Wind Power Plant Electrical Performance compliant with ...a1.cigre.org/content/download/10548/329397/version/... · Wind Power Plant Electrical Performance compliant with grids and

Philip C. Kjaer. August 26, 2010. Paris.

CIGRÉ SC-A1Electrical Rotating Machines Committee

Panel on Wind Generation

Wind Power Plant Electrical Performance compliant with grids and connection codes

2 | CIGRÉ SC-A1. Electrical Rotating Machines Committee. Panel on Wind Generation. Paris, August 26, 2010.

DISCLAIMER

Information contained in the following expresses general views and shall merely be viewed as a contribution to the debate on the potential of wind turbines in general.

Information contained in the following shall not be construed as an expression of the policies or views of Vestas or as a detailed description of the properties or functioning of wind turbines manufactured by Vestas.


Products & offerings

Power Plant Solutions:

• planning (siting, elec. pre-design)

• procurement.

• construction.

• operation & service.

• optimisation.Options .

SCADA.

Condition Monitoring.


Wind Power Plants

Flexible configuration, scaling and parallelling.


Power Plant architecture


Variable-speed wind turbine topologies

Doubly-fed Full-converter Minimum speed Limited by rotor design voltage. From zero speed. Stator current control Controlled from rotor side � bandwidth

limited by machine rotor time constant. Controlled directly from generator converter.

Grid current control Mainly as stator current; though grid converter controlled directly.

Controlled directly from grid converter.

Grid voltage minor disturbances

Impacts stator currents directly. Compensation from rotor side.

DC-link allows decoupling generator from grid with appropriate control.

Grid voltage major disturbances

Impacts stator and rotor currents directly. Power dissipation through converter.

Decoupled. Power dissipation in DC-link.

Grid frequency excursions

Impacts stator directly. Compensation from rotor side.

DC-link allows decoupling generator from grid.

Short-circuit current contribution

Transient peak ~4pu, then controlled to ~1pu.

Transient peak <2pu, then controlled to ~1pu.


Grid connection codes + route to compliance


Electrical planning & design – studies

Documentation & simulation models

Datasheet Positive sequence

model

Electrical machine

transient model

Transmission load flow

Transmission transient/voltage stability

Transmission protection

Plant load flow

Plant short-circuit

Plant dynamic control

Plant transients

Plant protection coordination

Plant temporary over-voltage

( )

( )

OHL

132/22 kV star/delta

T1 63 MVA uk = 11,5 %

ET1 +/- 8 x 1,25%

1 8 15 22

½

2 9 16 23

3 10 17 24

4 11 18 25

5 12 19

6 13 20

7 14 21

G

G

G

G

G

G

G

G

G

G

G

G

G

G

x 1 x 2

G

G

G

G

G

G

G

x 3

G

G

G

x 4

Compensation

x

x

x

G


Power Plant performance. Plant active power control.

Pref = Pavail × 0.92

0.4

0.42

0.44

0.46

0.48

0.5

0.52

0.54

0.56

0.58

0.6

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Time [s]

Po

wer

[p

u]

PrefPmeasPpossible


Power Plant performance. Plant active power control.

Pref stepped

0.76pu � 0.66pu

0.64

0.66

0.68

0.7

0.72

0.74

0.76

0.78

0.8

0 10 20 30 40 50

Time [s]

Po

wer

[p

u]

PrefPmeas


Power Plant performance.Plant reactive power control.

1.015

1.02

1.025

1.03

1.035

1.04

1.045

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Time [s]

Vo

ltag

e [P

U]

-0.15

-0.1

-0.05

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Time [s]

Rea

ctiv

e P

ow

er [

PU

]

QrefQmeas

Qref stepped ±0.10pu


Power Plant performance.Plant reactive power control.

-0.04

-0.03

-0.02

-0.01

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

200.8 201 201.2 201.4 201.6 201.8 202 202.2 202.4 202.6 202.8 203

Time [s]

Rea

ctiv

e P

ow

er [

PU

] QrefQmeas

Qref = -0.03pu as

capacitor of 0.06pu is

switched


Power Plant performance.Plant voltage control (slope) – requirements to performance.

When voltage reference

is stepped, the reactive

power response must fall

within envelope.

0 1 2 3 4 5 60

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Time [s]


1.02

1.022

1.024

1.026

1.028

1.03

1.032

1.034

1.036

1.038

1.04

1.042

300 305 310 315 320 325

Time [s]

Vo

ltag

e [P

U]

VrefVmeas

Power Plant performance.Plant voltage control (slope).

-0.07

-0.06

-0.05

-0.04

-0.03

-0.02

-0.01

0

306.5 307 307.5 308 308.5 309 309.5

Time [s]

Rea

ctiv

e P

ow

er [

PU

]

0 1 2 3


Power Plant performance.Plant frequency response (slope).

P [p

u]f [

Hz]


-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

1 4 ,9 8 5 1 5 ,0 8 5 1 5 ,1 8 5 1 5 ,2 8 5

Gri

d c

ure

nts

[pu

]

3

WTG short-circuit current signatures

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

14,985 15,035 15,085 15,135 15,185 15,235 15,285

t [sec]

Grid c

ure

nts

[pu]

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

14,985 15,085 15,185 15,285

t [sec]

Grid c

ure

nts

[pu]

Sample waveforms

Synchronous generator

Doubly-fed asynchronous generator

Full power electronic conversion


Example of doubly-fed system short-circuit waveforms

Simple extraction of fundamental components results in over-estimation of impedance.

Sample waveforms

Turbine voltages, phase-ground.

R

X

oZfault,real

Zfault, obs

Zone 1

Zone 2o

recorded (blue) processed (red)

recorded (green)processed (black, magenta)

Phase currents

Phase current envelope


Summary

1. Harmonisation in connection code formats & terminology allow wind power plant designers to develop global plant solutions andassociated design tools.

2. A generic plant architecture facilitates rapid designs and earlyassessment of their compliance with codes.

3. Examples of solutions, design process and measured plant resultsdocument representative performance – in compliance with connection codes.


THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

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Wind Power Plant Electrical Performance compliant with ...a1.cigre.org/content/download/10548/329397/version/... · Wind Power Plant Electrical Performance compliant with grids and

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