Wireless Electric Propulsion Light Rail Transit Systems in Spain Francisco Calvo University of Granada Granada, Spain [email protected] Andrew Nash Emch+Berger AG Bern Vienna, Austria [email protected]
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Wireless Electric Propulsion Light Rail Transit Systems in Spain
FranciscoCalvoUniversityofGranada
Granada,[email protected]
AndrewNashEmch+Berger AGBern
Vienna,[email protected]
Outline
• LightrailtransitinSpain• Typesofwirelesspropulsion• WirelesspropulsioninSpanishLRTnetworks
• ExperiencewithwirelesspropulsioninSpain(surveyresults)
• Conclusions
Vitoria-Gasteiz:Tram
(Photo:AndrewNash)
Spanish LRT Boom
• Madrid§ ML1§ ML2§ ML3
• Parla (Madridsatellite)• Barcelona
§ Trambaix (3lines)§ Trambesos (3lines)
• Bilbao• Tenerife• Vitoria• Murcia• Valencia• Seville(partwireless)• Zaragoza(partwireless)• Granada(partwireless)
NewTramLinesinSpain
(Basemap:GoogleMaps)
Tenerife
MADRID
PARLA
BILBAO
VITORIA
ZARAGOZA
TENERIFE
SEVILLEGRANADA
MURCIA
BARCELONA
VALENCIA
Bilbao:TramandGuggenheimMuseum.
(Photo:AndrewNash)
City Population LRTLength(km)
OpeningYear LRT Cost Annual
RidershipBilbao 345,000 5.57 2002 53.50 2.9millionVitoria 245,000 8.20 2008 108.65 7.7millionMadridML1
3.17million5.40 2007 287.54
>16million(all 3)MadridML2 8.70 2007 294.33MadridML3 13.70 2007 296.60Parla 125,000 8.20 2008 145.13 5.4millionBarcelonaTrambaix
1.6million15.10
2003- 07378.00 26.8million
(both)BarcelonaTrambesos 14.10 344.52Tenerife 357,000(*) 15.90 2007 371.61 13.5millionMurcia 441,000 18.00 2011 272.44 4.3millionValencia 790,000 20.00 1994 364.43 >9millionGranada 235,000 15.92 2017 592.04 ± 25,000daySeville 691,000 2.20 2007-11 60.54 4.1millionZaragoza 660,000 12.80 2011 452.82 28millionSy
stem
swith
partia
lwire
lesspropu
lsion
New LRT Lines: Basic Information
Types of Wireless Propulsion1. Groundlevelpowersupply (GLPS)– powercontinuously
suppliedtothevehicleatgroundlevelviadirectcontactwithaconductorofinductively(Bordeaux);
2. On-boardenergystoragesystem (OESS)– powerstoredonthevehicleusingflywheels,batteries,supercapacitorsoracombination,rechargedperiodicallyviaregenerativebrakingandcontactwithapowersupply.
3. On-boardpowergenerationsystem (OPGS)– powercontinuouslygeneratedonthevehicleviafuelcells,microturbinesordieselengines.
Source:Swanson,J.andSmatlak,J.;State-of-the-artinLightRailAlternativePowerSupplies;APTA/TRB2015LightRailConference
Wireless LRT in Spain• PartialwirelesspropulsioninSeville,Zaragoza,andGranada.• The3citiesusesamewirelesssystem:Urbos IIIACRtrams(Acumulador deCarga Rapida,English:fastchargeaccumulator,orsupercapacitor).• But,theyallusedifferentmethodsforre-chargingthesupercapacitor.• ACRtramsusebrakingenergy(regenerativebraking).• Supercapacitorlifeexpectedtobe15-years.• Rechargetimeisbetween20-30seconds.• TechnologydevelopedbytheSpanishtrammanufacturerCAFandtheTechnicalInstituteofAragón.
Seville
• Tramrunsthroughhistoriccentre(touristarea).• Extensivestreetredevelopment.• Originally(2007)hadcatenary,in2011wiresremoved.• Linelength:2.2km(SHORT!);with1.4kmwireless(about64%).• Ridership4.1million(2015).• Cost:27.5millionperkm(totalcost61millionEUR).• Rechargingviarigidcatenarysectionintegratedintotramstops.
Seville:WireshadtoberemovedforEasterprocessions.
(Photo:EasterprocessioninGranada,AndrewNash)
Seville:RechargingsystematLRTstations.
(Photo:MartinMarta)
Seville:TramStation
Zaragoza
• Tramrunsbetweentwosuburbancentresviathehistoriccentre.• Extensivestreetredevelopment(pedestrianzone).• Linelength:12.8km,with2.2kmwireless(about17%).• Ridership:28million(2015).• Cost:35millionEURperkm(totalcost453millionEUR).• Rechargingviacontactshoeandshortsectionsofthirdrailembeddedinstreetatstops(onlyenergisedwhentramispresent).
Zaragoza:ThirdrailchargingsystemembeddedinstreetatLRTstation.
(Photo:Hoff1980,www.ferropedia.es)
Zaragoza:TramstoppedatLRTstationinwirelesssection.
(Photo:Tranvía deZaragozaen laparada delasMurallasRomanas,wikimediacommons,user:Ajzh2074)
Granada• Tramservesseveralregionaldestinationsviathecentrecity.
• Extensivestreetredevelopmentandundergroundsections.
• Construction2007to2017,duetoworldeconomiccrisis.
• Linelength:16km;3wirelesssections:4.7kmtotal(30%).
• Tramsrechargefromcatenary(nospecialrecharging).
• Cost:37millionEURperkm(592millionEUR).
• Ridership:12.9million(estimated,openinSept.2017).
Granada:TramwithSierraNevadainbackground.
(Photo:ByAndreuvv -Ownwork,CCBY-SA4.0,https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=64815919)
Granada:Calle RealdeArmilla – wirelesssection.
(Photo:FranciscoCalvo)
Costs
• Averagecost:millionEUR/km
§ Non-wireless(Spain) 23.2
§ Wireless(3cities) 33.4(+44%)
§ BothfigureshigherthanplainvanillaLRTprojects.
• Keycostfactor#1: extensivestreetredevelopmentdoneaspartofLRTprojects(especiallyinhistoriccentres).
• Keycostfactor#2: gradeseparationoftenusedratherthanpublictransportprioritymeasuresandsharingthestreetwithothertraffic.
Seville:TramStationwithStreetRedevelopment
Zaragoza:Traminwirelesssectionandstreetredevelopment
(Photo:ByHéctor Ochoa'Robot8A'- Ownwork,CCBY4.0,https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=51483302)
Granada:TraminAlcázarGenil station.
(Photo:J.M.Grimaldihttps://www.flickr.com/photos/juntagranada/37177235016/in/album-72157689379237105/)
Reasons for Wireless Propulsion
• Officialreason:mitigatevisualimpacts.
• However,wirelesspropulsionoftenusedtohelpovercomegeneralresistancetowardspublictransportservicethatreducesspaceforautomobiles.
• Otherstrategiestoovercomeresistanceincludefullredevelopmentofstreetsandgradeseparation.
• ThesestrategiessignificantlyaffectLRTcosts.
Operator Survey Results (1)
ServiceAvailability Nodifferences
Maintenance(Vehicles) More
Maintenance (Catenary) Less
Maintenance(wireless) Special requirements(e.g.,locationbeacons)
Safety Additional firstrespondertraining,SIL4requirementfor3rd railinstreet(Zaragoza)
Operations Tramsmustbepreciselypositionedforrecharging.
Operator Survey Results (2)
DesignWirelesssectionsmustbecarefullydesignedtoensurethattramshavesufficientenergytoreachrechargingpoint.
Airconditioning Usesasignificantamountofpower.
Historic /PedZones Requirelesspowerduetoslower speeds.
Energystorage Alloperatorswouldlikehigherstoragecapacity.
Regenerativebraking Regenerativebraking isagoodbenefit.
Longterm maintenance Tooearlytotell,but rechargingcyclesimportant.
Operator Survey Results (3)
Visualimpacts Alloperatorsappreciatereducedvisualimpacts.
Futureplans Alloperatorsareconsideringuseofwirelesspropulsionforfutureextensions.
Publicimage Alloperatorsbelievepublicimage isimprovedwithwirelesspropulsion.
Safety Nosafetyproblemshavebeenidentified todate.
Granada:Tramenteringundergroundsection.
(Photo:FranciscoCalvo)
Conclusions
• WirelesspropulsionhasbeenusedsuccessfullyinSpain.
• WirelesspropulsionhasclearbenefitsintermsofreducingvisualimpactsandtherebyincreasingsupportforLRT.
• Measuresincludingurbanredevelopment,undergroundsectionsandwirelesspropulsiontendtoincreasecosts.
• ThispaperpresentsahighlevelsurveyofwirelessLRTinSpain.• Itwasdifficulttoobtaindetailedcostdata(costsaggregated).• Furtherresearch:moredetailedcostdata,includingmaintenanceandvehicleassystemsage,anddetailedfollow-upwithagenciesonoperatingexperience.
Vienna:Electricbuscharging.
(Photo:AndrewNash)
Questions?
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