Wireless Communication & Networking

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WirelessWireless communication is the transfer of info. between two or more points

that are not connected by an electrical conductor.

The most common wireless technologies use radio. With radio waves distances canbe short, such as a few meters for television or as thousands or even millions ofkilometers for deep-space radio communication. It encompasses various types offixed, mobile, and portable applications, including tow-way radio, cellulartelephones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and wireless networking. Otherexamples of applications of radio wireless technology include GPS units, garagedoor openers, wireless computer mice, keyboards, and, headphones, radioreceivers, satellite television, broadcast television and cordless telephones.

IntroductionWireless operations permit services, such as long-range communications, that are impossible or impractical to implement with the use of wires..

HistoryPhotophone :The world’s first wireless telephone conversation occurred in 1880, when Alexander

Graham Bell and Charles Sumner Tainterinvented and patented the photophone, a telephone that conducted audio conversations wirelessly over modulated light beams (which are narrow projections of electromagnetic waves).

.Early wireless work :David E. Hughes transmitted radio signals over a few hundred years by means of a clockwork keyed transmitter in 1879. As this was before Maxwell’s work was understood, Hughes’ contemporaries dismissed his achievement as mere “Induction”. In 1885, Thomas Edison used a vibrator magnet for induction transmission. In 1888, Edison deployed a system of signaling on the Lehigh Valley Railroad. In 1891, Edison obtained the wireless patent for this method using inductance..Radio :The term “wireless” came into public use to refer to a radio receiver or transceiver establishing its usage in the field of wireless telegraphy early on; now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular network and wireless broadband internet.

ModesRadio :Radio communication, microwave communication, for e.g. long-range line-of-sight via highlydirectional antennas, or short range communication.

Free-space optical :Free-space optical (FSO) communication is an optical communication technology that useslight propagating in free space to wirelessly transmit data for telecommunication orcomputer networking.

Sonic :Sonic, especially ultrasonic short range communication involves the transmission andreception of sound.

Electromagnetic induction :Electromagnetic induction short range communication and power. This has been used inbiomedical situations such as pacemakers, as well as for short-range Rfid tags.

Wireless services

•Telemetry control and traffic control system.•Infrared and ultrasonic remote control system.•The amateur radio service (Ham radio).•Consumer and professional Marine VHF radio.•Air band and radio navigation equipment used by aviators and air traffic control.

1. Networks Models : Client server model and peer-to-peer model.

1.Client Server Model : In client server networks, servers are typically powerful computers running advanced network operating system and user work station (clients) access data or run applications located on the server.2.Peer-to-Peer Model : In peer-to-peer our architecture, there are no dedicated services. All computers are equal and therefore termed as peer and each of these machines functions both as a client and a server. Peer-to-Peer networks are designed for small to medium LANs.

•Components of network :1.Sender/Receiver : A host computer at both ends which sends and receives the data.2.Communication Interface Devices : Network interface cards, switches and routers, hubs, bridges, repeaters, and gateway, modems, multiplexer, front and communication processor,

3.Communication Channel : Guided media and unguided media.4.Communication Software Function : Access control, network management, data and file transmission, error detection and control, data security.

•Definition of Network structure of topology :Geometrical arrangement of computer resources, remote devices and communication facilities to share the info. The four type of network topology are :-

1.Star Topology

protocol converters, remote access devices.

4.Mesh topology

•Definition of Local area Network : A data transmission system intended to link computers and associated with in a restricted geographical area. It is useful for sharing resources like files, printers or other applications.

1.Benefits of using LAN : Security inexpensive work station, distributed processing, Emailing, and message broad-casting, organizational benefits, data management benefits, software cost and up-gradation.2.LAN Requirements : Compatibility, interworking, growth path and modularity, system reliability and maintenance.3.Components of LAN : File server network operating system, work stations, network interface card (NIC), network cabling.4.Wireless LAN : It is a flexible data communication systems that uses radio waves, microwaves, and infrared waves to transmit and receive data over the air with minimizing the need for wired connections.

public network to connect remote sides or uses together with“virtual” connections routed through the internet from thecompany’s private network to the remote site or employee. Two typeof VPNs are :-

1.Virtual Private Dial-up network2.Site-to-site VPN

•Broad Band Network (ISDN) : System of the digital phone connections to allow simultaneous voice and data transmission across the world. Two type of ISDN service are :-

1.Basic Rate Interface (BRI) : BRI consists of two 64Kbps B channels and one 16Kbps D channel suitable for individual users.

2Primary Rate Interface (PRI) : PRI consists of 23 B channels and 64Kbps D channels for users with higher capacity requirements.

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