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TERM PAPER
ON
"WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS"
Submitted to
AMITY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
SUBMITTED BY:-
PRABHJIT SINGH WALIA [A2305208077] [697] NITIN JAIN
[A2305208103] [676]PULKIT AGGARWAL [A2305208108] [736]PRATEEK TYAGI
[A2305208092] [716]PRATYUSH GUPTA [A2305208069] [720]
CLASS:CS-7 'X' DEPARTMENT:
GUIDED BY:MRS.VANDANI VERMAASET
Amity University, Uttar Pradesh
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CONTENTS
ABSTRACT....................................................................................3
INTRODUCTION..........................................................................4
- OBJECTIVE AND CURRENT
WORK.......................................5 WIRELESS DEVICES
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BLUETOOTH..................................................................................7
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GPRS..................................................................................................9
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INFRARED.......................................................................................11
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WI-FI.................................................................................................14
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WLAN................................................................................................16
- WIRELESS
USB...............................................................................18
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ZIGBEE.............................................................................................20
- TRANSFER
JET...............................................................................22
DISCUSSION.....................................................................................24.
CONCLUSIONS................................................................................26
REFERENCES..................................................................................27
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ABSTRACT
As technology become increasingly user-friendly and focused on
the consumer,it is evident that the user have become more
dependenton wireless technological devices as mechanisms that
promote convenience,survival and economic prosperity.This project
report consists primarily of a comprehensive literature review of
wireless communication technology to establish an historical
beckdrop outlining the growth of todays communication system.This
study demonstrates the absolute importance of personal and business
forms of wireless technologies in todays increasingly complex
society.Attention has been given to those wireless technologies
which offer moderate to long range communication
capabilities.Wireless technologies that support either simpler or
duplex communication has been examined and reviewed..In
addition,personal experiences demonstrate the significance of
wireless devices in daily living.Each of the technologies has been
reviewed extensively in seperte chapters that make up the body of
full research report.This paper includes various case studies which
demonstrate how such stratergies were developed and have been
deemed successful.Succesful management of wireless technology which
should not just be considered a lone technology but should also be
considered as stratergic development.This term paper provides
detailed analysis which includes history and progress of various
Wreless Communication Devices which are use in today or are being
in development.
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INTRODUCTION
Wireless communication is generally considered to be a branch of
telecommunications. Wireless operations permits services, such as
long range communications, that are impossible or impractical to
implement with the use of wires. The term is commonly used in the
telecommunications industry to refer to telecommunications systems
(e.g., radio transmitters and receivers, remote controls, computer
networks, network terminals, etc.) which use some form of energy
(e.g. radio frequency (RF), infrared light, laser light, visible
light, acoustic energy, etc.) to transfer information without the
use of wires. Information is transferred in this manner over both
short and long distances.
It encompasses various types of fixed, mobile, and portable two
way radios, cellular telephones, personal digital assistants
(Pdas), and wireless networking. Other examples of wireless
technology include GPS units, garage door openers and or garage
doors, wireless computer mice, keyboards and headsets, satellite
television and cordless telephones.
The birth of wireless communication dates from the late 1800s,
when M.G.Marconi did the pioneer work establishing the first
successful radio link between a land-based station and a tugboat.
Since then, wireless communication system have been developing and
evolving with a furious pace. The number of mobile subscribers has
been growing tremendously in the past decades. The number of mobile
subscribers throughout the world increased from just a few thousand
in the earlier 20th century to close to 1.5 billion in 2004.
Wireless communication is enjoying its fastest growth period in
history due to enabling technologies which permit widespread
deployment. Historically,growth in the mobile communication has
come slowly,and has been coupled closely tom technological
improvements . The ability to provide wireless communication to an
entire population was not even conceived until Bell Laboratories
developed the cellular concept in the 1960s and 1970s.With the
development of highly reliable, miniature, solid state radio
frequency hardware in the 1970s, the wireless communication era was
born.
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OBJECTIVE OF THE TERM PAPER & CURRENT WORK IN THIS
AREADEFINATION:Wireless communication is generally considered to be
a branch of telecommunications. Wireless operations permits
services, such as long range communications, that are impossible or
impractical to implement with the use of wires
OBJECTIVE:The objective of this Term Paper is to Find out what
the term Wireless Communication means,what are the devices or
technologies which constitute it and what is The Future of this
technology..
CURRENT WORK IN THIS AREA
1.A Canadian professor will work with his counterpart at the
Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) in New Delhi to find solutions
to wireless communication problems as part of a new research
partnership between the two countries. Robert Schober of
Vancouver-based University of British Columbia will work with
Ranjan Mallik of IIT Delhi to tackle some of the most pressing
problems in wireless communication system design under the Canadian
governments newly launched International Research Chairs Initiative
(IRCI). The two researchers will concentrate on ultra-wideband
technologies, which offer data rates of hundreds of megabit per
second, significantly faster than current wireless data transfer
rates, the statement said. Their work could help enable faster data
transmission and improve power efficiency, battery life and range
for billions of people using wireless devices, the statement
added.
To accelerate fast technology transfer between the two
countries, Mallik and Schober will work with Bell Canada, Sierra
Wireless, fSONA Systems of Canada; and Sasken, STMicroelectronics,
GM India Science Laboratory of India.
2.Wireless Communication Research Group - The Focus of the group
has been on the 802.11 (WiFi) and 802.16 (WiMAX) based systems.
Work on the Physical (PHY) and Medium Access Control (MAC) Layers
has been ongoing for the past 6 years. Joint work with Brovis
Wireless Networks has led to outdoor access products. Chromepet,
Chennai 600044.Email: [email protected]
3.Uday B. Desai received the B. Tech. degree from Indian
Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India, in 1974, the M.S. degree
from the State University of New York, Buffalo, in 1976, and the
Ph.D. degree from The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, U.S.A.,
in 1979, all in Electrical Engineering. His research interest is in
wireless communication, wireless sensor networks and statistical
signal processing. He is interested in connectivity for rural India
- the objective being to bring the advantages of modern day
telecommunication and information technology to rural and small
town India. 5
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4.SINTEF-In the 1980s SINTEF department was involved in the
development of the mobile phone system that we today know as GSM.
In the 1990s we contributed to the standardisation of the digital
broadcast (DVB) system. Today this standard is used for digital
transmission of TV channels, and in the future it will also be used
for broadcasting HDTV (High Definition Television).Their research
is directed at all kinds of wireless communications, from short
range to satellite communication. Depending on the application and
system requirements, we utilise either well-known international
standards, or develop tailor-made solutions when existing
technologies do not meet the user requirements.
LINK->http://www.sintef.no/Home/Information-and-Communication-Technology-ICT/Communication-Systems/Research-Areas/Wireless-Communication/
SINTEF's head office in Trondheim:SINTEFNO-7465 Trondheim
Norway
5.3G SPECTRUM auctions in india for private companies will be
held shortly by TRAI(Telecom regulatory authority of india) whereas
government's telecom company BSNL has already launched 3g services
in Delhi.
6.Bluetooth 3.0 has been launched on april 29,2009 and it will
be accomodated in the new products to be available in the market
soon.
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BLUETOOTH TRANSMISSION RATES
It is capable of transmitting data at a gross rate of 1Mb/s
RANGEThe standard range within a room is 10 meters, although
there is an option to extend it to 100 meters within a house. Such
systems are referred to as 'Wireless Personal Area Networks' or
WPANs.
WHAT IT IS?Bluetooth is a short-range radio technology developed
by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG). Bluetooth is
designed to allow the exchange of voice and data between devices
such as mobile phones and portable PCs without proprietary cables.
Bluetooth is an open wireless protocol for exchanging data over
short distances from fixed and mobile devices, creating personal
area networks (PANs).It can connect several devices, overcoming
problems of synchronization.It is expected to make these digital
devices much user-friendlier. To promote its rapid adoption, the
Bluetooth SIG has offered the technology on a royalty free basis
and surrendered intellectual property rights to those companies
that have joined the initiative.
HOW DOES IT WORK?Bluetooth uses a radio technology called
frequency-hopping spread spectrum, which chops up the data being
sent and transmits chunks of it on up to 79 frequencies.Bluetooth
provides a way to connect and exchange information between devices
such as mobile phones, telephones, laptops, personal computers,
printers, Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers, digital
cameras, and video game consoles through a secure, globally
unlicensed Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) 2.4 GHz
short-range radio frequency bandwidth.Each Bluetooth-enabled device
can communicate with a number of other devices, creating a
'piconet'. All devices within a piconet share a common connection
known as the master.
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HOW DID WORD BLUETOOTH CAME ABOUT?Bluetooth started as the code
name for the association when it was first formed and the name
stuck. The name "Bluetooth" is from the 10th century Danish King
Harald Blatand - or Harold Bluetooth in English. King Blatand was
instrumental in uniting warring factions in parts of what is now
Norway, Sweden, and Denmark - just as Bluetooth technology is
designed to allow collaboration between differing industries such
as the computing, mobile phone, and automotive market
VERSIONS
a)Bluetooth 1.0 and 1.0B #Versions 1.0 and 1.0B had many
problems # Versions 1.0 and 1.0B also included mandatory Bluetooth
hardware device address transmission in the Connecting process
(rendering anonymity impossible at the protocol level), which was a
major setback for certain services planned for use in Bluetooth
environments.
b)Bluetooth 1.1 # Many errors found in the 1.0B specifications
were fixed. # Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI).
c)Bluetooth 1.2 # Faster Connection and Discovery # improved
voice quality of audio links by allowing retransmissions of
corrupted packets d)Bluetooth 2.0 # This version of the Bluetooth
specification was released on November 10, 2004. It is backward
compatible with the previous version 1.2 # Lower power consumption
through a reduced duty cycle.
e)Bluetooth 2.1 # Bluetooth Core Specification Version 2.1 is
fully backward compatible with 1.2, and was adopted by the
Bluetooth SIG on July 26, 2007 # Secure Simple Pairing (SSP),It is
expected that this feature will significantly increase its use.
F)Bluetooth 3.0 # The 3.0 specification was adopted by the
Bluetooth SIG on April 21st, 2009. Its main new feature is AMP
(Alternate MAC/PHY),as a high speed transport.
FUTURE OF BLUETOOTH
BLUEJACKING * Bluejacking is the sending of either a picture or
a message from one user to an unsuspecting user through Bluetooth
wireless technology. Common applications are short messages (e.g.,
"Youve just been bluejacked!"), advertisements (e.g., "Eat at
Joes"), and business information. Bluejacking does not involve the
removal or alteration of any data from the device.
* Broadcast Channel: enables Bluetooth information points. This
will drive the adoption of Bluetooth into mobile phones, and enable
advertising models based around users pulling information from the
information points, and not based around the object push model that
is used in a limited way today. 8
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GPRS The General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a new non-voice
value added service that allows information to be sent and received
across a mobile telephone network.It is a step ahead to provide a
massive boost to mobile data usage and usefulness. In the 2G
systems, GPRS provides data rates of 56-114 kbit/s. the net
connection is a slow process.
GPRS TECHNOLOGY
GPRS enables high-speed access to internet-based content and
services via a mobile terminal. It enables a number of data
applications, including e-commerce, email and data transfer. The
implementation of the GPRS network solution includes the serving
GPRS support node (SGSN) and the gateway GPRS support node (GGSN).
GPRS, which has been standardised by ETSI as part of the GSM Phase
2+ developments, represents the first implementation of packet
switching within GSM, which is essentially a circuit-switched
technology. Rather than sending a continuous stream of data over a
permanent connection, packet switching only uses the network when
there is data to be sent.GPRS enable T-Mobil users to send and
receive data at speeds of up to 115Kbps (kilobits per second).
FEATURES
# SPEED A GPRS can achieve speeds up to 171.2 kilobits per
second (kbps) using all eight timeslots at the same time. This is
thrice as fast as current data transmission systems. # IMMEDIACY
GPRS facilitates instant connections whereby information can be
sent or received immediately as the need arises, subject to radio
coverage. No dial-up modem connection is necessary. # NEW
APPLICATIONS, BETTER APPLICATIONS GPRS facilitates several new
applications that have not previously been available over GSM
networks due to the limitations in speed of Circuit Switched Data
(9.6 kbps) and message length of the Short Message Service (160
characters). GPRS will fully enable the Internet applications you
are used to on your desktop from web browsing to chat over the
mobile network.
WHAT DO YOU NEED FOR A GPRS ?
* To begin with, a mobile phone or terminal that supports GPRS.
*A subscription to a mobile telephone network that supports GPRS.
Knowledge of how to send and/ or receive GPRS information using
their specific model of mobile phone, including software and
hardware configuration. *A destination to send or receive
information through GPRS. Whereas with SMS this was often another
mobile phone, in the case of GPRS, it is likely to be an Internet
address, since GPRS is designed to make the Internet fully
available to mobile users for the first time.
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KEY NETWORK FEATURES OF GPRS
# PACKET SWITCHING GPRS Involves overlaying a packet based air
interface on the existing circuit switched GSM network. This gives
the user an option to use a packet-based data service. With GPRS,
the information is split into separate but related "packets" before
being transmitted and reassembled at the receiving end. # INTERNET
AWARE GPRS fully enables Mobile Internet functionality by allowing
inter-working between the existing Internet and the new GPRS
network.
LIMITATIONS OF GPRS
# LIMITED CELL CAPACITY FOR ALL USERSThere are only limited
radio resources that can be deployed for different uses- use for
one purpose precludes simultaneous use for another. For example,
voice and GPRS calls both use the same network resources. The
extent of the impact depends upon the number of timeslots, # SPEEDS
MUCH LOWER IN REALITYAchieving the theoretical maximum GPRS data
transmission speed of 171.2 kbps would require a single user taking
over all eight timeslots without any error protection.
APPLICATIONS OF GPRS
# CHATBecause of its synergy with the Internet, GPRS would allow
mobile users to participate fully in existing Internet chat groups
rather than needing to set up their own groups that are dedicated
to mobile users. #TEXTUAL AND VISUAL INFORMATIONYou can receive
information, which is in the form of not only text, but maps,
graphs or other visuals.#MOVING IMAGESYou will also be able to
receive moving images and receive transmission from anywhere.#WEB
BROWSINGYou will also be able to use the GPRS for browsing the
net.This lets different people in different places work on the same
document at the same time.#FILE TRANSFERYou may download sizeable
data across the mobile network.
FUTURE OF GPRS
The implementation of GPRS could bring a number of benefits to
GSM network operators. It brings the internet protocol (IP)
capability to the GSM network and enables a connection to a wide
range of public and private data networks, using industry-standard
data protocols such as TCP/IP and X.25. GPRS is efficient in its
use of scarce spectrum resources and enables GSM operators to
introduce a wide range of value-added services for market
differentiation. GPRS is ideal for 'bursty'-type data applications
such as email or internet access The key to GPRS technology is that
it offers a higher data speed, allows users to pay by volume and
not time and there is also a permanent virtual connection. 10
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INFRARED
WHAT IS INFRARED?
Infrared technology allows computing devices to communicate via
short-range wireless signals. With infrared, computers can transfer
files and other digital data bidirectionally. The infrared
transmission technology used in computers is similar to that used
in consumer product remote control units.
TECHNICAL DETAILS
This form of radio transmission - a focused ray of light in the
infrared frequency spectrum - is modulated with information and
sent from a transmitter to a receiver. The frequency spectrum is
measured in terahertz (trillions of hertz) at cycles per second.The
communication between the devices requires that each has a
transceiver (a combination of a transmitter and a receiver) in
order to communicate. This capability is provided by microchip
technology.
TRANSMISSION RATES
The IrDA 1.1 standard has a maximum data transmission size of
2,048 bytes and a maximum transmission rate of 4Mbps. It is
forecast that this will rise to 16Mbps in the near future.
Performance - Infrared technology used in local networks exists
in three different forms:
* IrDA-SIR (slow speed) infrared supporting data rates up to 115
Kbps * IrDA-MIR (medium speed) infrared supporting data rates up to
1.15 Mbps * IrDA-FIR (fast speed) infrared supporting data rates up
to 4 Mbps
RANGEInfrared communications span very short distances. Place
two infrared devices within a few feet (no more than 5 meters) of
each other when networking them. Unlike Wi-Fi and Bluetooth
technologies, infrared network signals cannot penetrate walls or
other obstructions and work only in the direct "line of sight."
IrDA standard only specifies compliance for the interconnection
of products of up to 1m in distance, many IrDA-compliant products
can connect at distances of much more than this.However, the
maximum effective distance is approximately 1 mile, with a maximum
bandwidth of 16Mbps.
DISADVANTAGE
One technological disadvantage is that IR uses a line-of-sight
transmission. Thus, it is sensitive to atmospheric conditions and
bad weather, particularly fog.
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APPLICATIONSThe main benefits and applications are:
* Sending a document from your notebook computer to a
printer
* Co-ordinating schedules and telephone books between desktop
and hand-held (notebook) computers
* Sending faxes from a hand-held computer, via a public
telephone, to a distant fax machine
* Beaming images from digital cameras to a desktop computer
* Exchanging messages, business cards, and other information
between hand-held personal computers
FUTURE OF IR TECHNOLOGY
# Infrared technology claims to be as secure as cable
applications. For example, the access to LANs requires the user to
be an authorised user of the network.
# It is more reliable than wired technology as it obviates wear
and tear on the hardware used.
# It is forecast that this technology will be implemented in
copiers, fax machines, overhead projectors, bank ATMs, credit
cards, game consoles and headsets.
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WI-FI USES
A Wi-Fi enabled device such as a Pc, game console, mobile phone,
MP3 player or PDA can connect to the internet when within range of
a wireless network connected to the Internet. The coverage of one
or more interconnected access points called a hotspot can comprise
an area as small as a single room with wireless-opaque walls or as
large as many square miles covered by overlapping access points.
Wi-Fi technology has served to set up mesh network, for example, in
London. Both architectures can operate in communicating networksIn
addition to restricted use in homes and offices, Wi-Fi can make
access publicly available at Wi-Fi hotspots provided either free of
charge or to subscribers to various providers. Organizations and
businesses such as airports, hotels and restaurants often provide
free hotspots to attract or assist clients. Wi-Fi also allows
connectivity in peer-to-peer (wireless ad-hoc network) mode, which
enables devices to connect directly with each other. This
connectivity mode can prove useful in consumer electronics and
gaming applications.Routers which incorporate a DSLem or a
cable-modem and a Wi-Fi access point, often set up in homes and
other premises, provide Internet -access and internetworking to all
devices connected (wirelessly or by cable) to them.
Advantages and challenges
Operational advantagesWi-Fi allows local area networks (LANs) to
be deployed without wires for client devices, typically reducing
the costs of network deployment and expansion. Spaces where cables
cannot be run, such as outdoor areas and historical buildings, can
host wireless LANs.Wireless network adapters are now built into
most laptops. The price of chipsets for Wi-Fi continues to drop,
making it an economical networking option included in even more
devices. Different competitive brands of access points and client
network interfaces are inter-operable at a basic level of service.
Products designated as "Wi-Fi Certified" by the Wi-Fi Alliance are
backwards compatible Wi-Fi is a global set of standards. Unlike
mobile telephones, any standard Wi-Fi device will work anywhere in
the world.Wi-Fi is widely available in more than 220,000 public
hotspots and tens of millions of homes and corporate and university
campuses worldwide. The current version of Wi-Fi Protected Access
encryption (WPA2) is not easily defeated, provided strong passwords
are usedbelow is an example of sattellite dish for wi-fi in
Venezuela
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RANGEWi-Fi networks have limited range. A typical Wi-Fi home
router using 802.11b or 802.11g with a stock antenna might have a
range of 32 m (120 ft) indoors and 95 m (300 ft) outdoors. The new
IEEE 802.11n however, can exceed that range by more than
double.[citation needed] Range also varies with frequency band.
Wi-Fi in the 2.4 GHz frequency block has slightly better range than
Wi-Fi in the 5 GHz frequency block. Outdoor range with improved
(directional) antennas can be several kilometres or more with
line-of-sight.Wi-Fi performance decreases roughly quadratically as
distance increases at constant radiation levels.
THREATS TO SECURITYThe most common wireless encryption standard,
Wired Equivalent Privacy or WEP, has been shown to be easily
breakable even when correctly configured. Wi-Fi Protected Access
(WPA and WPA2), which began shipping in 2003, aims to solve this
problem and is now available on most products. Wi-Fi Access Points
typically default to an "open" (encryption-free) mode. Novice users
benefit from a zero-configuration device that works out of the box,
but this default is without any wireless security enabled,
providing open wireless access to their LAN. To turn security on
requires the user to configure the device, usually via a software
graphical user interface (GUI). Wi-Fi networks that are open
(unencrypted) can be monitored and used to read and copy data
(including personal information) transmitted over the network,
unless another security method is used to secure the data, such as
a VPN or a secure web page. The main issue with wireless network
security is its simplified access to the network compared to
traditional wired networks such as ethernet. With wired networking
it is necessary to either gain access to a building, physically
connecting into the internal network, or break through an external
firewall. Most business networks protect sensitive data and systems
by attempting to disallow external access. Thus being able to get
wireless reception provides an attack vector, if encryption is not
used or can be defeated.
Attackers who have gained access to a Wi-Fi network can use DNS
spoofing attacks very effectively against any other user of the
network, because they can see the DNS requests made, and often
respond with a spoofed answer before the queried DNS server has a
chance to reply.A WI-FI ANTTENA
A WIRELESS ANTTENA
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HARDWARE
An embedded RouterBoard
Access Point and UMTS/GSM Gateway in 1 device
A wireless access point (WAP) connects a group of wireless
devices to an adjacent wired LAN. An access point is similar to a
network hub, relaying data between connected wireless devices in
addition to a (usually) single connected wired device, most often
an ethernet hub or switch, allowing wireless devices to communicate
with other wired devices.Wireless adapters allow devices to connect
to a wireless network. These adapters connect to devices using
various external or internal interconnects such as PCI, miniPCI,
USB, ExpressCard, Cardbus and PC card. Most newer laptop computers
are equipped with internal adapters. Internal cards are generally
more difficult to install.Wireless routers integrate a Wireless
Access Point, ethernet switch, and internal Router firmware
application that provides IP Routing, NAT, and DNS forwarding
through an integrated WAN interface. A wireless router allows wired
and wireless ethernet LAN devices to connect to a (usually) single
WAN device such as cable modem or DSL modem. A wireless router
allows all three devices (mainly the access point and router) to be
configured through one central utility. This utility is most
usually an integrated web server which serves web pages to wired
and wireless LAN clients and often optionally to WAN clients. This
utility may also be an application that is run on a desktop
computer such as Apple's AirPort.. Two wireless bridges may be used
to connect two wired networks over a wireless link, useful in
situations where a wired connection may be unavailable, such as
between two separate homes.
Wireless range extenders or wireless repeaters can extend the
range of an existing wireless network. Range extenders can be
strategically placed to elongate a signal area or allow for the
signal area to reach around barriers such as those created in
L-shaped corridors. Wireless devices connected through repeaters
will suffer from an increased latency for each hop. Additionally, a
wireless device connected to any of the repeaters in the chain will
have a throughput that is limited by the weakest link between the
two nodes in the chain from which the connection originates to
where the connection ends.
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WIRELESS LAN WHAT IS IT?
It is a wireless local area network that links two or more
computers or devices using spread-spectrum or OFDM modulation
technology based to enable communication between devices in a
limited area. This gives users the mobility to move around within a
broad coverage area and still be connected to the network.For the
home user, wireless has become popular due to ease of installation,
and location freedom with the gaining popularity of laptops. Public
businesses such as coffee shops or malls have begun to offer
wireless access to their customers; some are even provided as a
free service. Large wireless network projects are being put up in
many major cities:
BENEFITSThe popularity of wireless LANs is a testament primarily
to their convenience, cost efficiency, and ease of integration with
other networks and network components. The majority of computers
sold to consumers today come pre-equipped with all necessary
wireless LAN technology. Convenience: The wireless nature of such
networks allows users to access network resources from nearly any
convenient location within their primary networking environment
(home or office). With the increasing saturation of laptop-style
computers, this is particularly relevant.
Mobility: With the emergence of public wireless networks, users
can access the internet even outside their normal work environment.
Most chain coffee shops, for example, offer their customers a
wireless connection to the internet at little or no cost.
Deployment: Initial setup of an infrastructure-based wireless
network requires little more than a single access point. Wired
networks, on the other hand, have the additional cost and
complexity of actual physical cables being run to numerous
locations.
Expandability: Wireless networks can serve a suddenly-increased
number of clients with the existing equipment. In a wired network,
additional clients would require additional wiring.
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Cost: Wireless networking hardware is at worst a modest increase
from wired counterparts. This potentially increased cost is almost
always more than outweighed by the savings in cost and labor
associated to running physical cables.
DISADVANTAGES
SecurityWireless LAN transceivers are designed to serve
computers throughout a structure with uninterrupted service using
radio frequencies. RangeThe typical range of a common 802.11g
network with standard equipment is on the order of tens of metres.
While sufficient for a typical home, it will be insufficient in a
larger structure. SpeedThe speed on most wireless networks
(typically 1-108 Mbit/s) is reasonably slow compared to the slowest
common wired networks (100 Mbit/s up to several Gbit/s). There are
also performance issues caused by TCP and its built-in congestion
avoidance.Radio EmissionsWireless LANs utilize radio emissions for
communication, which can cause interference in other devices and
may have potentially deleterious effects on human health.
A Wireless PC LAN Card
Types of wireless LANs
Peer-to-peer
Peer-to-Peer or ad-hoc wireless LANA peer-to-peer (P2P) network
allows wireless devices to directly communicate with each other.
Wireless devices within range of each other can discover and
communicate directly without involving central access points. .
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WIRELESS USB
WHAT IT IS?It is a short-range, high-bandwidth wireless radio
communication protocol created by the Wireless USB Promoter Group.
Wireless USB is sometimes abbreviated as "WUSB", although the USB
Implementers Forum discourages this practice and instead prefers to
call the technology "Certified Wireless USB" to differentiate it
from competitors. Wireless USB is based on the WiMedia Alliance's
Ultra-WideBand (UWB) common radio platform, which is capable of
sending 480 Mbit/s at distances up to 3 meters and 110 Mbit/s at up
to 10 meters. It was designed to operate in the 3.1 to 10.6 GHz
frequency range, although local regulatory policies may restrict
the legal operating range for any given country.An upcoming 1.1
specification will increase speed to 1 Gbit/s and working
frequencies up to 6 GHz.
Uses
Wireless USB is used in game controllers, printers, scanners,
digital cameras, MP3 players, hard disks and flash drives. It is
also suitable for transferring parallel video streams. Kensington
released a Wireless USB universal docking station in August,
2008.
DevelopmentThe Wireless USB Promoter Group was formed in
February 2004 to define the Wireless USB specification. The group
consists of Agere Systems (now merged with LSI Corporation),
Hewlett-Packard, Intel, Microsoft, NEC Corporation, Philips and
Samsung. In May 2005, the Wireless USB Promoter Group announced the
completion of the Wireless USB specification.In June 2006, five
companies showed the first multi-vendor interoperability
demonstration of Wireless USB. A laptop with an Intel host adapter
using an Alereon PHY was used to transfer high definition video
from a Philips wireless semiconductor solution with a Realtek PHY,
all using Microsoft Windows XP drivers developed for Wireless
USB.
Compatibility options for older hardware
The WUSB architecture allows up to 127 devices to connect
directly to a host. Because there are no wires or ports, there is
no longer a need for hubs. However, to facilitate the migration
from wired to wireless, WUSB introduced a new Device Wire Adapter
(DWA) class. Sometimes referred to as a "WUSB hub", a DWA allows
existing USB 2.0 devices to be used wirelessly with a WUSB host.
WUSB host capability can be added to existing PCs through the use
of a Host Wire Adapter (HWA). The HWA is a USB 2.0 device that
attaches externally to a desktop or laptop's USB port
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.
WUSB also supports dual-role devices (DRDs), which in addition
to being a WUSB device, can function as a with limited
capabilities. For example, a digital camera could act as a device
when connected to a computer and as a host when transferring
pictures directly to a printer.
Relation to ultra-wideband (UWB)
A common source of confusion is about the relationship between
WUSB, WiMedia, and UWB. The UWB and WUSB technologies are not the
same, and the terms WUSB and UWB are not synonymous.UWB is a
general term for a new type of radio communication using pulses of
energy which spread emitted Radio Frequency energy over 500 MHz+ of
spectrum or exceeding 20% fractional bandwidth within the frequency
range of 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz as defined by the FCC ruling issued
for UWB in Feb. 2002. UWB is NOT specific to WiMedia or any other
company or group and there are in fact a number of groups and
companies developing UWB technology totally unrelated to WiMedia.
Some companies[which?] use UWB for ground penetrating radar,
through wall radar and yet another company Pulse-LINK uses it as
part of a whole home entertainment network using UWB for
transmission over both wired and wireless media. WUSB is a protocol
promulgated by the USB-IF that uses WiMedia's UWB radio platform.
Other protocols that have announced their intention to use
WiMedia's UWB radio platform include Bluetooth and the WiMedia
Logical Link Control Protocol.
Comparing digital RF systemsWireless USB vs. 802.11a/b/g &
Bluetooth
Specification Wireless USBSpecification Rev. 1.0 Bluetooth 4.0
(proposed) IEEE 802.11n
Frequency band 3.1 GHz10.6 GHz UWB (not decided) 2.4 GHz/5
GHzBandwidth 480 Mbit/s / 110 Mbit/s 53 - 480 Mbit/s Max. 600
Mbit/sDistance 3 m / 10 m unknown distance 100 m
Modulation MB-OFDM MB-OFDMDSSS, DBPSK, DQPSK,CCK, OFDM
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency_division_multiplexinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency_division_multiplexing
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ZIGBEE WHAT IS IT?
It is a specification for a suite of high level communication
protocols using small, low-power digital radios based on the IEEE
802.15.4-2003 standard for wireless personal area networks (WPANs),
such as wireless headphones connecting with cell phones via
short-range radio. The technology defined by the ZigBee
specification is intended to be simpler and less expensive than
other WPANs, such as Bluetooth. ZigBee is targeted at
radio-frequency (RF) applications that require a low data rate,
long battery life, and secure networking.ZigBee is a low-cost,
low-power, wireless mesh networking standard. The low cost allows
the technology to be widely deployed in wireless control and
monitoring applications, the low power-usage allows longer life
with smaller batteries, and the mesh networking provides high
reliability and larger range.
The ZigBee Alliance, the standards body which defines ZigBee,
also publishes application profiles that allow multiple OEM vendors
to create interoperable products. The current list of application
profiles either published or in the works are:
Home Automation
ZigBee Smart Energy
Commercial Building Automation
Telecommunication Applications
Personal, Home, and Hospital Care
Because Zigbee can activate (go from sleep to active mode) in 15
msec or less, the latency can be very low and devices can be very
responsive -- particularly compared to Bluetooth wake-up delays
which are typically around three seconds. Because Zigbees can sleep
most of the time, average power consumption can be very low,
resulting in long battery life.
USES
ZigBee protocols are intended for use in embedded applications
requiring low data rates and low power consumption. ZigBee's
current focus is to define a general-purpose, inexpensive,
self-organizing mesh network that can be used for industrial
control, embedded sensing, medical data collection, smoke and
intruder warning, building automation, home automation, etc. The
resulting network will use very small amounts of power --
individual devices must have a battery life of at least two years
to pass ZigBee certification.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_automationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesh_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_consumptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_rate
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DEVICES TYPES
There are three different types of ZigBee devices:
ZigBee coordinator(ZC): The most capable device, the coordinator
forms the root of the network tree and might bridge to other
networks. There is exactly one ZigBee coordinator in each network
since it is the device that started the network originally. It is
able to store information about the network, including acting as
the Trust Centre & repository for security keys.
ZigBee Router (ZR): As well as running an application function a
router can act as an intermediate router, passing data from other
devices.
ZigBee End Device (ZED): Contains just enough functionality to
talk to the parent node (either the coordinator or a router); it
cannot relay data from other devices. This relationship allows the
node to be asleep a significant amount of the time thereby giving
long battery life. A ZED requires the least amount of memory, and
therefore can be less expensive to manufacture than a ZR or ZC.
APPLICATIONS OF ZIGBEE
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TRANSFER JET
WHAT IS IT?
It is a new type of close proximity wireless transfer technology
developed by Sony and initially demonstrated publicly in early
2008. By touching (or bringing very close together) two electronic
devices, TransferJet allows high speed exchange of data. The
concept of TransferJet consists of a touch-activated interface
which can be applied for applications requiring high-speed data
transfer between two devices in a peer-to-peer mode without the
need for external physical connectors.
TransferJet's maximum physical layer transmission rate is 560
Mbit/s. After allowing for error correction and other protocol
overhead, the effective maximum throughput is 375 Mbit/s.
TransferJet will adjust the data rate downward according to the
wireless environment, thereby maintaining a robust link even when
the surrounding wireless condition fluctuates.
TransferJet has the capability of identifying the unique MAC
addresses of individual devices, enabling users to choose which
devices can establish a connection. By allowing only devices inside
the household, for example, one can prevent data theft from
strangers while riding a crowded train. If, on the other hand, one
wishes to connect the device with any other device at a party, this
can be done by simply disabling the filtering function.TransferJet
uses the same frequency spectrum as UWB, but occupies only a
section of this band available as a common worldwide channel., it
can operate in the same manner as that of UWB devices equipped with
DAA functionality. In addition, this low power level also ensures
that there will be no interference to other wireless systems,
including other TransferJet systems, operating nearby.By reducing
the RF power and spatial reach down to about 3 cm (1.25 inches), a
TransferJet connection in its most basic mode does not require any
initial setup procedure by the user for either device, and the
action of spontaneously touching one device with another will
automatically trigger the data transfer. More complex usage
scenarios will require various means to select the specific data to
send as well as the location to store (or method to process) the
received data.
TransferJet utilizes a newly developed TransferJet Coupler based
on the principle of electric induction field as opposed to
radiation field for conventional antennas. The functional elements
of a TransferJet Coupler consist of a coupling electrode or plate,
a resonant stub and ground. Compared to conventional radiating
antennas, the TransferJet Coupler achieves high transmission gain
and efficient coupling in the near-field while providing sharp
attenuation over longer distances. Because the Coupler generates
longitudinal electric fields, there is no polarization and the
devices can be aligned at any angle.
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SpecificationsCenter Frequency
4.48 GHz
Transmission PowerBelow -70 dBm/MHz (average) Corresponds to
low-intensity radio wave regulation in Japan, and with local
regulations in othercountries and regions.Transmission Rate560
Mbit/s (max) / 375 Mbit/s (effective throughput) System can adjust
the transmission rate depending on the wireless
environment.Connection DistanceAbout 3 cm (nominal)
Topology1-to-1, Peer-to-Peer
Antenna ElementElectric induction field couplerAlthough
sometimes confused with Near Field Communication, TransferJet
depends on an entirely different technology and is also targeted
for different usage scenarios focusing on high-speed data transfer.
Thus the two systems will not interfere with each other and can
co-exist in the same location.
The TransferJet Consortium was established in July 2008 to
advance and promote the TransferJet Format, by developing the
technical specifications and compliance testing procedures as well
as creating a market for TransferJet-compliant, interoperable
products. As of February 2009, the Consortium has eighteen member
companies, consisting of: Canon, Casio, Eastman Kodak, Hitachi Ltd,
JVC-Kenwood Holdings, KDDI, NEC, Nikon, NTT docomo, Olympus,
Panasonic, Pioneer, Samsung, Seiko Epson, Sharp, Sony, Sony
Ericsson and Toshiba.
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DISCUSSION
Wireless communication is, by any measure, the fastest growing
segment of the communications industry. As such, it has captured
the attention of the media and the imagination of the public.
Cellular systems have experienced exponential growth over the last
decade and there are currently about two billion users
worldwide.indeed cellular phones have become a critical business
tool and part of everyday life in most developed countries and they
are rapidly supplanting antiquated wireline systems in many
developing countries. In addition, LAN currently supplement or
replace wired networks in many homes, business and campuses. Many
new applications including wireless sensor networks, automated
highways and factories, smart homes and appliances and remote
telemedicine- are emerging from research ideas to concrete systems.
The explosive growth of wireless systems coupled with the
proliferation of laptops and palmtop computers suggests a bright
future for wireless networks, both as standalone systems and as
part of the larger networking infrastructure.
Many technical challenges must be addressed to enable the
wireless applications of the future. These challenges extend across
all aspects of the system design. As wireless terminals add more
features, these small devices must incorporate multiple modes of
operation in order to support the different applications and media.
Computers process, voice, image, text and video data but
breakthrough in circuit design are required to implement the same
multimode operation in a cheap, lightweight, handheld device.
Consumers dont want large batteries that frequently need
recharging, so transmission and signal processing at the portable
terminal must consume the minimal power. . Thus wireless
infrastructure based network, such as wireless LANs and cellular
systems, place as much of the processing burden as possible on
fixed sites with large power resources. . Design of wireless
networks differs fundamentally from wired network design owing to
the nature of the wireless channel. This channel is an
unpredictable and difficult communications medium. A regional or
global system operating in a given frequency band must obey the
restrictions for that band set forth by the corresponding
regulatory body. Spectrum can also be very expensive: in many
countries spectral licenses are often auctioned to the highest
bidder.
In the United States, companies spent over $9 billion for
second-generation cellular licenses, and the auctions in Europe for
third-generation cellular spectrum garnered around $100 billion
(American). The spectrum obtained through these auctions must be
used extremely efficiently to receive a reasonable return on the
investment, and it must also be reused over and over in the same
geographical area, thus requiring cellular system designs with high
capacity and good performance. At frequencies around several
gigahertz, wireless radio components with reasonable size, power
consumption, and cost are available. However, the spectrum in this
frequency range is extremely crowded. Thus, technological
breakthroughs to enable higher-frequency systems with the same cost
and performance would greatly reduce the spectrum shortage.
However, path loss at these higher frequencies is larger with
omnidirectional antennas, thereby limiting range. As a signal
propagates through a wireless channel, it experiences random
fluctuations in time if the transmitter, receiver, or surrounding
objects are moving because of changing re-flections and
attenuation.
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Hence the characteristics of the channel appear to change
randomly with time, which makes it difficult to design reliable
systems with guaranteed performance. Security is also more
difficult to implement in wireless systems, since the airwaves are
susceptible to snooping by anyone with anRF antenna. The analog
cellular systems have no security, and one can easily listen in on
conversations by scanning the analog cellular frequency band. All
digital cellular systems implement some level of encryption.
However, with enough knowledge, time, and determination, most of
these encryption methods can be cracked; indeed, several have been
compromised. To support applications like electronic commerce and
credit-card transactions, the wireless network must be secure
against such listeners.
Wireless networking is also a significant challenge. The network
must be able to locate a given user wherever it is among billions
of globally distributed mobile terminals. It must then route a call
to that user as it moves at speeds of up to 100 km/ hr. The finite
resources of the network must be allocated in a fair and efficient
manner relative to changing user demands and locations. Moreover,
there currently exists a tremendous infrastructure of wired
networks: the telephone system, the Internet, and fiber optic
cables which could be used to connect wireless systems together
into a global network. However, wireless systems with mobile users
will never be able to compete with wired systems in terms of data
rates and reliability. Interfacing between wireless and wired
networks with vastly different performance capabilities is a
difficult problem.
Perhaps the most significant technical challenge in wireless
network design is an overhaul of the design process itself. Wired
networks are mostly designed according to a layered approach,
whereby protocols associated with different layers of the system
operation are designed in isolation, with baseline mechanisms to
interface between layers.The large capacity and good reliability of
wired networks make these inefficiencies relatively benign for many
wired network applications, although they do preclude good
performance of delay-constrained applications such as voice and
video. The situation is very different in a wireless network.
Wireless links can exhibit very poor performance, and this
performance, along with user connectivity and network topology,
changes over time. In fact, the very notion of a wireless link is
somewhat fuzzy owing to the nature of radio propagation and
broadcasting. The dynamic nature and poor performance of the
underlying wireless communication channel indicates that
high-performance networks must be optimized forthis channel and
must be robust and adaptive to its variations, as well as to
network dynamics.
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CONCLUSIONWireless communication will allow multimedia
communication from anywhere in the world using a small handheld
device or laptop. Wireless networks will connect palmtop, laptop,
and desktop computers anywhere within an office building or campus,
as well as from the corner cafe. In the home these networks will
enable a new class of intelligent electronic devices that can
interact with each other and with the Internet in addition to
providing connectivity between computers, phones, and
security/monitoring systems. Such smart homes can also help the
elderly and disabled with assisted living, patient monitoring, and
emergency response. Wireless entertainment will permeate the home
and any place that people congregate. Video teleconferencing will
take place between buildings that are blocks or continents apart,
and these conferences can include travelers as well from the
salesperson who missed his plane connection to the CEO off sailing
in the Caribbean. Wireless video will enable remote classrooms,
remote training facilities, and remote hospitals anywhere in the
world. Wireless sensors have an enormous range of both commercial
and military applications.Such systems in turn enable automated
highways, mobile robots, and easily reconfigurable industrial
automation.
The exponential growth of cellular telephone use and wireless
Internet access has led to great optimism about wireless technology
in general. Obviously not all wireless applications will flourish.
While many wireless systems and companies have enjoyed spectacular
success, there have also been many failures along the way,
including first-generation wireless LANs, the Iridium satellite
system, wide area data services such as Metricom, and fixed
wireless access (wireless cable) to the home. Indeed, it is
impossible to predict what wireless failures and triumphs lie on
the horizon. Moreover, there must be sufficient flexibility and
creativity among both engineers and regulators to allow for
accidental successes. It is clear, however, that the current and
emerging wireless systems of today coupled with the vision of
applications that wireless can enable ensure a bright future for
wireless technology.
But in the end the the conclusion that we draw from this term
paper is that Wireless Technology is here to stay and to
expand.Some of the devices are still in development and some have
revolutionised the way we communicate with each other.with the
corporate world taking its stance and personally getting involved
in developing wireless technology we can conclude that
"Wireless services are an excellent example of how just how far
technology has come. Wireless networking holds the key to a new era
of telecommunications"
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REFERENCES:
1."ATIS Telecom Glossary 2007". atis.org. . [used in
bluetooth,Infrared,Gprs]
2. BOOK :Design and Performance of 3G Wireless Networks and
Wireless LansPublisher : Springer US
3.David Meyer (2009-04-22). "Bluetooth 3.0 released without
ultrawideband". zdnet.co.uk.[used in future of bluetooth]
4.GOOGLE [used to collect images]
5.Heinrich Rudolf Hertz.
6."How Bluetooth Technology Works". [journal used for
bluetooth]
7.J.C. Bose, Collected Physical Papers. New York, N.Y.:
Longmans, Green and Co., 1927[used to collect transmission rates of
various devices]
8.Story, Alfred Thomas (1904). A story of wireless telegraphy.
New York, D. Appleton and Co..[used in drawing conclusion and
discussion]
9."What is bluejacking?". Helsinki University of
Technology.[used in bluetooth]
10. "Wireless Communication". [used for writing abstract
,introduction,discussion]
11.WIKIPEDIA [used throughout the term paper]
12.http://www.sintef.no/Home/Information-and-Communication-Technology-ICT/Communication-Systems/Research-Areas/Wireless-Communication/
[used to collect information of current progress of SINTEF in the
field of wireless communication]
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http://www.sintef.no/Home/Information-and-Communication-Technology-ICT/Communication-Systems/Research-Areas/Wireless-Communication/http://www.sintef.no/Home/Information-and-Communication-Technology-ICT/Communication-Systems/Research-Areas/Wireless-Communication/http://www.sintef.no/content/page1____11881.aspxhttp://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/~eugeniik/history/hertz.htmhttp://www.springerlink.com/content/j064l7/?p=06bead3bc90544b68548d27f6c567da2&pi=0http://www.atis.org/tg2k/