NETWORKING
Jun 02, 2015
NETWORKING
Cables
Coaxial cables Twisted pair cables
• Unshielded Twisted Pair(UTP)
• Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
Cable OHMS meters Mbps
Thin 50 185 10
Thick 100 500 10
Network concepts
Geographical Topologies Architectures
Geo
grap
hica
lLAN(Local)
WAN(Wide)
MAN(Metro)
CAN(Campus)
TAN(Tiny)
HAN(Home)
PAN(Personal)
SAN(Storage)
Topo
logi
esMeshBusRing
HybridTreeStar
Arch
itect
ures
Workgroup(peer to peer)
Domain(Client/Server)
Hub
• Data is sent to all the machines in the network at the same time(broadcasting).
• This generates more traffic. So the communication is much slower.
• Destination is data is detected by the computers by machine IP and the MAC address.
• Data communication is half duplex.• To connect a hub to another hub you must use a hub
with a uplink port.
Switch
• Data is sent only to the requested destinations (forwarding).
• This reduces traffic so communication is much faster.
• Data communication is full duplex(can receive and send at the same time).
• Destination of data is decided by the switch itself by keeping all MAC addresses in its temporary memory.
• Can connect any numbers of switches without using a special port or device.
WORKGROUP ( PEER TO PEER )
• No server to control the network.• Less security, restrictions and control.• No centralized user management or
administrator.• Administrator must visit each to perform any
configurations or management tasks.
DOMAIN ( CLIENT / SERVER )
• The domain controller control the network.• More security, restrictions and control.• A centralized user management and
administrator.• The administrator performs all the tasks
through the domain control.
IP addresses
VersionsIP version 4 (IPV4)
IP version 6 (IPV6)
RangersPrivet
Public
ClassesClass A
Class B
Class C
Class D
Class E
TypesDynamic IP
Static IP
IPV4
• E.g.: 192.168.10.100
Octal(8 bit)
8 bit * 4 = 32 bit IPV4
IPV4• E.g.: Fe80.0000.0000.1234.0000.0000.0000.abde
Hexa decimal(16 bit)
16 bit * 8 = 128 bit IPV
Versions
Classes
Class A• Full range
• Privet range(Only for LAN)
• Subnet mask
Start – 1 . 0 . 0 . 1End – 126 . 255 . 255 . 254
Start – 10 . 0 . 0 . 1End – 10 . 255 . 255 . 254
255 . 0 . 0 . 0
Network ID Client/Host ID
Class B• Full range
• Privet range(Only for LAN)
• Subnet mask
Start – 128 . 0 . 0 . 1End – 191 . 255 . 255 . 254
Start – 172 . 16 . 0 . 1End – 172 . 31 . 255 . 254
255 . 255 . 0 . 0
Network ID Client/Host ID
Class C• Full range
• Privet range(Only for LAN)
• Subnet mask
Start – 192 . 0 . 0 . 1End – 223 . 255 . 255 . 254
Start – 192 . 168 . 0 . 1End – 192 . 168. 255 . 254
255 . 255 . 255 . 0
Network ID Client/Host ID
Class D
• Used for Multicasting services and applications.
Start – 224 . 0 . 0 . 0End – 239 . 253 . 255 . 255
Class E
• Used for Experimental and research purposes.
Start – 240 . 0 . 0 . 0End – 255 . 255 . 255 . 255
Loop back address
• Not a IP, only used for self identifications and diagnostic purposes only.
IP Rangers
Privet
• Addresses which are reserved for local area networks/ Intranets.
• These addresses freely assigned for our privet networks.
Public
• Addresses which are reserved for Wide area networks/ Internet. You must buy this addresses from Internet Service Providers(ISP) or from any internet authority.
IP Types
Dynamic IPs• Addresses which are
automatically assign by a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) service. These addresses are randomly assigned and they changed frequently.
Static IPs• Addresses which are
manually assigned in the properties of TCP/IP protocol by the administrator. These addresses will not changed unless we changed them.
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Service 2008 ( DHCP )
• DHCP allows to automatically assign IP addresses, subnet masks and other configuration information to client computers on the local network.
Domain Name System ( DNS )
• DNS is a system for naming computers and network services that maps those names to network addresses and organizes them into a hierarchy of domains.
DNS Namespace
root
.org
.com
Microsoft.com
Contoso.com
Corp.consoto.com
Hq.consoto.com.edu
.net
.lk
www.microsoft.comTop Level Domain (TLD)
.com Commercial entities such as corporations.
.edu Educational purposes such as colleges and public and privet schools.
.gov Government entities such as federal, state and local government.
.net Organizations that provide internet service providers(ISPs).
.org Privet nonprofit organizations.
Microsoft Management Console ( MMC )
• MMC is a platform used for running administrative tools in a windows OS.
• Start Run MMC
Group Policy
• Group policies are used to implement certain restrictions on client machines.
• Start Administrative tools
Group Policy Management
Group Accounts
Types
• Security groups• Distribution groups
Scopes
• Domain local• Global• Universal
Internet Information Service ( IIS )
• IIS is the Microsoft web server use for hosting web sites, virtual directories and FTP sites.
Windows Deployment Service (WDS)
• WDS is a service use for installing the operation system through the network to many computers at the same time.
Microsoft Domain EnvironmentPrimary Domain Controller
Copy of the Active Directory database
Main Active Directory database
PC3PC2 PC1
Clients
Must contain a Server OS(2000,2003,2008)
Must be a member of a domain(a client) with a server OS
Any network OS (2000, xp, 7 , 8)Additional domain controller (backup/child domain)
PDC
ADC ADC
IP settingsDomain controller IP settings
Client IP settings
IP 192.168.1.200 192.168.1.1
Subnet 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0
Preferred DNS 127.0.0.1 ( loop back ) 192.168.1.200 ( DNS server IP )