepudiation

Security Threats• Spoofing• Sniffing• Tampering• Theft

8

Mobile & Wireless Security

Security Technologies• Cryptography• Digital certificates• Digital signatures• Public key Infrastructure• Firewalls• Proxy servers• Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)• Two-factor authentication• Biometrics

9

Building Wireless Application

The Client• User Interface• Data storage• Performance• Data Synchronization• Messaging

The Server• Data

Synchronization• Enterprise data

source• Messaging

10

Mobile Operating Systems

• Windows CE• Palm OS• Symbian OS• Linux• Java and J2ME

11

Building Wireless Internet Application

WAP• WAP stands for

Wireless Application Protocol

•

• The WAP protocol is the leading standard for information services on wireless terminals like digital mobile phones.

Development Markup

Languages• WML• HDML• HTML• cHTML• XHTML• VoiceML

Content-generation

Technologies• Common Gateway

Interface (CGI) with Perl

• Active Server Pages

• Java Servlets• JavaServer Pages• XML with XSLT

12What is WAP?

• The wireless industry came up with the idea of WAP.

• The point of this standard was to show internet contents on wireless clients, like mobile phones.

• WAP stands for Wireless Application Protocol

• WAP is an application communication protocol

• WAP is used to access services and information•

• WAP is inherited from Internet standards

• WAP is for handheld devices such as mobile phones•

• WAP is a protocol designed for micro browsers

• WAP enables the creating of web applications for mobile devices.

• WAP uses the mark-up language WML (not HTML)•

• WML is defined as an XML 1.0 application

13

The Wireless Application Protocol

• The WAP protocol is the leading standard for information services on wireless terminals like digital mobile phones.

• The WAP standard is based on Internet standards (HTML, XML and TCP/IP). It consists of a WML language specification, a WMLScript specification, and a Wireless Telephony Application Interface (WTAI) specification.

• WAP is published by the WAP Forum, founded in 1997 by Ericsson, Motorola, Nokia, and Unwired Planet. Forum members now represent over 90% of the global handset market, as well as leading infrastructure providers, software developers and other organizations.

14

WAP Micro Browsers

• To fit into a small wireless terminal, WAP uses a Micro Browser.

• A Micro Browser is a small piece of software that makes minimal demands on hardware, memory and CPU. It can display information written in a restricted mark-up language called WML.

• The Micro Browser can also interpret a reduced version of JavaScript called WMLScript.

15

What is WML?

• WML stands for Wireless Markup Language. It is a mark-up language inherited from HTML, but WML is based on XML, so it is much stricter than HTML.

• WML is used to create pages that can be displayed in a WAP browser. Pages in WML are called DECKS. Decks are constructed as a set of CARDS.

16

What is WMLScript?

• WML uses WMLScript to run simple code on the client. WMLScript is a light JavaScript language. However, WML scripts are not embedded in the WML pages. WML pages only contains references to script URLs. WML scripts need to be compiled into byte code on a server before they can run in a WAP browser.

17

Examples of WAP use

• Checking train table information • Ticket purchase • Flight check in • Viewing traffic information • Checking weather conditions • Looking up stock values • Looking up phone numbers • Looking up addresses • Looking up sport results

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WAP Homepages

• WAP homepages are not very different from HTML homepages. The markup language used for WAP is WML (Wireless Markup Language). WML uses tags - just like HTML - but the syntax is stricter and conforms to the XML 1.0 standard.

• WML pages have the extension *.WML, just like HTML pages have the extension *.HTML.

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WML Tags

• WML is mostly about text. Tags that would slow down the communication with handheld devices are not a part of the WML standard. The use of tables and images is strongly restricted.

• Since WML is an XML application, all tags are case sensitive (<wml> is not the same as <WML>), and all tags must be properly closed.

20

WML Decks and Cards

• WML pages are called DECKS. They are constructed as a set of CARDS, related to each other with links. When a WML page is accessed from a mobile phone, all the cards in the page are downloaded from the WAP server. Navigation between the cards is done by the phone computer - inside the phone - without any extra access trips to the server.

21

Example WML document

<?xml version="1.0"?>

<!DOCTYPE wml PUBLIC "-//WAPFORUM//DTD WML 1.1//EN" "http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/wml_1.1.xml">

<wml>

<card id="HTML" title="HTML Tutorial">

 Welcome to HTML Tutorial 

</card>

<card id="XML" title="XML Tutorial">

 Welcome to XML Tutorial 

</card>

</wml>

22

Decks and Cards

• WML pages are often called "decks". A deck contains a set of cards. A card element can contain text, markup, links, input-fields, tasks, images and more. Cards can be related to each other with links.

• When a WML page is accessed from a mobile phone, all the cards in the page are downloaded from the WAP server. Navigation between the cards is done by the phone computer - inside the phone - without any extra access trips to the server:

23

Decks and Cards



<wml>

<card id="no1" title="Card 1">

Hello World!

</card>

<card id="no2" title="Card 2">

Welcome to our WAP Tutorial!

</card>

</wml>

24

Decks and Cards

• The result MIGHT look like this in your mobile phone display (note that only one card is displayed at a time):

------ Card 1 ------

Hello World!

25

Paragraphs and Line Breaks

• A WML card can be set up to display the paragraph and line break functions of WML:



<wml>

<card title="Paragraphs">

 This is a paragraph 

 This is another with a line break 

</card>

</wml>

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Paragraphs and Line Breaks

• The result MIGHT look like this in your mobile phone display:

------ Paragraphs ------

This is a paragraph

This is another with a line break

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Text Formatting

• A WML card can be set up to display the text formatting functions of WML:



<wml>

<card title="Formatting">

 normal emphasized 

strong bold 

italic underline 

<big>big</big> small 

</card>

</wml>

28

Text Formatting

• The result MIGHT look like this in your mobile phone display (don't take it for granted that all formatting tags will render as expected):

----- Formatting -----normalemphasizedstrongbolditalicunderlinebigsmall

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Tables• A WML card can be set up to display the table

functions of WML:



<wml>

<card title="Table">

<table columns="3">

<tr>

<td>Cell 1</td>

<td>Cell 2</td>

<td>Cell 3</td>

</tr>

</table>



</card>

</wml>

------ Table ------

Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3

30Links

• A WML card can be set up to display the anchor functions of WML.

• The <anchor> tag always has a task ("go", "prev", or "refresh") specified. The task defines what to do when the user selects the link. In this example, when the user selects the "Next page" link, the task says "go to the file test.wml":



<wml>

<card title="Anchor Tag">

 <anchor>Next page <go href="test.wml"/> </anchor> 

</card>

</wml>

31Links

• The <a> tag always performs a "go" task, with no variables. The example below does the same as the <anchor> tag example:



<wml>

<card title="A Tag">

 <a href="test.wml">Next page</a> 

</card>

</wml>

32Image

• A WML card can be set up to display an image:



<wml>

<card title="Image">

 This is an image <img src="/images/stickman.wbmp“

alt="stickman" /> in a paragraph 

</card>

</wml>

33

Image


• Note that .wbmp is the only image type that can be displayed in a WAP browser.

------ Image ------

This is an image in a paragraph

34Input Fields

• A WML card can be set up to let a user enter information, as demonstrated in this example:



<wml>

<card title="Input">

 Name: <input name="Name" size="15"/> 

Age: <input name="Age" size="15" format="*N"/> 

Sex: <input name="Sex" size="15"/> 

</card>

</wml>

35

Input Fields


----- Input ----------

Name:

Age :

Sex :

36Select and Option

• A WML card, can be set up to display the select and option functions of WML:



<wml>

<card title="Selectable List 1">



<select>

<option value="htm">HTML Tutorial</option>

<option value="xml">XML Tutorial</option>

<option value="wap">WAP Tutorial</option>

</select> 

</card>

</wml>

37

Select and Option


--- Selectable List 1---

HTML Tutorial

XML Tutorial

WAP Tutorial

38WML Tasks

• A task specifies what action to perform when an event, like entering a card or selecting a link, occurs.

• Go Task

• The <go> task represents the action of switching to a new card.



<wml>

<card> 

<anchor> Go To Test <go href="test.wml"/> </anchor> 

</card>

</wml>

39Prev Task

• The <prev> task represents the action of going back to the previous card.

<?xml version="1.0"?> <!DOCTYPE wml PUBLIC "-//WAPFORUM//DTD WML 1.1//EN" "http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/wml_1.1.xml">

<wml>

<card> 

<anchor> Previous Page <prev/> </anchor> 

</card>

</wml>

40Refresh Task

• The <refresh> task refreshes some specified card variables. If any of the variables are shown on the screen, this task also refreshes the screen.

• The example below uses an <anchor> tag to add a "Refresh this page" link to the card. When the user clicks on the link, he or she refreshes the page and the value of the variable x will be set to 30:


<wml>

<card> 

<anchor> Refresh this page <go href="thispage.wml"/>

<refresh> <setvar name="x" value="30"/> </refresh>

</anchor> 

</card>

</wml>

41Noop Task

• The <noop> task says that nothing should be done (noop stands for "no operation"). This tag is used to override deck-level elements.

• The <do> tag can be used to activate a task when the user clicks on a word/phrase on the screen.

• The example below uses a <do> tag to add a "Back" link to the card. When the user clicks on the "Back" link, he or she should be taken back to the previous card. But the <noop> tag prevents this operation; when the user clicks on the "Back" link

nothing will happen: <?xml version="1.0"?> <!DOCTYPE wml PUBLIC "-//WAPFORUM//DTD WML

1.1//EN" "http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/wml_1.1.xml">

<wml>

<card> 

<do name="back" type="prev" label="Back"><noop/> </do> 

</card>

</wml>

42WML Timer

• A WML card can be set up to use the timer function of WML. The time unit of the timer is 1/10 of a second.

• The example below will display a message for 3 seconds, and then take you to the file "test.wml":


<wml>

<card ontimer="test.wml"><timer value="30"/> Some Message

</card>

</wml>

43WML Variables

• Variables

• When a user switches from card to card in a deck, we need to store data in variables. WML variables are case sensitive.

• Specify a Variable with the Setvar Command• When someone executes a task (like go, prev, and refresh), the setvar element can be used to

set a variable with a specified value.

• The following example will create a variable named i with a value of 500:

• <setvar name="i" value="500"/>

• The name and value attributes are required.

• Specify a Variable through an Input Element• Variables can also be set through an input element (like input, select, option, etc.).

• The following example will create a variable named schoolname:

• <card id="card1"> <select name="schoolname"> <option value="HTML">HTML Tutorial</option> <option value="XML">XML Tutorial</option> </select> </card>

• To use the variable we created in the example above:

• <card id="card2"> You selected: $(schoolname) </card>

44WML Examples

• A WML deck with two cards - one for user input and one for displaying the result - can be set up, as demonstrated in this example:


<wml>

<card id="card1" title="Tutorial">

<do type="accept" label="Answer"> <go href="#card2"/> </do> 

<select name="name">

<option value="HTML">HTML Tutorial</option>

<option value="XML">XML Tutorial</option>

<option value="WAP">WAP Tutorial</option>

</select> 

</card>

<card id="card2" title="Answer"> You selected: $(name) 

</card>

</wml>

45

WML Examples

--- Tutorial---

HTML Tutorial

XML Tutorial

WAP Tutorial

Answer


--- Answer---

You selected: HTML

46

WAP Demo• The WAP Demo requires Microsoft Internet Explorer 5.0 or higher

• To test and compile your WML code, you can download the Nokia Mobile Internet Toolkit for free. The Nokia Mobile Internet Toolkit supports the complete WAP 2.0 specification, including XHTML and CSS.

• If you place WML code on your IIS or Apache server, you don't need to compile it. This is a job for the WAP Gateway. Simply host your native WML code on your server.

47WAP Company

• Symbian

• Symbian was established as a private independent company in June 1998 and is owned by Ericsson, Nokia, Matsushita (Panasonic), Motorola, Psion, Siemens and Sony Ericsson. Symbian supplies the advanced, open, standard operating system - Symbian OS - for data-enabled mobile phones.

48WAP Company

• MobileDev

• MobileDev is the first Wireless Development Environment (WDE) specifically for WAP Internet applications. Its innovative open-ended development model integrates a graphical application mapper with a wizard interface and a rich tool set. MobileDev supports WAP technologies like WML, HDML, Microsoft Active Server Pages (ASP), Perl and Java Server Pages (JSP).

• Using the GUI application mapper to show the relationships between objects, developers can quickly outline the components of a WAP application. Then they can take advantage of wizards that generate Decks and Cards in both WML and HDML, and use MobileDev's code builder to write WML/HDML syntax that complements the wizard-generated code. The integration of the application mapper with wizards and the code builder provides a seamless WDE that delivers results fast.

• MobileDev comes complete with its own powerful integrated runtime engine, MobileDev Server Script. Server Script can quickly create prototypes or build full-blown business WAP applications that can be natively connected to an RDBMS. MobileDev WDE is also designed to support development in ASP, JSP, Perl or other template-based server technologies.

49WAP Company

• PyWeb - Put Your Content on Mobile

• PyWeb.com

• PyWeb enables Webmasters to be "WAP-ready" as quickly and cheaply as possible. Mastering the WAP technology, the PyWeb offer is based on a software package hosted on PyWeb servers as an Application Service Provider.

Outline50

Fig23_2.wml

1 <?xml version = "1.0"?>2 <!DOCTYPE wml PUBLIC "-//WAPFORUM//DTD WML 1.2//EN"3 "http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/wml12.dtd"> 45 6 7 8 <wml>9 <card id = "index" title = "WML Title">10 11 Welcome to wireless programming!12 13 </card> 14 </wml>

This text will be displayed in the browser window.

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Program Output

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Fig23_4.wml

1 <?xml version = "1.0"?>2 <!DOCTYPE wml PUBLIC "-//WAPFORUM//DTD WML 1.2//EN"3 "http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/wml12.dtd"> 45 6 78 <wml>9 <card id = "index" title = "Icons">10 11 Local Icons 1213 14 <a href = "#card2">1516 17 <img src = "" alt = "Link" localsrc = "link" />18 </a>Link 19 20 21 <a href = "#card3">22 <img src = "" alt = "Wrench" localsrc = "wrench" />23 </a>Wrench 24 25 26 <a href = "fig23_5.wml#card4">27 <img src = "" alt = "Football" localsrc = "football" />28 </a>Football 29 30 <a href = "fig23_5.wml#card5">31 <img src = "" alt = "Boat" localsrc = "boat" />32 </a>Boat33 34 </card>

The text Link is a link to card2.

The text Wrench is a link to card3.

The text Football is a link to card4 in fig23_5.wml.

The boat local icon is a link to card5 in fig23_5.wml.

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Fig23_4.wml

3536 <card id = "card2" title = "Icons">37 38 You chose the link!39 40 </card> 4142 <card id = "card3" title = "Wrench Link">43 44 You chose the wrench!45 46 </card> 47 </wml>

Result of choosing the link icon.

Result of choosing the wrench icon.

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Fig23_5.wml

1 <?xml version = "1.0"?>2 <!DOCTYPE wml PUBLIC "-//WAPFORUM//DTD WML 1.2//EN"3 "http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/wml12.dtd"> 45 6 78 <wml>9 <card id = "card4" title = "Football Link">10 11 You chose the football!12 13 </card> 1415 <card id = "card5" title = "Boat Link">16 17 You chose the boat!18 19 </card> 20 </wml>

Result of choosing the football link.

Result choosing the boat link.

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Program Output

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WelcomeDoc.wmls

1 // Fig. 23.6: welcomeDoc.wmls2 // Writing a line of text34 extern function welcome() 5 {6 // creating a browser variable and assigning it a value7 WMLBrowser.setVar( "welcome", 8 "Welcome to WMLScript programming!" );910 // refresh the display window11 WMLBrowser.refresh();12 } Method setVar creates a browser variable

welcome with the value of the string “Welcome to WMLScript programming”.

Method refresh refreshes the browser and all variable values.

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Fig23_7.wml

1 <?xml version = "1.0"?>2 <!DOCTYPE wml PUBLIC "-//WAPFORUM//DTD WML 1.2//EN"3 "http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/wml12.dtd"> 4 5 6 78 <wml>9 <card id = "Line" title = "Line">1011 <onevent type = "onenterforward">1213 14 <go href = "welcomeDoc.wmls#welcome()" />1516 </onevent>17 18 19 $welcome 20 21 </card>22 </wml>

Dereferencing browser variable welcome displays its value.

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Program Output

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DialogPrompt.wmls

1 // Fig. 8: dialogPrompt.wmls2 // Printing multiple lines in a dialog34 extern function displayDialog() 5 {6 Dialogs.alert( "Welcome to\nWMLScript\nProgramming!" );7 }

The alert method displays the string passed to it in a dialog box.

Each line break character places the remaining text on the next line in the browser.

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Fig23_9.wml

1 <?xml version = "1.0"?>2 <!DOCTYPE wml PUBLIC "-//WAPFORUM//DTD WML 1.2//EN"3 "http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/wml12.dtd"> 4 5 6 78 <wml>9 <card id = "Dialog" title = "Dialog">1011 12 <onevent type = "onenterforward"> 1314 15 16 <go href = "dialogPrompt.wmls#displayDialog()" />1718 </onevent>1920 </card>21 </wml>

Setting the type attribute to onenterforward causes the action of the go element to be executed when the card is entered.

When the cars is entered, function displayDialog will be called.

Outline61

Program Output

Soft keys

Outline62

SquareNumbers.wmls

1 // Fig. 10: squareNumbers.wmls2 // Programmer-defined functions34 extern function count() 5 { 6 // prompt the user for a number7 var inputNumber = Dialogs.prompt( 8 "Enter a number to be squared", "" );910 // convert the number to an integer and pass11 // the number to function square12 var numberSquared = square( Lang.parseInt( inputNumber ) );1314 var outputSquare = inputNumber + " squared is " + 15 numberSquared;1617 // set the string to a browser variable and 18 // redirect the client to the card named result19 WMLBrowser.setVar( "result1", outputSquare );20 WMLBrowser.go( "#result" );21 }2223 function square( y )24 {25 return y * y;26 }

Method prompt displays a dialog box that displays a message and an input field.The first argument passed to method

prompt is the message that is displayed in the dialog.

The second argument passed to methos prompt is the default value for the input field

Call function square and pass it the value input by the user.Variable y gets the value of inputNumber.

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Fig23_11.wml

1 <?xml version = "1.0"?>2 <!DOCTYPE wml PUBLIC "-//WAPFORUM//DTD WML 1.2//EN"3 "http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/wml12.dtd"> 45 6 78 <wml>9 <card id = "index" title = "Number Squared">1011 12 <do type = "accept" label = "OK">13 <go href = "squareNumbers.wmls#count()" />14 </do>1516 17 Press OK to square a number.18 19 </card>2021 <card id = "result" title = "Results">2223 6 78 <wml>9 <card id = "index" title = "getVar">10 <do type = "accept" label = "Run">1112 13 <go href = "getVariable.wmls#getName()" />1415 </do>16 17 18 Enter your name: 1920 21 <input name = "username" value = "" />2223 24 </card> 2526 <card id = "card2" title = "getVar">2728 29 30 <do type = "accept" label = "Back">31 <prev />32 </do>33

This soft key calls function getName when pressed.

This input field allows the user to enter a username.

This soft key sends the client to the previous card.

Outline67

GetVar.wml

Program Output

34 35 $result 36 37 </card> 38 </wml> Dereferencing browser variable result displays

the results of the script.

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FunctionSet.wmls

1 // Fig. 23.14: functionSet.wmls 2 // Demonstrating String object methods34 extern function stringMethods() 5 {6 var string1 = "";7 var empty;89 // test if string1 is empty10 if ( String.isEmpty( string1 ) )11 empty = "string1 is empty";12 else13 empty = "string1 is not empty";1415 WMLBrowser.setVar( "emptyString1", empty );1617 // format the string to have 12 spaces between 18 // "Wireless" and "Web"19 string1 = String.format( "Wireless%15s", "Web" );2021 WMLBrowser.setVar( "formatString1", string1 );2223 // squeeze the string until one space is left24 string1 = String.squeeze( string1 );2526 WMLBrowser.setVar( "squeezeString1", string1 );2728 // use method element to count the elements in string129 // use the toString method to convert the integer to 30 // a string31 var count = String.toString( String.elements( string1, " ") );3233 WMLBrowser.setVar( "elementsString1", count );34

The value of variable string1 begins as an empty string.

Method isEmpty determines if the string is empty and returns true if it is.

After invoking the format method, the value of string1 will be “Wireless Web” with 12 spaces separating the two words.

Method squeeze eliminates all consecutive whitespace leaving one space between Wireless and Web.

Method elements determines the amount of elements in a string separated by a space (the second argument).Method toString converts the integer value

returns by method elements to a string.

Outline69

FunctionSet.wmls

35 // find string starting at index 8 and ending with a space36 var string1Element = String.elementAt( string1, 8, " " );3738 WMLBrowser.setVar( "elementAtString1", string1Element );3940 // get the length of string141 var length = String.length( string1 );42 43 // insert "Book" at the end of string144 string1 = String.insertAt( string1, "Book", length, " " );4546 WMLBrowser.setVar( "insertAtString1", string1 );4748 // replace "Web" with "Deitel" where "Web" has an 49 // index of 150 string1 = String.replaceAt( string1, "Deitel", 1, " " );51 52 WMLBrowser.setVar( "replaceAtString1", string1 );5354 // remove "Wireless" from string155 string1 = String.removeAt( string1, 0, " " );5657 WMLBrowser.setVar( "removeAtString1", string1 ); 58 WMLBrowser.go( "#card2" ); 59 }

Method elementAt will return a substring from the value of string1 starting at index 8 and ending at a space.

Method length returns the number of characters in string1 as an integer.

Method replaceAt removes “Web” from string1 and replaces it with the string “Deitel” (Wireless Deitel Book).

Method insertAt inserts the string “Book” at the end of the value of string1 (Wireless Web Book).

Method removeAt removes the string “Wireless” from the value of string1 leaving “Deitel Book”.

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StringMisc.wml

1 <?xml version = "1.0"?>2 <!DOCTYPE wml PUBLIC "-//WAPFORUM//DTD WML 1.2//EN"3 "http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/wml12.dtd"> 4 5 6 78 <wml>910 <card id = "index" title = "strings">11 <do type = "accept" label = "Run">1213 14 <go href = "functionSet.wmls#stringMethods()" />1516 </do>17 18 19 Click Run to execute the script.20 21 </card> 2223 <card id ="card2" title = "strings">24 <do type = "accept" label = "Run">25 26 27 28 <go href = "#card3" />2930 </do>31

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StringMisc.wml

32 33 isEmpty method: 34 35 36 $emptyString13738 39 </card>40 41 <card id = "card3" title = "strings">42 <do type = "accept" label = "Run">4344 45 46 <go href = "#card4" />4748 </do>49 50 51 String.format method: 5253 54 $formatString155 56 </card> 57 58 <card id = "card4" title = "strings">59 <do type = "accept" label = "Run">6061 62 63 <go href = "#card5" />64 </do>65

Display results of invoking method isEmpty.

Display result of invoking method format.

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StringMisc.wml

66 67 String.squeeze method: 6869 70 $squeezeString171 7273 </card> 74 75 <card id = "card5" title = "strings">76 <do type = "accept" label = "Run">7778 79 80 <go href = "#card6" />81 </do>82 83 84 String.elements method: 8586 87 $elementsString188 89 </card> 90 91 <card id = "card6" title = "strings">92 <do type = "accept" label = "Run">9394 95 96 <go href = "#card7" />97 </do>98

Display results of invoking method squeeze.

Display result of invoking method elements.

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StringMisc.wml

99 100 String.elementAt method: 101102 103 $elementAtString1104 105 </card> 106 107 <card id = "card7" title = "strings">108 <do type = "accept" label = "Run">109110 111 112 <go href = "#card8" />113 </do>114 115 116 String.insertAt method: 117118 119 $insertAtString1120 121 </card> 122 123 <card id = "card8" title = "strings">124 <do type = "accept" label = "Run">125126 127 128 <go href = "#card9" />129 </do>130

Display results of invoking method elementAt.

Display result of invoking method insertAt.

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StringMisc.wml

131 132 String.replaceAt method: 133134 135 $replaceAtString1136 137 </card> 138 139 <card id = "card9" title = "strings">140 <do type = "accept" label = "Home">141142 143 <go href = "#index" />144 </do>145 146 147 String.removeAt method: 148149 150 $removeAtString1151 152 </card> 153 </wml>

Display results of invoking method replaceAt.

Display result of invoking method removeAt.

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Program Output

Outline76

Program Output

Wireless Web Applications & m-business Dr. Awad Khalil Computer Science Department AUC

Documents

wap standard

wireless terminals

information wap

wireless industry

wireless clients

wap forum

mobile phones wap

idea of wap