Wireless Power and Data Transfer for Sonar Array Applications By: Ricardo M. Silva Advised by: Dr. Rajeev Bansal (Univ. of Connecticut) Mr. Michael Sullivan.

Wireless Power and Data TransferWireless Power and Data Transfer

forfor

Sonar Array Applications Sonar Array Applications

By:By:Ricardo M. SilvaRicardo M. Silva

Advised by:Advised by:Dr. Rajeev Bansal (Univ. of Connecticut)Dr. Rajeev Bansal (Univ. of Connecticut)Mr. Michael Sullivan (Electric Boat)Mr. Michael Sullivan (Electric Boat)

Sponsored by:Sponsored by:Electric BoatElectric Boat

Lockheed MartinLockheed Martin

In cooperation with:In cooperation with:EDOEDO

NUWCNUWC

ProblemProblem

Future sensor systems such as large passive hull Future sensor systems such as large passive hull mounted submarine sonar arrays may have mounted submarine sonar arrays may have thousands of sensors.thousands of sensors.

Cables and connectors can dominate the cost of Cables and connectors can dominate the cost of an arrayan array::

Labor intensive.Labor intensive. High quality connectors are expensiveHigh quality connectors are expensive..

Hull penetrators are expensive and bulkyHull penetrators are expensive and bulky..

Problem (Continuation)Problem (Continuation)

Cables and connectors are a major cause of Cables and connectors are a major cause of failure in large electronic systems both failure in large electronic systems both underwater and in the air.underwater and in the air.

Repairing faulty cables and connectors is difficult:Repairing faulty cables and connectors is difficult: Identifying the bad cableIdentifying the bad cable Removing and replacing itRemoving and replacing it Labor intensiveLabor intensive

SummarySummary

Overall Block DiagramOverall Block Diagram

Proposed Layout for Future ArraysProposed Layout for Future Arrays

RECTENNARECTENNA ( (RECRECtifying antifying anTENNATENNA))

Waveguide SetupWaveguide Setup

RFPOWER SOURCE

HULL PENETRATOR

DATA RECEIVER

DATAOUTTO

PROCESSOR

OverallOverall

Block Block

DiagramDiagramWAVEGUIDE

MODULE 1:a

RECTIFICATION &REGULATION

MODULE 1:b

DATATRANSMITTER

SOUNDDCPOWER

MODULE 2 MODULE 3 MODULE 4

Proposed Layout for Future ArraysProposed Layout for Future Arrays

Sensors

Telemetry Port

Power Port

Hull

Rectenna – The most critical part of this systemRectenna – The most critical part of this system

- VDC

+ VDC

Low PassFilter

D.C.Filter

½ Wave Dipole Antenna(fo= 1GHz)

This filter shorts the AC component of the rectified signal to ground

High efficiency Schottky diode

This filter allows 1GHz through but prevents harmonics from re-radiating

Operation similar to a clamper circuit

Waveguide SetupWaveguide Setup

Cross-Section View

Dielectric Medium(I.E. TEFLON)

1GHz WaveguideSound SensorsWith embeddedRectennas

Side View

1GHz Slot Antennas

Top View

2002 Senior-Design2002 Senior-Design Outstanding Problems Outstanding Problems

Efficiency of Rectenna was low (Efficiency of Rectenna was low (≈ 11%)≈ 11%)Efficiency of voltage regulator was low (≈ 50%)Efficiency of voltage regulator was low (≈ 50%)Unable to power more than two sensorsUnable to power more than two sensorsMonopole antenna position in the waveguide prevented Monopole antenna position in the waveguide prevented multiple sensors from being poweredmultiple sensors from being poweredSchottky diodes were operating at their power extremes Schottky diodes were operating at their power extremes causing thermal degradation over operational timecausing thermal degradation over operational timeVery basic telemetry system with high power Very basic telemetry system with high power requirements requirements (250 mW)(250 mW)Lacked an efficient waveguide architecture that could be Lacked an efficient waveguide architecture that could be deployed unto a large scale sensor arraydeployed unto a large scale sensor array

Project TimelineProject Timeline

Phase-1Phase-1 To be conducted during year 2003To be conducted during year 2003 Architecture for waterborne arrayArchitecture for waterborne array Preliminary workPreliminary work ModelingModeling

Phase-2Phase-2 To be conducted during year 2004To be conducted during year 2004 Implement designImplement design Test prototypeTest prototype

Phase–1 Overall ArchitecturePhase–1 Overall Architecture

BROAD BAND PRESSURE SENSOR WIRELESS ARRAY CONFIGURATION

COMPLIANT TUBE BAFFLES

METAL/FIBERGLASS MOUNTING PLATE

WAVEGUIDE

SENSOR

LOW BANDREFLECTION

MID BANDREFLECTION

HIGH BANDREFLECTION

Cross-Section View

Courtesy of Mr. Sullivan

Phase–1 Overall ArchitecturePhase–1 Overall Architecture

Courtesy of Mr. Sullivan

2

0.5

2.5

0.25, 2X2 ANGLE, AlAl PLATE

14

GLUE

POLYETHYLENE

VOIDEDURETHANE

1/8 Al WAVEGUIDE

1/8 Al WAVEGUIDE COVER

6

3

2.5

HYDROPHONE(6 SPACED AT 6”)

DIMENTIONS IN INCHES

6 ELEMENT WIRELESS ACOUSTIC ARRAY STAVE 3.5 kHz REGION

ASSUMPTIONS:HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENESPEED = 7970 FPSG/CM3 = 0.69Z = 2.33 MRayl

MODULE ELECTRONICSPROBABLY SOLID FILLEDEST. MAX. DIM. 2X5X1.25

Phase–1 Overall ArchitecturePhase–1 Overall Architecture

Courtesy of Mr. Sullivan

6 6 6

6

48

3

6

TOP VIEW

SIDE VIEW

.

DIELECTRIC FILLED WAVEGUIDE WIRELESS ACOUSTIC ARRAY STAVE

1 GHzMONOPOLEANTENNA(POWER XMIT.)

1 GHz SLOTANTENNA(POWER RCV.)

2.45 GHz SLOTANTENNA(DATA XMIT.)

HYDROPHONE

POLYETHYLENEDIELECTRIC

RAM

DIMENSIONS ARE IN INCHES

ELECTRONICSHOUSING

Polyethylene has been considered as a possible dielectric medium due to its low cost (1/10 of Teflon), low RF absorption at 1GHz (loss tangent =9.3E-4, .127dB/m), and good acoustic properties ( V=2.3 Km/Sec, Z = 2.33 Mray)

Phase–1 Overall ArchitecturePhase–1 Overall ArchitecturePower Distribution - Proposed Waveguide Architectures

TX Antenna

Serpentine Manifold Corporate

TX Antenna

TX Antenna

Phase-1Phase-1AntennasAntennas

Necessary to extract power from the waveguide to the Necessary to extract power from the waveguide to the rectennarectenna

Slot AntennasSlot Antennas Widely used in radar arraysWidely used in radar arrays Easy to manufactureEasy to manufacture

Stub AntennasStub Antennas Require insertion into the dielectric mediumRequire insertion into the dielectric medium Uncommon applicationUncommon application Analysis required to determine the effect of the stubs in the path Analysis required to determine the effect of the stubs in the path

of the propagating energyof the propagating energy

Phase-1Phase-1Rectenna DesignRectenna Design

The rectenna is the most crucial component in this systemThe rectenna is the most crucial component in this system

Previously, Silicon (Si) Schottky diodes with a Frequency-Cut-Off (fco) of 3.7 Previously, Silicon (Si) Schottky diodes with a Frequency-Cut-Off (fco) of 3.7 GHz were usedGHz were used

The rectifying diodes should have a fco at least 10 x the operating frequency The rectifying diodes should have a fco at least 10 x the operating frequency ( > 10 X 1 GHz)( > 10 X 1 GHz)

Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) diodes will be used in the future due to their higher Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) diodes will be used in the future due to their higher carrier mobilitycarrier mobility

By keeping the power consumption of each sensor low, it will be possible to By keeping the power consumption of each sensor low, it will be possible to use smaller diodes with a smaller junction capacitance (Cjo) which will have use smaller diodes with a smaller junction capacitance (Cjo) which will have a higher fco (higher efficiency) (fco= 1 / (2 x pi x Rs x Cjo))a higher fco (higher efficiency) (fco= 1 / (2 x pi x Rs x Cjo))

Phase-1Phase-1Rectenna DesignRectenna Design

- VDC

+ VDC

Low PassFilter

D.C.Filter

½ Wave Dipole Antenna(fo= 1GHz)

This filter shorts the AC component of the rectified signal to ground

High efficiency Schottky diode

This filter allows 1GHz through but prevents harmonics from re-radiating

Phase-1Phase-1SensorsSensors

Mr. Sullivan contacted EDOMr. Sullivan contacted EDO Mr. James Smith (EDO)Mr. James Smith (EDO) Mr. Wayne Richardson (EDO)Mr. Wayne Richardson (EDO)

EDO is very interested in supplying a low-power EDO is very interested in supplying a low-power HydrophoneHydrophone Currently working with Electric Boat, UConn, and Currently working with Electric Boat, UConn, and

Lockheed Martin in identifying a suitable HydrophoneLockheed Martin in identifying a suitable Hydrophone

Phase-1Phase-1Data TelemetryData Telemetry

EDO will be working with Lockheed Martin in providing EDO will be working with Lockheed Martin in providing specifications for the Hydrophonesspecifications for the Hydrophones

Lockheed Martin will provide the most expertise in the Lockheed Martin will provide the most expertise in the area of telemetryarea of telemetry

UConn has done limited research in this area since UConn has done limited research in this area since UConn is concentrating its efforts in the power delivery UConn is concentrating its efforts in the power delivery systemsystem

Phase-1Phase-1ModelingModeling

Mr. Paul Medeiros (NUWC) will be sharing his expertise Mr. Paul Medeiros (NUWC) will be sharing his expertise in HFSS (Ansoft) and will kindly assist UConn in in HFSS (Ansoft) and will kindly assist UConn in prototype modelingprototype modeling

Mrs. Radhika Gurumurthy (UConn) has begun helping Mrs. Radhika Gurumurthy (UConn) has begun helping this team with HFSS modelingthis team with HFSS modeling

Dr. Marco Farina (MeM Research) will also be assisting Dr. Marco Farina (MeM Research) will also be assisting UConn with 3D electromagnetic modelsUConn with 3D electromagnetic models

System Sub-System Status Timeframe Remarks Conclusion ID

Overall - Architecture 22

Waveguide Layout WIP P1A serpentine / corporate (Power) 23

Waveguide Dimensions JC P1A for 1GHz operation 3" x 6 " 24

Waveguide Dielectric JC P1A Cheaper then Teflon Polyethylene 25

Waveguide Cyl Vs Rect AW P1A Cyl W/G Vs Rect W/G 26

Rectenna 27

Diode WIP P1A GaAs 28

Design of Rectenna AW P1B filters, etc 29

Slot Vs Stub WIP P1A simulation to be conducted 30

Voltage Regulation AW P1B Awaiting specs from EDO/LM 31

Sensor 32

Hydrophones WIP P1A EDO is working with EB/LM 33

Telemetry 34

Data Telemetry AW P1B Awaiting LM response 35

Project Progress Project Progress

Modeling 36

Slot Antenna in W/G WIP P1A look at near field Pattern radiation 37

Stub Antenna in W/G AW P1A Identify energy pattern in TE10 38

W/G Serpentine AW P1A Look at reflections 39

W/G Corporate Feed AW P1A Look at power distribution 40

W/G Manifold Feed AW P1B Look at power distribution 41

Rectenna PSPICE JC P1A Rectenna behaved like clamper see remarks 42

Prototype 43

Build Waveguide AW P2A 44

Build Rectenna AW P2A 45

Test Prototype AW P2A 46

Incorporate Sensor AW P2B 47

Incorporate Telemetry AW P2B 48

Test Prototype AW P2B 49

System Sub-System Status Timeframe Remarks Conclusion ID

Project Progress (Cont.)Project Progress (Cont.)