Wind Turbine Noise and Vibration

8/19/2019 Wind Turbine Noise and Vibration

1/64

WindWind

TurbineTurbine

Noise andNoise and

VibrationVibrationDr. Colin KestellDr. Colin Kestell

[email protected]@adelaide.edu.au


2/64


3/64

8

An audible vibration transported to the

observer through an elastic solid or luid.

tympanic

membrane(eardrum)

malleus

(hammer)

incus

(anvil)

cochlea

stapes

(stirrup)

vibratingbody

disturbed

viscous fluid

Noise, Where does it come from?


4/64

!

Sound – Our perception of sound

"#$%&K$%

""K$%

'#d( A )eighting


5/64

Sound

#d(

d(

"#d(

*#d(+#d(

'#d(

,#d(

7#d(8#d(

!#d(

#d(

&d(&"#d(

&*#d(

&+#d(

&'#d(

"#

#

##

#-###

&-###-###

-###-###

-###

#-###-###

μPascals

"

"

logref p

pdB =

pref = 20 x10-6 Pascals

ref p

plog"#=

$earing threshold

/portant to state

distance ro/ source

0ain

*'#/ a)a1


6/64

&&Measuring SoundFor a point source radiating into a

free field, where the object is small

relative to the distance

23

23

"

"

.

ref

meas p

ref

sourceW

p

pLog L

W

W Log L

=

=

Pascals pref µ "#=

Watts x W ref &"& −=

r if r LL

r r Log LL

dBr Log LL

dBr Log LL

p p

p p

pw

W p

&"&"

&

"&"

" d(,

23"#

823"#

823"#

=−=

−=

++=

−−=

Fundamentals of Noise and Vibration. M.P.Norton

r


7/64

&"Measuring SoundFor a line source radiating into

a free field, where the object is

small relative to the distance

r if r LL

r r Log LL

dBr Log LL

dBr Log LL

p p

p p

pw

W p

&"&"

&

"&"

" d(*

23

'23

'23

=−=

−=

++=

−−=

Fundamentals of Noise and Vibration. M.P.Norton

23

23

"

"

.

ref

meas p

ref

sourceW

p

pLog L

W

W Log L

=

=

Pascals pref µ "#=

Watts x W ref &"& −=

r


8/64

&*

5 0 d B

Measuring Sound


9/64

&+

.......2 "&

++=

LpLp

T Log Lp

5 d B

Measuring Sound


10/64

&'

Types of noise

Tonal Noise

++#$%

##$%### $%

4ando/ Noise

White Noise

0ink Noise

Ti/e do/ain Ti/e averaged

3s2 5re6uenc1 do/ain 3$%2

Ti/e 3s2 5re6uenc1 3$%2

Measuring Sound


11/64

&,

Instrumentation - sound

A ound evel 9eter

A 9icrophone

A )indsock

Conditioning a/pliier

pectru/ Anal1ser

Measuring Sound


12/64

&7!i"rationtructure:borne vibration trans/its energ1 throughout the entire s1ste/.

The displace/ent o a surace is the co/bined contribution o all o its /odes.Which /ode is e;cited the /ost is dependent on the source.


13/64

&8

!i"ration

9easured in ter/s o

Displace/ent

Velocit1

Acceleration ? so/eti/es in ter/s o =g> 3gravit12

dB also used … or

absolute units on either a logarithmic or linear scale

Be careful of units!

All this and more covered in Part IIA " #ibration and Part IIB $" Advanced Linear #ibration

Measuring !i"ration


14/64

&!

Measuring sound and #i"rationInstrumentation - vibration

Conditioning a/pliier

pectru/ Anal1ser

Accelero/eter train gauge

aser vibro/eter


15/64

"#

Measuring sound and #i"rationCalibration


16/64

"&

Wind tur"ines


17/64

""

Wind $ur"ine Noise


18/64

"*

What generates the noise in %ind

tur"ines ?

& (l d


19/64

"+

Wind $ur"ine Noise&. (lades". 4otor *. 0itch+. (rake

'. o) speed shat,. ear bo;7. enerator 8. Controller !. Ane/o/eter

&*. a) drive&+. a) 9otor

&'. To)er

. Wind Vane

&&. Nacelle&". $igh speed shat


20/64

"'

Note- /uch larger gearbo; and

hence /an1 /ore /oving parts


21/64

",

&erod'namic Noise(lade passes through turbulent- oten gust1 lo)

(lade /otion causes turbulence

Wing tip vortices

cause turbulence

Turbulence

creates sound

%broadband audible pressure perturbations&

Turbulence higher as

each blade passes tower

onsider a blade' (" )P* rotor will have a BP+ of ,- ./


22/64

"7

&erod'namic Noise

A * blade- ", 409 rotor )ill have a to)er (05 o

&.* $%- or a periodic ti/e o #.77 seconds

0())s

http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/E:%5C2008%5CA.%20ADMIN%5CCAMBRIDGE%5CWind%20Turbine%20Noise%20and%20vibration%5CLecture%5CNoise%20issue.wmv


23/64

"8


24/64

"!

Shaft noise unbalancedbent shats

non:concentric align/ent

,#23 )P*

./ fre0uenc1 =


25/64

*#

Shaft noise

,#23 )P*

./ fre0uenc1 =


26/64

*&

Shaft noise

5re6uenc1 3$%2

A / p l i t u d e

Varies )ith shat speed

,#23 )P*

./ fre0uenc1 =


27/64

*"

Shaft noise

**


28/64

**

*ear Noise

5re6uenc1 3$%2

A / p

l i t u d e

Var1 )ith speed

,#23

)P*

./ fre0uenc1 2haft =

,#.23)P*

3 ./ fre0uenc1 *esh = ear )ith N teeth

*+


29/64

*+

*ear Noise

Consider gear pairs )ith a si/ple ratioB"B&- *B& etc

0eriodicall1 the sa/e teeth )ill /esh

At a re6uenc1 e6ual to the shat re6uenc1 o

the larger gear

4ne full revolution of the large gear' also returns

the small gear to the same place

*'


30/64

*'

*ear Noise

ears that share co//on /ultiples also

/esh the sa/e t)o teeth periodicall1.

ConsiderB a +# tooth pinion and

a ,# tooth sprocket-

Turn the sprocket $WO +-- turns- /oving

./0 teeth past a point.

This /oves ./0 teeth on the pinion- driving

it $122 +-- turns.

*,


31/64

*,

*ear Noise

This c1clic nature is kno)n as the N$3N* $OO$(

The re6uenc1 is e6ual toBear /esh re6uenc1

o)est Co//on Tooth 9ultiple

This causes uneven )ear

Choose tooth nu/bers that result in a high =lo)est

co//on /ultiple> to keep this re6uenc1 as lo) as

possible

This is )h1 gears have apparentl1strange teeth nu/bers

*7


32/64

*7

*ear Noise

5&

5"Drive speed

0robable &+ toothgear issue

*8


33/64

*8

*ear Noise

http://www.vibanalysis.co.uk/

*!


34/64

*!

*ear Noiseear (o; 5ailure

+#


35/64

+#

Nor/al spur gears ? cost eective

$elical gears ? s/oother /esh-

/ore e;pensive- produce an a;ial

orce co/ponent as )ell as a tangential

$erring bone gears 3ar /ore e;pensive2

realign the resultant orce

*ear Noise

+&


36/64

+&

Bearing Noise http://www.vibanalysis.co.uk/

+"* t N i


37/64

+"*enerator Noise

A t1pical *:phase generator )ill have

* pairs o 3,2 opposing )ound coils+ rotating per/anent /agnets

0roducing &" pulses per revolution


38/64

!i"ration isolation

m

5 =ω

5re6uenc1 3$%2

D i s p

l a c e / e n t

ncreased da/ping

ncrease /ass or

decreased stiness

/

ck

++


39/64

++

&coustic resonance

The large to)er )ill act like an organ pipe

(roadband and tonal noise )ill propagate through

the duct and e;cite standing )ave resonances

+'


40/64

+'

1adiation

+,


41/64

+,

24amplesVesta V'":8'# kW- * (lade- ", 409

Psycho-acoustic characters of relevance for annoyance of wind turbine noise. . Persson !a e and ". # %rstro M. ournal of sound and vibration ())( (+) , +-0

+7


42/64

+7

24amplesWindWorld ,##kW-


43/64

+8

# ' Ti/e 3s2

"'

'###

5 r e 6 u e n c 1 3 $ % 2

# "#d(A ro/ 7#/

+# ,#

!ind turbines and sound: 1eview and best practice $uidelines. %23 "n$ineerin$

Canadian &.' 9W Wind Turbine pectogra/24amples

+!

2 l


44/64

+!

!ind turbines and sound: 1eview and best practice $uidelines. %23 "n$ineerin$

Acoustic /odel o

t1pical )ind turbinesound propagation

24amples

'#

N i i t?&'#d(


45/64

'#

Nois' or 5uiet?

#d(

d(

"#d(

*#d(+#d(

'#d(

,#d(

7#d(8#d(

!#d(

#d(

&d(&"#d(

&*#d(

&+#d(

&'#d(

"#

#

##

#-###

&-###-###

-###-###

-###

#-###-###

μPascals

"

"

logref p

pdB =

pref = 20 x10-6 Pascals

ref p

plog"#=

$earing threshold

/portant to state

distance ro/ source

0ain

*'#/ a)a1

'&

N i i t?


46/64

'&

9an1 clai/ that the noise is )orse at night or in the earl1 hours o the /orning.

ess /asking

3other noisescovering it up2

0h1siological issues

Ther/al inversion

la1ers

Nois' or 5uiet?

'"

N i i t?


47/64

'

Nois' or 5uiet?

Nor/al conditions

'*

N i i t?


48/64

War/er air ther/al inversion la1er

ne o a e) /eteorological eects

Nois' or 5uiet?

'+


49/64

''


50/64

',


51/64

#k/

'7


52/64

tarish $ill

3or Cape ervis2

Wind 5ar/

'8

tarish $ill- outh Australia


53/64

http677www-auswind-org

'!


h 77 i d


54/64


http677www-1outube-com7watch8v9:wc;


55/64


,&


htt 77 i d


56/64


Machiner' health monitoring


57/64

Machiner' health monitoring

(aseline /easure/entubse6uent /easure/ent

n:situ /icrophones- strain gauges and accelero/eters on

4otating /achiner1

Critical structures

,*


58/64

,+Noise Where does it come from?


59/64

Noise, Where does it come from?

,'

/00) World Solar 6ar 6hallenge

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YwcJEqOwKxshttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/E:%5C2008%5CA.%20ADMIN%5CCAMBRIDGE%5CWind%20Turbine%20Noise%20and%20vibration%5CLecture%5CStarfish.wmv


60/64

Dar)in 3unda12Katherine

Tennant Creek

Alice prings

Cobber 0ed1

0ort Augusta

Adelaide 3aturda12

Eluru

/00) World Solar 6ar 6hallenge

Greenfleet class

,,

Noise Where is it coming from?


61/64

Noise – Where is it coming from?

,7


62/64

,8


63/64

,!

South Port Beach 7nr &delaide8


64/64

South Port Beach 7nr &delaide8

Wind Turbine Noise and Vibration

Documents