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WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
EVOLUTION (2G, 3G & 4G
NETWORKS)
Presented By: Liaqat Khan
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Presentation Overview
Wireless Communication
Generations
Standardization bodies
Wireless CommunicationEvolution
GSM
GPRS/EDGE
UMTS/WCDMA
HSPA
3GPP Releases Summary
CDMA2000
CDMA2000 Evolution
LTE
WiMax
LTE vs. WiMax
LTE-Advance vs. WiMax 2.0 Wireless Communication
Market update
Wireless Communication
Market in Pakistan Cellular and Broadband Market
in Pakistan
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Wireless Communication
Generations
Generation Requirement Comments
1 G No Official Requirement
Analog systemsDeployed in 1980s
2 G No Official Requirement
Digital systems
Deployed in 1990s. Major
Technologies: CdmaOne (IS-
95), GSM
3 GITUs IMT-2000 required 144
kbps mobile, 384 kbps
pedestrian, 2 Mbps indoors
Primary technologies
include CDMA2000, UMTS,
WiMAX.
4 GITUs IMT-Advance requires
more than 200 Mbps to 1
Gbps.
No commercially deployedtechnology meets
requirements today. IEEE
802.16m and LTE-Advanced
being designed to meet the
requirements
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Standardization Bodies
ITU (International Telecommunication
Union)
IMT-2000 (International Mobile
Telecommunication-2000)
3GPP (3rd
Generation Partnership Project). 3GPP2 (3rd Generation Partnership Project
2)
IEEE (Institute of Electrical & Electronics
Engineering)
IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)
ITU
IMT-2000
3GPP
3GPP2
IEEE
802.11 (WLAN) 802.16(WiMax)
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Wireless Communication
Evolution
CDMA200
0
384 Kbps
cdmaOne
IS 953GPP2
EVDO Rel. 0
2 Mbps
EVDO Rev. A
3.1 Mbps
EVDO Rev. B
9.1 to 46
Mbps
GPRS
171
Kbps
GSM3GPPUMTS
2 Mbps
HSDPA
14 Mbps
HSUPA
5.8
Mbps
HSPA+
28 to 42
Mbps
LTE
100 Mbps
UMB/ Rev.
c
288 Mbps
802.16e/Mobile
WiMax
46 Mbps
802.16d/Fixe
d WiMax
100 MbpsIEEE
802.16m/Mobile
WiMax
>350 Mbps
LTE-
Advance
1 Gbps
EDGE
384
Kbps
IS 95B
64 Kbps
GSM
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GSM(Global System for Mobile
Communication)
Research started at 1982 in Europe
Commercially deployed in 1991
2nd Generation Digital communication
More Capacity/ Voice Quality/Security/Roaming
SMS became a the most famous/killer application
Access Technique: FDMA/TDMA
Channel Bandwidth: 200 KHz Modulation: GMSK (1 bit per symbol)
Transmission: PCM
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GSM/GPRS Architecture
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GSM Nodes
MS (Mobile Station) Handset + SIM
GMSK Modulation/Demodulation
Channel coding/decoding
BTS(Base Transceiver Station)
Connect subscriber to the network Consist of TRX, Antennas, MW
3x Sectors to cover 360 degree
GMSK Modulation/Demodulation
Frequency hopping
Channel coding/decoding BSC (Base Station Controller)
Controls different BTSs
BTS / TRX Management and configuration
Radio Resource Management.
Handover
Communication with MSC
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GSM Nodes (Cont)
TCU (Trans-coder Unit) Located near the MSC but controlled by the BSC.
Multiplex/De-multiplexing of PCM circuits
Converts the 64 Kbps to 16 Kbps and vise-versa
MSC (Mobile Switching Center)
Switching between the mobile to mobile or fixed network users. Consist of 4x registers
EIR (Equipment Identity Register): Consist of the authorized numberwhich can access the network
HLR (Home Location Register): Consist of the static data of each mobilesubscriber. User subscription, services, current location etc.
VLR (Visitor location Register): Consist of the dynamic data of the userunder the coverage area
AUC (Authentication Center): Responsible for the policing actions in thenetwork. This has all the data that is required to protect the networkagainst false subscribers and protection of the calls of the regularsubscribers.
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GSM Nodes (Cont)
NOC (Network Operation Center)
Network monitoring and surveillance to ensure maximum network
availability.
ISO Network Management framework called FCAPS used for the NOC
Operations.
FCAPS (Fault, Configuration, Asset, Performance and SecurityManagement)
TMN (Telecommunication Management Network) was standardized by
ITU-T.
TMN defines an open system with standardized interfaces.
This standardization enables a platform-independent multivendorenvironment for management of all components of a telecommunication
network.
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GSM Interfaces
Um/Air Interface: Standard Interface between the MS
and the BTS.
Abis Interface: Propriety Interface between BTS and the
BSC.
Ater Interface: Propriety Interface between BSC and
TCU.
A Interface : Standard Interface between BSC/TCU and
MSC
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GSM Protocols (Cont)
Layer-1: (Physical Layer)
Air interface (FDMA/TDMA)
PCM (2.048 Mbps)
Layer-2:Air Interface: LAPDm protocol
LAPD protocols.
MTP: MTP-1, MTP-2, MTP-3 protocols used to route
and transport signaling messages
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GSM Protocols (Cont)
Layer-3: Divided in 3 x sub layer, RR(Radio Recourse),
MM (Mobility Management), CM (Connection
Management).
BTSM: Protocol used for the BTS O&M
SCCP: Protocol provides a connection-oriented (LU, CM) and aconnectionless (paging, flow control) transfer service for signaling
messages.
BSSAP: To exchange the messages b/w the BSS and MSC. 2x
protocols are defined for BSSAP: DTAP & BSSMAP.
DTAP: Protocol used to exchange messages b/w MS and MSC
like MM and CM. (transparent to BSS)
BSSMAP: Protocol used for the RR management.
MAP: MAP messages used TCAP Protocol used to exchange the
messages b/w MSCs, MSC to HLR/VLR
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GPRS(General Packet Radio Service)
Introduced to support the packet data in GSM
Major changes in network architecture were introduced.
New network nodes
New network interfaces
Modification in the MS to support GPRS
Access Technique: FDMA/TDMA
Channel Bandwidth: 200 KHz
Provide the data rate approx: 171.2 Kbps Modulation: GMSK (1 bit per symbol)
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GPRS Node
PCU (Packet Control Unit)
Integrated with BSC and part of the BSS
Handles the packet related channels, signaling and interfaces
with SGSN.
SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node)
Integrated with PCU and part of NSS.
Handles the authentication ,mobility and session management
PDP (Packet data protocol) context activation
GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node)
Connect the GPRS network to external data network (Internet)
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GPRS Interfaces
Pb Interface: Propriety Interface between BSC
and PCU. In built-in PCU no need for this
interface.
Gb Interface: Standard interface betweenPCU/BSC and SGSN.
Gn Interface: Standard interface between SGSN
and GGSN
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GPRS Protocols
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GPRS Protocols (Cont)
Layer-1:
Air Interface
PCM (2.048 Mbps)
Layer-2:
Data link: Divided into 2 x layers, Media Access Control (MAC)/ Radio
Link Control (RLC) and Logical Link Control (LLC)
MAC: Control the MS attempts on radio channel. (Multiplexing,
Scheduling, Prioritizing)
RLC: Establish a reliable connection b/w MS and BSS (Segmentation,
reassembling)
LLC: Establish a reliable connection b/w MS and SGSN (flow control,
error detection, re-transmission)
NS (Network Service): Protocol used for the Frame Relay
implementation.
BSSGP (BSS GPRS Application Protocol): Exchange QoS and Routing
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GPRS Protocols (Cont)
Layer-3:
GMM/SM: GPRS Mobility and Session Management:
GPRS Attach/Detach, PDP context activation, routing
area updates and security procedures.
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EDGE(Enhance Data for GSM Evolution)
Mainly a Air interface enhancement
New MS, TRX, BSC/PCU EDGE supported introduced.
Modulation: 8PSK (3 bits per symbol)
Provide the data rate approx: 384 Kbps
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GPRS/EDGE Coding Schemes
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UMTS(Universal Mobile Telecommunication System)
UMTS also known as Wideband Code Division
Multiplexing (WCDMA)
3G technology, successor of GSM, standardized by
3GPP Introduce new access technique: CDMA (Complete
access technology upgrade from TDMA)
Channel Bandwidth: 5 MHz
Provide data rate approx 2 Mbps
Modulation: QPSK (2 bits per symbol)
Transmission: PCM/ATM/IP
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UMTS Architecture
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UMTS Nodes
Node-B:
Base station for UMTs network
Channel coding, spreading, modulation, power control
RNC (Radio Network Controller):
Controls the Node-B
Radio Resource Management.
Connects with the other RNCs for the soft handover
Communication with the MSC (CS) and SGSN (PS)
MSC:
Performs the same function as in GSM
Can support both A-interface (GSM) and Iu-interface (UMTS)
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UMTS Interfaces
Iub Interface: Interface between Node-B and
RNC.
Iu (CS) Interface: Interface between RNC and
MSC Iu (PS) Interface: Interface between RNC and
SGSN
Iur Interface: Interface between RNCs for softhandover
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UMTS Protocols
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UMTS Protocols (Cont)
Physical layer may be ATM or IP.
AAL5 (ATM Adaptation Layer 5): Used to transport signaling,
management and routing protocol within ATM
SSCOP (Service Specific Connection Oriented Protocol):
Used to transfer the user data in sequence, error control, flowcontrol.
SCCP: Protocol provides a connection-oriented and a
connectionless transfer service for signaling messages.
NBAP (Node-B Application Part): Used for control andconfiguration messages between Iub interface and channel
management
RANAP (Radio Access Network Application Part): Used for
the control information exchange in Iu interface. MM, CM and
SM
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HSPA(High Speed Packet Access)
Combination of HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access)and HSUPA (High Speed Uplink Packet Access).
Used dedicated radio channels in DL and UL to support highdata rates for WCDMA.
HSDPA introduced in Rel. 5 of 3GPP to increase the downlinkspeed.
HSDPA provide data rate approx: 14 Mbps
Modulation: QPSK (2 bits per symbol) and 16-QAM (4 bits persymbol).
HSUPA introduced in Rel.6 of 3GPP to increase the uplinkspeed.
HSUPA provide data rate approx: 5.6 Mbps
Modulation : QPSK and 16-QAM
Further enhancements of HSPA (+) used 64-QAM (6 bits per
symbol) and with MIMO support up to 42 Mbps in DL and 11.5Mbps in UL
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3GPP Releases Summary
Releas
e 4 First steps toward using IP transport in the core network. Bearerindependent Core network. (CS + ATM + IP supported)
Releas
e 99First deployable version of UMTS. Enhancements to GSM data
(EDGE).
Releas
e 5First phase of Internet Protocol Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) and
High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA
14 Mbps )
Releas
e 6 High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA 5.6 Mbps).
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3GPP Releases Summary (Cont)
Releas
e 7HSPA + (21 Mbps DL, 11.5 Mbps UL) with MIMO (Multiple Input
Multiple Output)
Release 8
Long Term Evolution (LTE 100 Mbps DL, 50 Mbps UL), SAE
(System Architecture Evolution) and enhancement in HSPA + (42
Mbps DL)
Releas
e 9
Further LTE standardization, Femto-cells, HSPA + (82 Mbps DL, 20
Mbps UL).
Releas
e 10 LTE Advance (1 Gbps DL, 100 Mbps UL)
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CDMA2000(Code Division Multiple Access 2000)
3G technology, successor of IS-95 (cdmaOne),
standardized by 3GPP2
Access technique: CDMA (already in use for cdmaOne)
Channel Bandwidth: 1.25 MHz (already in use forcdmaOne)
Provide data rate approx: 384 Kbps
Modulation: QPSK (2 bits per symbol)
Transmission: PCM /ATM/IP
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CDMA2000 Architecture
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CDMA2000 Nodes
BTS : Performs same functionality as in case of GSM/UMTS.
BSC/RNC: Performs same functionality as in case of UMTS.
MSC: Performs the same function as in case of GSM/UMTS.
PDSN (Packet Data Serving Node): Responsible for routing the IP Packet between mobile and core network
(like SGSN for GSM/UMTS)
AAA (Authentication, Authorization and Accounting): Performs the authentication, authorization and accounting services
HA (Home Agent): The home agent allows the roaming of its own subscribers in other
networks.
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CDMA2000 Interfaces
A3/A7 interface: Interface between BTS and BSC
A3 used for the establishing/removing the traffic connections(ATM/IP)
A7 used for the signaling between the BTS and BSC and
between the BSCs for soft handover. A1/A2 interface:
Interface between the BSC and MSC
A1 used of the signaling between the BSC and MSC
A2 used for the traffic connection between the BSC and MSC
(PCM E1) A8/A9 interface:
Interface between the BSC and PDSN
A8 used for the traffic connection between the BSC and PDSN
A9 used for the signaling between the BSC and PDSN
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CDMA2000 Evolution
EVDO
Rev. AMajor enhancement in UL data rates. Provide data rate
approx: 3.1 Mbps DL and 1.8 Mbps in UL (16-QAM).
CDMA2000
1x RTT (1 times Radio Transmission Technology.) Provide datarates approx: 144 Kbps to 384 Kbps (QPSK)
EVDO
Rel. 0Provide data rate approx: 2.5 Mbps DL and 150 Kbps in UL
(16-QAM)
EVDORev. B Provide data rate approx: 9.1 Mbps DL (64-QAM). Cansupport data rate approx: 46 Mbps using aggregate carriers
EVDO
Rev. C
UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband). Provide data approx: 288
Mbps in DL and 75 Mbps in UL. Never commercially launched
and select the 3GPPs LTE for evolution of CDMA2000
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LTE(Long Term Evolution)
Standardized by 3GPP in Rel.8 published in 2008-09
3GPP2 also selected LTE for the next evolution path for the
CDMA2000
Introduce new access technology: OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiple Access) in DL and SC-FDMA (Single CarrierFrequency Division Multiple Access) in UL
Channel Bandwidth: 5 MHz to 20 MHz (Scalable)
Modulation: 16-QAM, 64-QAM and MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple
Output)
Provide data rate approx: 100 Mbps in DL and 50 Mbps in UL
Transmission: All IP
IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem): Fixed Mobile Convergence, all IP
network, Provide services like VoIP, Interconnectivity with legacy
systems, multimedia services, VOD, online gaming etc.
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LTE Architecture
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LTE Nodes
eNodeB: The enhance version of base station/Node-B used in UMTS. e
referred to as evolved
Radio resource management is performed by eNodeB as there is
no BSC/RNC in LTE architecture Handover between eNodeB
MME (Mobility Management Entity):
Manage all signaling between the base stations and core
networks.
Authentication
Handover between eNodeB
Paging
Interworking with other radio network: GSM/UMTS/CDMA2000
SMS and legacy (CS) voice support
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LTE Nodes (Cont)
S-GW (Serving Gateway):
Manage the user data tunnels and switching between eNodeB
and core network
P-GW (Packet Data Network Gateway)
Gateway to internet and IMS
Assign the IPs to mobile
HSS (Home Subscriber Server)
In LTE the HLR (GSM/UMTS) referred to as HSS
HLR (GSM/UMTS) and HSS (LTE) communicate with each other
for seamless roaming between different radio technologies
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LTE Interfaces
X2 interface: Interface between the eNodeBs forseamless the handover
S1-U Interface: Interface between eNodeB and S-GW
S1-MME Interface: Interface between eNodeB and MME
S11 Interface: Interface between S-GW and MME
S5/S8 Interface: Interface between S-GW and P-GW
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LTE Protocols
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LTE Protocols (Cont)
Protocols highlighted in light colors are developed by3GPP
Protocols highlighted in dark colors are developed by
IETF
NAS (Non Access Stratum): Used for directcommunication between the MS and MME (Mobility &
Session Management)
RRC (Radio Resource Control) : used for radio resource
usage. UE signaling and data connection PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol): used for IP
header compression and encryption
RLC (Radio Link Control): used for segmentation
concatenation of PDCP data for radio transmission
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LTE Protocols (Cont)
Physical (Layer 1): used to take care of OFDMA and SC-
FDMA
S1AP (S1 Application Part): used to handle the MS CP
and UP between the E-UTRAN and EPC
SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol): provide
reliable transport and sequenced delivery function
GTP-C (GPRS Tunneling Protocol-Control Plane):
Manage the UP connections, data tunnels and QoS in
the EPC
UDP (Unit Data Protocol): Used with IP for fast
communication (although unreliable). Often referred to
Best Effort protocol
IP (Internet Protocol): Can support/run on different data
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LTE Technology summary
WiMax
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WiMax(Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave
Access)
3G technology, standardize by IEEE
Also known as IEEE 802.16 standard
IEEE 802.16d (Fixed WiMax), IEEE 802.16e (Mobile
WiMax, WiMax 1.0), IEEE 802.16m (WiMax 2.0)
Access Technology: OFDMA in both DL and UL
Channel Bandwidth: 1.25 MHz to 20 MHz (Scalable).
Modulation: QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM and MIMO
Provide data rate approx: 46 Mbps in DL and 4 Mbps inUL with mobility and 100 Mbps (DL) in fixed/Stationary
Transmission: IP
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WiMax Architecture
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WiMax Nodes
BS (Base Station): Connect MS to the network
Frequency allocation
Modulation/De-Modulation
Performs the RRM Power control
Inter BS Handover
ASN-GW (Access Service Network Gateway):
Mobility Management, authentication Paging, QoS
Data flow management
Control plane and User plane management
Inter ASN-GW Handovers
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WiMax Nodes (Cont)
Routers
Routers connect the ASN with CSN nodes (Gateway, AAA and
HA)
CSN (Connectivity Service Network)
Used to connect with external network such as Internet
IP address management
Mobility Management between ASNs
AAA for Authorization, Authentication and Accounting
HA (Home Agent) connects and maintain the service while useris roaming between WiMax network
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WiMax Interfaces
Interfaces in WiMax are called Reference Points R
R1 Interface: Interface between BS and ASN-GW.
Handle both user traffic and control plane messages
*R2 Interface: Interface between BS and AAA (CSN) for
authorization, authentication and configuration
management
R3 Interface: Interface between the ASN and CSN
R4 Interface: Interface between ASNs or ASN-GW.Handles the data control plan messages and mobility
management for handover
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WiMax Interfaces (Cont)
*R5 Interface: Interface between the two CSNs.
R6 Interface: Interface between BS and ASN. Handle
both data and control plane messages
*R7 Interface: Optional Interface to handle the control
plane messages between the any two functions
R8 Interface: Interface between the BSs for seamless
handover
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WiMax Protocols
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WiMax Protocols (Cont)
Layer 1: Physical
Responsible for the physical interface between nodes. OFDMA,
16-QAM or 64-QAM, MIMO
Layer 2: MAC (Media Access Control)
Divided in to three sub layers
Privacy Sub Layer: Responsible for the encryption
Common part Sub Layer: Responsible for the connection
management , packing user data from upper layers and fits to the
physical frame structure
Convergence Sub Layer: Provide higher layer protocols (IP/ATM)
a standard interface to deliver user data to layer 2
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WiMax Technology summary
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LTE vs. WiMax (Comparison)
Parameters LTE WiMax
Release 2009 2005
Deployment ~30 commercial network ~500 commercial network
Data Rates 100 Mbps DL/ 50 Mbps UL 45 Mbps DL/ 4 Mbps
Coverage Signal can reach 100 Km Signal can reach 50 Km
Power Efficiency More power efficient than
WiMax (SC-FDMA in UL)
Less power efficient than
LTE (OFDMA in UL)
Market Penetration High, as 85% of cellular
network used 3GPPtechnology
Low, 15% of cellular
network used Non-3GPPtechnology
LTE-Advance vs WiMax 2 0
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LTE-Advance vs. WiMax 2.0(Battle for the 4G)
LTE and WiMax are often labeled as 4G but do not fulfill the4G requirements.
ITU-R standardize the 4G specifications
These specifications also known as IMT-Advance:
Max data rate for fixed access up to 1 Gbps Max data rate for mobile access up to 100 Mbps
All IP architecture
Scalable channel bandwidth
LTE-Advance and WiMax 2.0 (Mobile WiMax, 802.16m) aims
to fulfill the IMT-advance requirements.
Currently both are in research and design phase
Competition scenario depends on the deployment region.
In America, Sprint Nextel plans to offer 4G over Mobile WiMax
whereas Verizon opts LTE for the 4G
LTE-Advance vs WiMax 2 0
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LTE Advance vs. WiMax 2.0(Cont)
LTE-Advance vs. WiMax
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LTE Advance vs. WiMax
2.0 (Cont)
Wireless Communication Market
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Wireless Communication Market
Update
GSM/EDGE (as of April, 2011)
545 Networks launched in 196 countries (Source: GSA)
WCDMA/HSPA/HSPA+ (as of Oct , 2011)
100% of WCDMA implemented HSPA technology
424 HSPA Networks launched in 165 countries
211 HSPA+ Networks launched in 89 countries (Source: GSA)
LTE (as of Oct, 2011)
35 Networks launched in 21 countries
185 Networks commitments in 66 countries (Source: GSA)
WiMax (as of May, 2011)
582 Networks in 150 countries (Source: WiMax Forum)
Wireless Communication
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Wireless Communication
Market Update (Cont)
Wireless Communication
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Wireless Communication
Market Update (Cont)
Wireless Communication Market in
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Wireless Communication Market in
Pakistan
GSM/GPRS/EDGE Ufone, Telenor, Mobilink, Warid andZong(2.5/2.75 G under cellular license)
CDMA2000 Rev. A & Rev. B PTCL EVO and Nitro respectively (3G
under WLL license)
WiMax Qubee, Wi-Tribe, Wateen.(3G under WLL license)
Efforts are being made for the 3G upgrade under new cellular license.
(CAPEX)
Upgrade from 2G to 3G required a complete hardware
upgrade/installation on Access side (Base stations and BSC/RNC).
(CAPEX)
Most of the Core networks are already upgraded to support 3G
requirements
Pakistan Broadband Market is not mature enough to fully utilize the 3G
benefits,
Only 0.9 % of the population (1,654,517/180,000,000) using broadband
service (Source: PTA)
Wireless Communication Market in
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Wireless Communication Market in
Pakistan (Cont)
Pakistani mobile/cellular market is voice and SMS centric. As 62% ofthe population (111,126,434/180,000,000) using cellular Voice and
SMS services (Source: PTA)
Only 1.4% (1,654,517/111,126,434) of the cellular subscribers using
the broadband services.
Wired broadband solutions (DSL, FTTH) & WLL licensetechnologies are fulfilling the current requirements for the fixed &
wireless broadband requirements.
Pakistani mobile broadband market will likely to be maturated in 2-3
years to fully utilize the 3G services.
Mobile TV and Video conferencing services might increase the data
requirements for the Pakistan market.
LTE will be mature in two to three years which also require the
complete hardware upgrades on access and core sides.
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Cellular Market in Pakistan
0
5,000,000
10,000,000
15,000,000
20,000,000
25,000,000
30,000,000
35,000,000
40,000,000
Pakistan Cellular Subscribers (Source: PTA)
Mobilink
Telenor
Ufone
Zong
Warid
Instaphone
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Broadband Market in Pakistan
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
800,000
Pakistan Broadband Subscribers (Source: PTA)
DSL
EvDO
WiMax
FTTH
HFC
R f
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References
www.4gamericas.com
www.gsacom.com
www.3gpp.com www.3gpp2.com
www.wimaxforum.org
www.pta.gov.pk
Further Wireless Communication
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Research Topics
Modulation Techniques in Wireless Communications (GMSK, QPSK,16-QAM, 64-QAM etc)
Multiple Access Techniques in Wireless Communications (FDMA,TDMA, CDMA, OFDMA, BDMA etc)
IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem): Fixed Mobile Convergence, All IP
solution and services
IEEE WLAN: IEEE 802.16.11 Wireless LAN, Wi-Fi
IEEE ZigBee: IEEE 802.15.4, used for high speed PANcommunication with low power.
Blue Tooth: PAN devices communication
UMA (Unlicensed Mobile Access): Interface and handover b/w GSMand WLAN
DVB-H(Digital Video Broadband Handheld): Broad cast services tomobile handset
Questions/Queri
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Quest o s/Que
es