Wireless Sensor Networks: Principle and Challenges Ruby Singh M.Tech Final year,IT Branch ITM University,Gwalior [email protected]Shashi Kant Gupta Asst. Prof, CSE Dept. ITM University, Gwalior [email protected]Ms. Pallavi Khatri Associate Prof, CSE Dept ITM University, Gwalior [email protected]ABSTRACT The esteem of Wireless Sensor Networks has increased tremendously in recent time due to growth in Micro-Electro- Mechanical Systems technology. WSN has the potentiality to connect the physical world with the virtual world by forming a network of sensor nodes. In this paper there is a study of issues and challenges of security attack on wireless sensor network .After that study of some routing protocols in wireless sensor network and comparison between multipath routing protocols are also discussed in this paper. General Terms Wireless Sensor Network, Routing Protocol, Security in WSN Keywords Wireless Sensor Network, Routing, LEACH , DSR, SPIN 1. INTRODUCTION Wireless sensor network[1][5] is widely used and it provides variety of applications like in military areas, environment monitoring, presence or absence of certain kinds of objects. Each sensor node has a radio transceiver and microcontroller. A sensor node can be of size like shoebox or grain of dust. A sensor coverts energy in physical environment into electric energy. In order to cover large geographical area nodes in sensor network are deployed in ad-hoc fashion. Sensor network can be used in many fields like in forest fire detection, natural disaster prevention, landslide detection and so on. Sensor networks are application specific means for different applications different sensors are used and behavior of the network differs in different application. Fig 1: Architecture of Sensor Network In the above diagram actuator is a type of motor for moving or controlling a mechanism which is an optional part. We can see that in the diagram there is a process which is sensed by a sensor and ADC is analog to digital converter and DAC is digital to analog. Fig: 2 Wireless Sensor Network A wireless sensor network consists of sink node which is also called as base station. In the above diagram all sensor send their data to sink and sink is connected to internet for further processing of sensed data 2. ISSUES IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK 2.1 Design Issues In order to design good applications for wireless micro-sensor networks, it is essential to understand factors important to the sensor network applications. Although WSNs share some commonalities with existing wireless ad-hoc networks they pose a number of technical challenges different from traditional wireless ad-hoc networks. To illustrate this point, differences between sensor networks and traditional networks are outlined below: 2.1.1 Energy Issue Energy is the major issue in wireless sensor network. In wireless sensor network sensor nodes have limited memory, bandwidth, and energy and computation power. These tiny sensors are inexpensive and doing some limited data processing. Because of small size, small batteries are not easily recharged or replaced when deployed in remote and hostile environments. Many techniques have been suggested for improving energy efficiency in wireless sensor network since it determines the lifetime of wireless sensor network. There are many techniques which have been suggested for energy efficiency. First technique is on demand scheme or event based scheme in which switching of radio to sleep state when there is no data to send or receive takes place. There is Proc ess Sensor Conditioning ADC con Actuator DAC Signal -processing Ruby Singh et al, Int.J.Computer Technology & Applications,Vol 6 (1),57-63 IJCTA | Jan-Feb 2015 Available [email protected]57 ISSN:2229-6093
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Wireless Sensor Networks: Principle and Challenges
Ruby Singh
M.Tech Final year,IT Branch ITM University,Gwalior
protocol) and ZHLS (Zone hierarchical based link state)
protocol..
3.3 Protocol Operation Routing protocol can also be categorized on the basis of
protocol operation
3.3.1 QOS (Quality of Service) There are some quality of service metrics like high reliability, low jitter, low energy consumption and low end to end delay.
Quality of service protocols exploits some of these metrics.
For example SAR (Sequential assignment routing) this is a
multipath routing protocol in which multiple trees are created. Based on QOS routes are selected by keeping in mind energy
level, like how many packets can be transmitted successfully
without energy depletion but this is expensive since
establishment and maintenance of trees is needed.
3.3.2 Multi-Path routing This type of routing [3] [4] is used to find alternate paths from
source to the base station and provides reliability, fault
tolerance, load balancing and reduced delay. Some multi-path routing protocols are discussed below
3.3.2.1 REAR (Reliable energy aware routing
protocol) This is an alternative routing and it considers residual energy capacity of nodes. It provides reliability as well as energy
efficiency in sensor network. In REAR [6] sensor node can
confirm about successful transmission of packets by DATA-
ACK oriented packet transmission which is sent by sink to source node. In this protocol when the capacity of sensor node
is degraded under the threshold value in the path then
alternate routing path can be used. Thus there is a alternative
route when the first route is degraded. When a source wants to
establish a connection with the destination it broadcast MREQ
(multi path route request) packet, nodes receiving this packet
forward it after checking their energy level. Nodes forward
packet after some delay depends on their energy level and thus nodes having more energy forward MREQ more quickly
in the network. This facilitates selection of nodes having more
energy thus provides energy efficiency. . Limitation of this
protocol is interference problem is neglected
3.3.2.2 H-SPREAD In this protocol extra routes can be finding by additional messages and it breaks the rule of one message per node. A
sensor node informs its neighbors when it finds an alternate
path and this information is recursively propagated through
the network in order to maximize number of disjoint paths. H-Spread is useful in node failure and link failure situations in
the network .H-SPREAD utilizes the N-1 routing algorithm
therefore it faces wireless interference.
3.3.2.3 N-1 Protocol
In this type of multi-path protocol node-disjoint routes are found between a base station and source by this protocol. In
this security and reliability is improved by multi-paths but
during route construction phase this protocol does not see
energy level of the node.
3.3.2.4 MMSPEED Protocol MMSPEED protocol stands for multipath multi-speed protocol. It provides QOS (quality of service) and reduces
overhead since it does not require global network state
updates. This protocol based on geographic locations of
nodes. MMSPEED provides multiple redundant paths from source to a destination. Drawback of this protocol is it does
not focus on energy metric.
3.3.2.5 Braided Multipath Protocol In this type of routing there are small number of alternative
paths on the existing paths which are called main paths and
these alternative paths are known as braided multipath The main idea behind this routing is to find alternative paths for
each node on the main path provided that these alternative
paths does not contain that node. In this protocol there is
maintenance overhead of these alternative paths and these
paths are energy inefficient. Comparative study of multipath
routing protocols is done and shown in the table below.
Protocols are compared on the basis of number of paths they
choose, reliability, and energy and so on.
Ruby Singh et al, Int.J.Computer Technology & Applications,Vol 6 (1),57-63