Wind Farm-Fesaibility Study

7/30/2019 Wind Farm-Fesaibility Study

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1

PRMG 050:

Projects Feasibility Studies

FEASIBILITYSTUDYOF120MWWINDPARK

PROJECTMEMBERS

HASANIEN,AHMEDKAMAL ID:700081207

HUSSEIN,MOHAMEDHAMDY ID:700081206

MOHAMED,AHMEDSAMYYOUNIS ID:700081205

OSMAN,YASSERAHMED ID:700081186

SHARARA,KHALEDMAGDY ID:700081345

Spring2009 Section1


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TableofContents1.Introduction........................................................................................................................................................ 3

1.1ReliabilityofRenewables.............................................................................................................................. 5

1.1.1. ElectricityGenerationCosts............................................................................................................ 5

1.1.2. LandAreaRequirements................................................................................................................ 5

1.1.3. Controllability................................................................................................................................. 6

1.1.4. Availability...................................................................................................................................... 6

1.1.5. Security........................................................................................................................................... 7

2.EnergyMarketStudyinEgypt........................................................................................................................... 8

2.1WindEnergyMarketinEgypt........................................................................................................................ 8

2.2Economic,SocialandEnvironmentalImpactasResultofWindEnergyProjectsinEgypt ........................10

3.Wind

Park

Site

..................................................................................................................................................

11

3.1GabalElZytSite............................................................................................................................................ 12

3.2ZafaranaSite............................................................................................................................................... 14

4.TechnicalStudy................................................................................................................................................. 16

4.1WindParkmanufacturingComponents ..................................................................................................... 16

4.2WindParkComponentsContributiontoCost............................................................................................. 19

4.3WindParkComponentsContributiontoCost............................................................................................. 20

4.3.1.

Wind

Turbine

Parameters

............................................................................................................

20

4.3.2. TurbinesLoses.............................................................................................................................. 21

4.3.3. Turbulence ................................................................................................................................... 21

4.3.4. TechnicalSummary....................................................................................................................... 22

4.3.5. Estimationofcosts........................................................................................................................ 22

5.EconomicEvaluation ........................................................................................................................................ 24

6.Cocnlusions........................................................................................................................................................ 28

7.References

........................................................................................................................................................29

8.Appendices ....................................................................................................................................................... 30


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1. IntroductionWith the rapidly growing demand for electrical power in Egypt and the finite life of

conventionalfossil fuels (oil,gasandcoal)coupledwiththeiradverseeffectsonpollutionof

the environment and global warming, there is a critical need to increase the percentage of

electricpowergenerationinEgyptfromrenewableenergy.

Egyptselectricitydemandisprojectedtoreach120GWin2050.Duetothelimitedfossilfuel

resources, it isexpected that theirpricecontinues torisedramatically in the future.On the

otherhandclimatechangeobligeshumanitytoreactaccordingly.

TheEgyptianelectricitygridispredominantlyfossilfuelfired.Renewableenergy,consistingof

mostlylargescalehydro,isresponsibleforjustunder20%ofgeneration.Apartfromthehydro

facilities, the existing Zafarana wind facilities comprise this category. The remainder, more

than 80% of electricity including those purchased from independent power producers, is

produced

from

conventional

plants.

Due

to

the

abundance

of

natural

gas

in

Egypt,

approximately 90% of the fossil fuel used in the conventional plants is natural gas and the

remaining10%fueloil.

As is the case for most nonhydropowerdominated grids, hydro plants are considered low

costandthereforenotmarginal.Thesamecanbesaidforwindpower.Itisofnotethatunlike

many grids which utilize hydro facilities during peak demand to take advantage of their

responsiveness to varying demand, Egypts hydro facilities provide mainly base capacity

power,withamarginlefttorespondtopeakdemand.Thisisduetothefactthattheirrigation

needsofagriculturalactivitiestakeprecedencewhendeterminingthewaterrelease,whichis

controlled

by

the

Ministry

of

Irrigation.

In

the

context

of

the

baseline

determination,

thiscircumstanceisinagreementwiththeapproachtoexcludehydropower,astheProjectwillin

nowayaffectthepowergeneratedfromhydropowerfacilities.

Theremainingfacilitiesintheoperatingmarginaregasturbine,steamturbineandcombined

cycle conventional units fuelled by natural gas and fuel oil. This is a conservative

representationoftheactualoperatingmargin,giventhatthemostlikelymarginalplantstobe

displaced are low efficiency fuel oil and natural gas facilities, instead of the average of all

thermal power plants. Improving energy efficiency and shifting to cleaner and noncarbon

energysourcesareessentialtoimprovethecountrysenvironmentandhelptomitigateglobal

climatechange.

Withayearlyaveragegrowthofabout6%,Egypt isexpectingto increase its installedenergy

from17 GW in 2002 to50 GW in2020andwith asmaller increase rate to 120 GW in year

2050.Thisincreasewillexhaustthebudgetiftheadditionalelectricityisproducedfromfossil

fuelsonly.Thereforethetargetof55%REshareisverymodestandshouldbeachievable.


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Table1EnergyProjectionsinEgyptandREFuturetrends

Year 2002 20.1 2020 20.5

EgyptREshare 16% 20% 30% 55%

EgypttotalElectricity 17GW 27GW 50GW 120GW

Egypttotal

RE

share

2.7

GW

5.4

GW

15

GW

66

GW

EgyptHydroshare 15% 2.5GW 10% 2.7GW 6% 3.0GW 2% 3.0GW

EgyptWindshare 1% 0.2GW 8% 2.2GW 12% 6.2GW 17% 20GW

EgyptSolarshare 0% 0GW 2% 0.5GW 12% 5.8GW 36% 43GW

Asthehydroenergycannotbeincreasedafter2020,theremainingREsharemustbecovered

by wind and solar energy; however, wind alone cannot cover the demand because of its

fluctuating character.Thegood wind areas are allaligned inwindmain direction on the

shoresoftheredseawhichmeansthatawindstillwillaffectthemalltogether.

Leading countries in the use of RE, like Germany made the experience, that RE must be

generatedfromdifferentsourcestoensureareliableenergysupply.Thereforethekeyforthe

solution is a mix of different renewables, otherwise serious supply gaps may occur. At the

moment,windenergygenerationisthemosteconomicREafterhydroenergy.However,solar

thermalgenerationhas thegreatadvantage that itcandesalinateseawaterwith thewaste

heat,givingmillionsofmofdesaltedwaterneededinthenearfutureforthedevelopmentof

Egyptatreasonablecosts.

Moreover,planningforthefuturemustalsoconsiderthecostreductionpotentialswhichsolar

thermal

generation

still

has;

one

can

expect

that

solar

thermal

generation

will

be

considerably

cheaperthanbothwindenergyandenergyproductionfromfossilswhosepricesdonotclimb

upastheoilpricedoes.

This paper presents a feasibility study of potential wind energy developments in Egypt by

studying the implementationofawindpark asan environmental friendlypower generation

solution comparing between the current viability of the alternatives of wind park sites

betweenZafaranaandGabalElZytsettingthefactorstodeterminethemostfeasiblesite,also

comparing between 2 of the wind turbines manufacturers Gamesa and Vestas selecting the

most

feasible

alternative

as

well.

However

well

discuss

first

the

obstacles

prevented

us

from

pickingthesolaralternativebeforegoingthroughthemarketandtechnicalstudies.


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1.1ReliabilityofRenewables

Egypt is theonlyplace in theworldwherebothsolarandwindpotentialsareavailableata

highqualityandinthemeantimerelativelyneartothedemandofelectricity.Itistheoretically

possibletoproducethewholeenergydemandofEgyptfromwindorfromthesun.Butwhich

optionispreferableanswerthisquestion,onemustconsiderapackageofseveraltopics:

Electricity

generation

costs,

Landarearequired,

Controllability,

Availability,and

Securityofelectricitysupply.

1.1.1.ElectricityGenerationCostsCostsaregenerallythemostimportantfactortodecideaboutaninvestment.Inthisparticular

case,namelydealingwithrelativelynewtechnologies,onemustconsiderbesidethecostsat

thepresenttimealsodevelopmentofcostsinfuture,e.g.after20years.Startingwithpresentcostswewilltrytomakeacomparisonbetweenwindenergyandsolar

energy considering the optimal benefits of each. Assuming a square kilometer of desert,

equipped with the most modern and most efficient solar thermal system now available

workinginhybridoperationwithasolarshareof35%itwillyieldperyear:

300GWhelectricityatacostof0.05$/kWhtotaling15.0million$

+

13millionmdesaltedseawaterat0.70$/mtotaling9.1million$

(Combinedgenerationusingwasteheat,noextraenergyneeded)

To produce the same quantities (electricity + desalted water) from a good wind park with

45005000fullloadhoursperyear,followingcostswilloccur:

300GWhelectricityatacostof0.03$/kWhtotaling9.0million$

+

13millionmdesaltedseawaterat1.10$/mtotaling14.3million$

(ProducedbyReverseOsmosisusingelectricpower)

Thetotal

cost

of

both

products

together

gives

24.1

and

23.3

million

$/year

respectively.

Thus

wind power is only 3% cheaper in the present time. However the solar power costs are

expectedtoflattendownwithinthenext20years.

1.1.2.LandAreaRequirementsContinuingwiththeexampleabove,1km isneededtoproduce300GWh/ysolarelectricity

and13millionmofdesaltedseawater.Weadd0.1kmforthedesalinationequipmentthus

totalingto1.1km.Toproducethesameelectricityfromwindwith45005000fullloadhours


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we can calculate with a wind mill density of maximum 7.5 MW/km. A higher density will

causereductionofproducedelectricity fromthefield.Thiswillgive8.4km.Toproducethe

same water quantity with reverse osmosis (RO)we will need8kWh/m which calculates to

104 GWh.Asupplemental area for producing thiselectricitywill beneeded whichgives2.9

kmthetotalareaneeded is11.3kmwhich is10timesasmuchasforthesolarapplication.

The desert area may be cheap, but looking at this disproportion we have to think about

parameters

like

cable

lengths

needed

and

time

consumed

by

maintenance

personnel

to

reach

allunitsinthefield.

1.1.3.ControllabilityControllability isthecapabilityto followtheupsanddownsofthedemandduring24hours.

SolarHybrid power stations, which are the present object of this comparison, are working

exactlylikefossilfiredpowerstationswiththedifferencethatduringthedaylessfuelisburnt

becauseitispartlysubstitutedbythesunheat.Futureoptionsaresolaronlypowerstations

with thermal storage allowing continuous operation. In both cases the power station is

controllable

in

the

same

manner

like

conventionally

fired

power

stations,

backup

capacity

for

thefluctuatingsolarresourceisintegratedwithintheplant.

Ontheotherhandwindisroughlypredictablebutnotcontrollableandstorageofwindpower

is only possible in rechargeable batteries which are so expensive that they cannot be

considered for largeapplications.For thisreasonwindparksareworkingwithingridswhere

thecontrolislefttothethermalbackuppowerstationsconnectedtothegrid.

1.1.4.AvailabilityAvailability isthecertaintytodeliverelectricitythroughtheyear.Forthereasonsmentioned

under

the

third

topic,

availability

is

achieved

with

hybrid

solar

power

stations

without

anyproblems.InEgyptitisevenadvantageousbecausetheelectricitydemandinsummerisabout

20%higherthaninwinter,whichisfullyconsistentwiththeseasonaltrendofthesolarenergy

resource.Oncloudywinterdaysthehybridsolarpowerstationwillusefossilfuelorheatfrom

thestoragewithoutrestrictionofavailability.TheuniquesolarenergyresourceofEgypt(upto

3000 kWh/m/year) and thermal energy storage allows for aroundtheclock operation

throughthewholeyearlikeabaseloadfossilfuelplant.

Wind,however, issubject toseasonal fluctuations.Goodwindsites liketheGulfofSuezare

highly affected as the site is lengthily extended in main wind direction. This negative effect

may

be

partly

compensated

by

connecting

wind

parks

in

different

areas,

e.g.

Red

Sea

andNorthernCoast,takinginaccountthelessfavorablewindconditionsintheNorthCoast.Even

thenavailability isnotguaranteed,soalwaysfreecapacitiesofthermalpowerstationsmust

bekeptwithinthegridinthebackground(calledshadowpowerstations).Capitalcostsofsuch

power station capacitiesmust be taken inaccountwhen considering a large scalesupplyof

windenergyinthegrid.


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1.1.5.SecurityInsummer2003severalblackoutsoccurred inUSAandEurope,mainlybecauseoffailuresof

transmissionlineswhichleadtooverloadingandthustrippingofseveralpowerstations.

Thiscanbeavoidedbyincreasingtheavailablethermalpowerstations(includingsolarthermal

power

stations)

connected

to

the

grid,

but

not

by

adding

wind

power.

Wind

power

has

in

generala destabilizingeffect on thegrid,which has to becompensatedbyother resources,

likehydropowerorthermal(solar)powerstations.

Finally Controllability, availability and security of electricity supply are as important for a

modern society as generation costs. Experience in Germany in summer 2003 with long

periodsofwindstill demonstratedthe importanceofthesefactors.Forthisreasonexperts

recommendthatthewindshareshallnotexceed20%inanelectricitygrid.

Production of desalted seawater from waste heat and the future perspective for a

considerable

cost

reduction

of

solar

thermal

power

stations

makes

it

essential

that

they

get

sufficientsupporttodevelopforthefuture,forthoughWindenergy isaverygoodchoice in

thepresent,wheresolarthermalenergyisessentialforthefuture.


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2. EnergyMarketStudyinEgyptThe electricity sector is facing a number of challenges and constraints in securing the

electricity demand for Egypt in the coming decade. The most pressing issues include the

havingsufficientbaseandpeakloadcapacity,ensuringtheavailabilityofnaturalgasforpower

production(atpricelevelsthatcanbeabsorbedbytheretailelectricitytariff),succeedingwith

the

ambitious

renewable

energy,

as

well

as

other

energy

efficiency

measures

and

continuing

thepathoftariffandsubsidyreform.

2.1. WindEnergyMarketinEgyptEgypt isworkingveryhard to develop its renewable energy (RE) resources, includinghydro,

windandsolar.Hydroelectricpowercapacityhasbeenalmostfullyexploredwithaninstalled

capacityof 2,780 MWandannual energyproductionofabout12,650GWh. Wind andsolar

energyareintheearlystagesofexplorationandutilization.InApril2007,theSupremeCouncil

for Energy adopted an ambitious plan which aims at having 20% of the country's installed

capacity

in

the

form

of

RE

by

2020.

Notably,

over

10%

of

this

i

s

expected

to

come

from

wind

energy, which translates into about 7,200 mega watts (MW)of grid connected wind parks.

Thedevelopmentofthisatsuchalargescaleisbeingdesignedbased,onaprivatesectorled

strategy,ofwhichtheWorldBankisprovidingtechnicalassistance.

TheNewandRenewableEnergyAuthority(NREA),establishedin1983,isthemainagencyfor

promotingandoperatingRE technologies.Atpresent,windandsolarenergyprojectsareat

thecoreofNREA'scurrentandfutureplans.AWindAtlasfortheentirecountrywasissuedin

2005indicatingabout20,000MWofwindpotentialintheGulfofSuezarea.Aseriesoflarge

scalewindenergyprojectswereconstructedwithacurrentoperationalcapacityof225MW

connectedto

the

national

grid.

Egypt

is

also

implementing

its

first

solar

thermal

power

plant

of

140MW(solarshareof20MW)southofCairo,plannedtobeoperationalby2010.

Ministry of Electricity and Energy started by implementing several experimental wind park

projects which concluded the setting up of ambitious program for the construction of large

windparkpowerplantsconnected to thenationalgridwith total installedcapacity reaching

965MWin2011/2012.

Itisnoteworthytomentionthat,in30/6/2008,theinstalledcapacityofthelargestwindpark

intheMiddleEastregionandAfricaislocatedatElZafaranaonGulfofSuezreached305M.W

andis

connected

to

the

national

grid.

Egyptian Electricity Holding Company (EEHC) cooperates with the NREA, responsible of

disseminatingtheuseofnewandrenewableenergyresourcesinEgypt,throughthefollowing:

Generation planning taking into consideration the contribution of the renewableenergy.


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9

Network planning to ensure the capability of power transfer from the renewableprojects.

Purchase energy generatedfrom the wind parks at

reasonable price to

encourage the use of

renewableenergy.

Prepare the power purchase

agreements from the wind

parkswithareasonableprice

to encourage the use of

renewableenergy.

Figure1WindEnergyImplementationTrendtill2011/2012inEgypt

The above figure shows the government plans till 2011/2012 for the wind parks

implementations

which

shall

reach

to

956

MW

installed

and

connected

to

the

grid

by

an

annualincrementof20%tothenationalgridbyusingwindenergy,howeverthegovernment

longtermplanswhichsymbolizethecontributionofrenewableenergytoreach20%oftotal

energy generated in 2020(8%hydro&12% wind) gives the wind energy the desired

environmentrequiredbytheinvestortogothroughtheinvestmentsinwindenergyinEgypt.

;SoinordertoachievetheEgyptian2020strategyofthewindenergyimplementationtherate

ofwindparksinstallmentshavetobeaccordingly,about400600MWyearlyimplemented.

Figure2Egypt's2020strategyforwindenergy


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2.2. Economic,SocialandEnvironmentalImpactasResultofWindEnergyProjectsinEgypt.

TheCrudeoilexports isoneofthenational incomeofEgypt,thereforethefuelsavingcanprovideanincreaseinthenationalincomebyprovidingtheforeigncurrencydueto

oilexportation.

IncreasejobopportunitiesandhelpsolvingtheunemploymentproblemthatpositivelyaffectsthegeneraleconomicsituationinEgypt. New community is going to be established in the vast desert area in Zafarana that

enhance localmigrationofpopulation from theNilevalley to theGulfofSuez.This is

stillaproblemofpopulationdistributioninEgypt.

The Zafarana wind park has very effective and positive environmental impact, theoperationofthe600MWwindparkswillproduce42,000millionkWhallovertheir20

years life time, that in turn will save 10 million tons oil equivalent and will abate the

emissionofthefollowingquantitiesofgreenhousegases:588MiotonCox,2.1Mioton

NOx,8.4

Mio

ton

Sox.

As a result for the above discussed points, we decided to study the feasibility of the

implementationofthe120MWwindparkasanintendedfigurebythegovernmentasithas

beenrecentlytakenastheannualdevelopmentstep inthewindenergycapacity inEgypt

(shown in figure1),and liesbelow theannual forecasteddevelopmentstepaccording to

theambitionsoftheEgyptiangovernment inachieving7200MWbytheyear2020which

hasbeendistributedinfigure2togivethattheannualstepshallbe400MWtill2011/2012.

Thesefiguresgiveustheconfidenceaboutthemarketgapinthewindenergyaccordingto

thefuture

plan

of

the

Egyptian

government

which

the

investor

rely

on

as

asolid

platform

forthedecisiontoinvestinsuchsectorinEgypt,andgivesanindicationtotheviabilityof

theinvestmentenvironmentespeciallywhentheopportunitiesarenotonlycreatedbythe

demand,butalsofromtheambitionoftheEgyptiangovernmentwhichmayfacilitatemore

obstaclestoensureflexibleandsustainablesupplyofwindenergy.


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12

ThewindclimateattheGulfofElZytstation,which issituatedattheentrancetotheGulfof

Suezabout160kmtotheSouth,exhibitsthesamegeneralcharacteristicsasdescribedabove.

Here,however,theWeibullAparameter issomewhathigher, leadingtoahighermeanwind

speedand, inparticular toameanenergy densitywhich isabout40%higher thanZafarana

area.LeavingtheGulfofSuezandenteringtheRedSea,thewindclimatechangessignificantly

the

character

over

the

60

km

stretch

between

Gulf

of

ElZyt.

The

mean

wind

speed

at

Hurghada

is only about two thirds and the energy density only about one third of the mean values

measuredatGulfofElZyt.Thewindsarestillsteady.

Figure4WindRosesshowthewindflowdirectionsatGabalElZytandZafaranaSites

Egypt's Red Sea Coast region has two natural

resources,landandstrongwindinenormoussupply.

The

2

sites

which

shall

lie

under

our

study

concern

areZafarana,andGabalElZytsites.

3.1. GabalElZytSiteThisareaislocatedtotheWestoftheHurghadaSuez

roadandextendingabout70kmfromNorthtoSouth

andabout9 to10km to the inland.Theareastarts

about60kmintheNorthofHurghada.

It is a desert area. Only at very limited spots some

very

scattered

desert

vegetation

is

observed.

The

southern part of about 55 km (reaching to about 5

km to the north of the Wadi Dara road) is almost

completelyconsistingofdesertplainsformedbythe

extraordinarywind.Thisareaiscrossedbytwomain

Wadis,theWadiDibbandtheWadiDara.However,

due to the high wind speeds and the large sand

Figure5SatellitemapofGabalElZytarea


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13

transport/ sedimentation potential, the wadi beds are not pronounced at most of the wadi

courses.

The northern part of the area shows both, undulated land and gravel desert plains. The

westernsideofthisnorthernareashowshillsupto250mheight.

Thegroundsurface inmostofthearea iscoveredwithcompactangulargravelsandpebbles

formingwhatcanbecalleddesertarmor.Thelevelofthewholeprojectareaabovesealevel

ranges

from

9

m

below

sea

level

in

the

north

eastern

side

to

hills

and

slightly

elevated

mountainsrisingtolevelsof250m inthewest.Ingeneral,thesmallermountainousareasin

theNorthwestwouldbekeptfreefromwindpowerdevelopmentbecauseofdifficultaccess

conditions.

Inadditiontherearesomeoftheareacharacteristicswhichshallbealsotaken intoaccount

especiallyastheymayhavean impactonthecostofthe implementationoftheprojectand

might affect the project capital cost by a percent of raise according to such characteristics

shownasfollows:

Infrastructure:Theprojectareahasnoinfrastructureexceptafewdeserttracks,gravelroads

and

the

crossing

asphalt

road

to

the

Wadi

Dara

settlement.

The

next

settlement

is

atminimumdistancesofabout800mfromtheborderofthearea.

Connection to the Grid: Electricity transmission denotes bottlenecks for a first stagewind power development at this area, as the double circuit 230 kV transmission line

HurghadatoZafaranamustbeavailabletoallowanadditionalfeedfromthegenerated

electricityfromGabalElZyt.

Hub Height: According to the geographical characteristics of thisarea theheightof the turbine hubmustbe 100m to function the

windspeedofthisarea.

Theabove

stated

characteristics

of

the

Gabal

ElZyt

site

would

definitely

affect the investment cost of the wind park; that is because of the Site

preparation and construction measures which exclusively have to be

performedforthissiteas:

ExtraExcavation,backfillingandcompactionworksforroadsandplatformconstructionaswellasforfoundationsandtrenchesto

overcometheareageographicalcharacteristics.

Reinforcementof theZafarana transmission lineswhichshallbedonebytheconstructionofanadditional linesfromZafaranato

thecentral

power

grid

along

the

way

to

Hurghada.

Perform a modification to the tower engineering (Material,Fabrication, and Erection Management) according to the extra

heightofthehubwhichwillleadtoatowerheightof100m.

These counter measures for site preparation and construction would affect the investment

costby25%ofraisethantheregularinvestmentcostofthewindparkdueto10%increasein

thetowerengineering,10% forthereinforcementofthetransmission lines,andan increase

5%duetotheextracivilworks.

Figure6HubHeight


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14

3.2. ZafaranaSite

Figure7LocationofZafaranasite

The site is located in Egypt on the western shore of the Bay of Suez approximately 200 km

southeastofCairo,onthe inlandsideofahighwayalongtheSuezGulfcoastline.Thesite is

located

in

a

desert

area

with

favorable

wind

conditions.

There

is

no

human

activity

in

the

vicinity of the site, with the nearest commercial activity being several resort hotels

approximately10kmfromthesite.Thenearestcommunityissome30kmaway.

Due to the established former phases of the wind parks at Zafarana site; this site shows

readinesstothefurtherimplementationsofmorewindparksastheexpertspredictstobethe

largestwindparkintheworld.ThesiteleadsGabalElZytinthematterofinstantreadinessto

have further expansions of the capacity of the site from the power production as the

infrastructureofthesitehasbeenestablishedandalwayssubjectedtomodificationstocope

withtheplansofthesitedevelopments.

Wearent

showing

supremacy

of

Zafarana

site

to

Gabal

ElZyt,

but

it

amatter

of

readiness

for

theprivateinvestorZafaranasitedenotesabusinessopportunitymorethanGabalElZytshows

howeverthepotentialliesintheinvestmentatGabalElZytisveryenormouswheretheenergy

experts, The Egyptian Government, and the world global funding and environmental assure

thatthewindenergyfutureinEgyptshallbedrawnatGabalElZyt.Forthoughallthefeasibility

studiesconsiderGabalElZytasafeasiblesiteforthelargescaleimplementationofwindparks

about10002000MW;thatswhentheextra25%forthesitepreparationandtheconstruction


15/42

15

measures vanishes in front of the hugeness of the project scale and the total revenue

expectedorbythegovernmentindecreasingsuchfactormayariseasaninvestmentrisk.

As a matter of fact the government contribution by the infrastructure and the transmission

linesofelectricitytransferbeenimplementedisthekeytoGabalElZytSupremacywhichshall

benotonlycompetingwithZafaranabutalsobeatingitfromtheeconomicalfeasibilitypoint

ofview.

But

for

the

current

time

being,

Zafarana

site

shows

more

profitable

opportunity

more

than

Gabal ElZyt shows for the analysis conducted above and resulted in the difference in 25%

increase in the total investment cost of the wind park construction at Gabal ElZyt. For the

analysisresultsandfortheclearobviousreasonswhichreflectsthecurrentsituationZafarana

siteshowsmorefeasibilityfor120MWwindparkconstruction.


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16

4. TechnicalStudy4.1. WindParkComponentsManufacturing

Frame Assembly Once the yaw system is assembled with its yaw motors, column and

hydraulic

group

and

the

rotational

test

is

passed,

this

assembly

is

connected

to

the

rear

frame.

Next, the rail beams and the service crane are installed, and cables are run to the control

cabinet.

Gearbox AssemblyThenacelleassembly isplaced within the lower housing,and thepower

transformerandthemainshaft/gearboxsubsetareassembled.GearboxsubsetFrontframe

Figure8FrameandGearboxAssemblies

GeneratorAssemblyTheprocesscontinueswith thegeneratorassemblyandalignmentand

theelectrical

connection

of

all

the

components

in

the

control

cabinet.

Once

connected,

the

nacelleisgivenacomprehensivefinalverificationcheck,simulatingitswindparkoperation.

Upper housing Assembly Once the nacelle verification test is passed the upper housing is

assembledandthenacelleisreadytobesenttoitscorrespondingwindpark.


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17

Figure9GeneratorandUpperhousingAssemblies

Gearbox Consists of three combined stages: 1 planetary stage and two helical stages. The

multiplicationratiois1:100.5for50Hzmachinesand1:120.5for60Hzmachines.

Generator Rated power electric generator. Highly efficient, it has 4 poles and is doublyfed

withawoundrotorandsliprings.Therotationalspeedrangeisfrom900to1900rpm,witha

ratedspeedof1680rpm.Theoutputvoltageis690VAC.

Figure10GearboxandGenerator


18/42

18

SteelTowerManufacturingFirstlyReceptionandQualityControlofSteelPlatesthecylinders

formingthewindturbinetoweraremadefromplatedsheetsthatareflamecutandprimed.

Then the sheets are inserted in a machine with three large rollers that shape the rings.

Afterwards the rings are submerged arcwelded, forming sections of different lengths. The

structureisplacedinsidethepaintinganddryingtunnel.Oncethetowerplatingisfinished,it

isthengivenasurfacetreatment,consistingofadoublesteelshotpeeningandthreecoatsof

paint.

This

provides

a

C

5

level

protection.

Once

the

tower

is

dry,

all

the

service

elements

(such

asplatformsandladders)aremountedonit.DependingontheModelandtherequiredheight

(between14and29meters),eachsectionmaybemadeupofbetween4and12rings.

BladesManufacturing

BeamManufacturingUsingglassandcarbonfibermaterialsthathavebeenimpregnatedwith

epoxy resin as a base, several cloth lengths are cut and placed in a mould. They are then

subjected

to

a

curing

process.

After

applying

a

coat

of

paint

which

will

act

as

a

protectivecoating on the blade, glass fiber is used to manufacture the shells, following the same

manufacturingprocessasforthebeam.

AssemblyOncethetwoshellsarefinished,weproceedwiththeirassemblyandgluethebeam

betweenthetwoshells.

CuringTheassemblyispassedthroughthekilnoncemore,formingacompactunit.

Figure11 WindTowermanufacturingStages


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19

TrimmingandPolishingThebladeassemblyisremovedfromthemouldandistransferredto

the finishing area, where the leading and trailing edges of the blades are finished and

subjectedtoafinalrevision.

Figure12BladesManufacturingStages

4.2. WindParkComponentsContributiontoCostAs stated above, in the manufacturing

stagesofeachofthecomponents,eachof

these components have their different

sophisticated manufacturing technology

which have an impact on the wind park

cost. For though the given analysis made

in figure 13, shows that the nacelle with

its

components

which

is

mainly

theturbine has the highest contribution to

the cost of the wind park. From this point,

we have to study the alternatives of the turbines manufacturers as to go through the most

feasiblesolutionthroughthisstudyweshouldpickthefactorwiththehighestcontributionto

thecostandperformtheeconomicalanalysisonthealternativetoreachtothemostfeasible

alternative.

Figure13SharesofWindParkComponentsbycost


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20

4.3. WindTurbinesAlternativesThetwowindturbinetypesunderconsiderationallowtheimplementationofawindparkof

theenvisagedinstalledcapacitywithintheforeseenarea.Similarsizeoftheturbinesanda

rotordiameterinacloserange(from52m[VestasV52]to58m[GamesaG58])leadstoa

similarbasicparkdesignwhichhasthenbeenoptimizedintermsofparkefficiencyandenergy

production,accordingtotheirdatasheets(Appendices)thetechnicalanalysisshallbe

performed

as

follows

for

the

most

important

technical

aspects

for

an

adequate

evaluation

for

eachalternativebeforetheeconomicaloneandtoassuretheirsuitabilityaswell.

Figure14GamesaG58andVestasV52theturbinesalternativeswhicharebeingconsidered

4.3.1.WindTurbineParameters142xVESTAS:V52,HubHeight55m

Nominalpower:

0.850

MW

Controlsystem:Pitch

Rotordiameter:52m

142xGAMESA:G58;HubHeight55m

Nominalpower:0.850MW

Controlsystem:Pitch

Rotordiameter:58m

ThePowercurveofawindturbineisanimportantparameter,describingtherelationbetween

thewind

speed

on

site

and

the

respective

electrical

energy

output.

Power

curves

and

ct

values

(aparameter for thecalculationof thewakeeffect)of the turbinesunderconsiderationare

givenintheappendices


21/42

21

4.3.2.TurbinesLosesAfterpassingtherotorofawindturbine,thewindhasadecreasedspeedduetothekinetic

energytakenawaybytherotorandincreasedturbulencecausedbytherotatingrotorandthe

difference in speed compared to the undisturbed flow. Until the speed difference to

undisturbed flow is not equalized, the result is a lower energy yield for the wind turbines

following in the direction of the flow. These losses are called array or wake losses. The

calculation

of

the

wake

losses

of

the

wind

turbines

causing

the

so

called

shadowing

effect

betweenthewindturbines,wheretheresultsofbothofouralternativeswereasfollowsTable3ArraylossesatZafaranawindpark

4.3.3.TurbulenceTo

ensure

the

close

spacing

of

the

wind

turbines

will

not

affect

(decrease)

the

lifetime

of

the

turbineanditscomponents,aturbulencecalculationisnecessarywhichhasbeencarriedout

byLI.The turbulenceof thewind flow isa factorwhichcausesstressand fatigue toseveral

components of a wind turbine including blades, bearing and gearbox. It consists of the so

calledambientturbulenceappliedtothewindflowbythecoarsenessoftheearth(vegetation,

buildings,rocksetc.)andtheturbulenceaddedbytheotherwindturbinesofawindpark.

Table4Turbulencesubclassesoftheselectedwindturbines

Thewindturbinescheckingtheturbulenceimpactisgenerallyrequired;fortheproposedwind

parklayoutsforZafaranasitehowever,noproblemsintermsofturbulenceintensityaretobe

expected.


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22

4.3.4.TechnicalSummaryThehigherenergyyieldcalculatedfortheGamesaG58turbineismainlyrelatedtothelarger

rotordiameteroftheseturbinescomparedtotheVestasV52turbine.

Thefocusingtothegeneratedenergy

yield however is not sufficient.

Investment

costs,

indicated

by

the

ratio specific investment costs ( per

kWh)aremoresignificant,fordetails

refer to the economical part of the

Feasibility Study for the presented

specificdatain$perkWh.

4.3.5.EstimationofcostsThe estimation of costs has been

performed

according

to

the

previous

cases of implementations of wind

parks at Zafarana where Vestas V52

was implemented in Egypt at the

second phase of Zafarana Wind Park

and Gamesa G58 has been and is

beingimplementedforthelastthreephasesandthecurrentlyconstructedone.

The total investment costs are itemized and described in the table below according to the

foreignmaterialcostsaswell as localcostcomponents inorder to increase theuseof local

participationand

local

materials

in

this

project

which

directly

appear

in

the

civil

works

cost

and

theelectricalworksaswell.Alsothecontributionofthelocaltowermanufacturertothetotal

priceoftheturbinesastheturbinespriceisencompassingthewhole142turbineswithitsfull

components(nacelle,rotor,blades,andtowers)

Table5ItemizedCapitalCostsofZafaranaWindPark

Whereaperiodof12monthswasassumedfortheconstructionoftheZafaranaWindPark,as

previouslyhappenedforthelastfourwindparksbeenconstructedinEgypt.

CapitalCosts VestasV52 GamesaG58

Turbines $150,000,000 $147,000,000

WindFarmEPC $1,392,000 $1,392,000

Civil

Works $8,215,000 $8,215,000Installations $670,000 $670,000

ElectricalWorks $9,682,000 $9,682,000

TotalInvestmentCost $169,959,000 $166,959,000

USD

Fi ure15 Ener YieldsofGamesaG58andVestasV52


23/42

23

For the Operation and Maintenance Costs, The estimates havebeen modeled based on the

experience of the former phases which have been constructed in Zafarana but for Vestas

alternative thepriceswhereamendedaccording toVestasglobalcurrentpricesaswecould

havereliedontheitformercaseinEgyptasithasbeenyearswhichmayaffecttheaccuracyof

the

results

of

the

study.

Annual

O&M

costs

are

categorized

into

three

main

components

the

operationcostsofbothlaborandequipmentsandwindmonitoringsystems,themaintenance

costsincludingthescheduledpreventivemaintenanceandUnscheduledRepairformboththe

sparepartsandthemaintenanceteammanhour,aswellasthemanagementcostofthewind

park which is a portion related only to the 120MW phase which is a part from the whole

systemofmanagingthewindenergyatZafaranainEgypt.

Table6ItemizedO&MCosts

AnnualO&MCosts VestasV52 GamesaG58

AnnualOperationCosts $1,597,500 $1,562,750

AnnualMaintenance

Costs $3,622,300 $3,438,050

AnnualWindFarmManagement $1,250,200 $1,250,200

TotalAnnualO&MCosts $6,470,000 $6,251,000

USD/yr


24/42

24

5. EconomicEvaluationThe main purpose of an economic analysis is to help to design and select projects that

contribute to the welfare of a country. Whereas the financial analysis evaluates the project

fromthepointofviewoftheoperatingcompanyor IndependentPowerProducer (IPP), the

economicanalysisevaluatestheprojectfromthepointofviewofthewholeeconomyofthe

country.

Thepurposeoftheinvestigationistocomparefromamacroeconomicstandpointthebenefits

of the project with the costs it incurs, as is customary in any costbenefit analysis. The

standard of evaluation for costs and benefits is a monetary quantification. To the greatest

possibleextent,theprojectimpactsareevaluatedintermsofeconomicmarketprices.

As inthetechnicalanalysis,twoScenarioshavebeenconsidered intheeconomicanalysisof

theZafaranaWindPark:

ScenarioI142VestasV52turbines

ScenarioII142

Gamesa

G58

turbines

Theeconomicanalysis isconducted intheformofequalizingthevalueofgettingwindparks

introducedtothepowersystemtothe inducedsavings inthepowersystem.Aneconomical

modelhasbeenestablishedusedmanyof theevaluationmethods todetermine theproject

feasibilityacrossthe2alternatives.

Thefollowingprofitabilitycriteriaarepostulatedforthepurposesofthisanalysisrespectively:

NetPresentValue(NPV)Presentvalue isthefinancialmathematicalexpressionusedforthe

sumofthediscountedvaluesofatimeseries.Thenetpresentvalueisthedifferencebetween

thepresentvalueofthebenefitsandthepresentvalueofthecosts.Theprojectisprofitable,if

thenet

present

value

is

positive.

Assensitivityanalysisvariousvaluesoftheinterestratewhereconsideredat20%and25%in

additiontothebasicinterestrate15%.

Internal Rate of Return (IRR) The internal interest is the social discount rate at which the

presentvaluesofcostsandbenefitsareequal.

Benefitscostratio(B/C)Thepresentvaluesofthebenefitsaredividedbythepresentvalues

ofthecosts,andtheprojectisprofitableiftheresultantbenefitscostratioisgreaterthanone.

Theeconomicbenefitsofthewindenergypowergenerationhavebeenconsideredasthecost

ofsavedfueltogeneratethesameamountofenergyusingnaturalgas.AlsotheCO2emissions

which isbeingmitigatedby the implementationof theWindEnergyaccording toa taxation

system of 3$/t CO2 emitted by the same amount of energy production from a natural gas

powerplantinthetermsofmarginemissionsfactortCO2/kWh

Tobesustainable,oneof thebasicrequirements for thewindenergyproject is itsability to

compete against conventional electricity generation technologies. In fact, within a business


25/42

25

context electricity is a homogeneous commodity good and wind turbines are valued in the

marketplacealmostexclusivelyasaproducerofelectricityand,aslongasmarketsforgreen

powerandgreenhousegasemissionfreepowerdonotexist,canonlycompeteonprice.

Thus, unlike new technologies in other industries, wind turbines cannot command a higher

pricebasedonqualityfeaturesandstillcaptureamarketshare.

Concerning the environmental impact Wind energy is regarded as environmentally friendly.

Environmental

impacts

associated

with

wind

park

installations,

such

as

noise,

visual

impact,

andlanduse,aremeaninglessinthecaseoftheZafaranaproject.Theprojectisintendedtobe

located inadesertareawithnohumansettles,sparsevegetation,andnoactivities,suchas

airportsortelecommunicationfacilities,thatcouldbeaffectedbythewindturbinesoperation.

Contrasting toothersituations (India, forexample)whererisingcostsof landconstitutesan

importantbarrierforwindturbinesdeployment,theZafaranalocationpresentsnorestrictions

onlanduse.Moreover,thewindparkoperationavoidsemissionsoflocalpollutantsassociated

withconventionalthermalpowerplants,usuallylocatedintheproximityofurbancenters.

TheEconomicalmodelbelowshowsallthecalculationsresults;todeterminethefeasibilityof

the

project

across

its

two

alternatives

including

all

the

market

and

technical

studies

parameterswerethemodelinputs.

TheresultsshowthatselectingGamesaG58 isthemostfeasiblealternativeeventhoughtat

differentinterestratesbytakingintoconsiderationtheworstcasescenariowhereaninflation

mayoccurat25%andaccordingtothebenefittocostratio italsoturnedouttobefeasible

thanVestasV52alternative.

In determining the wind energy benefits, the avoided fuel costs are determined by the fuel

prices and the fuel consumption to generate 120MW by natural gas was considered in

additiontotheCO2emissionsreduction comparedtosamepowergenerationbynaturalgas

at3$/MWh.


26/42

26

Table7EconomicalandFinancialEvaluationModelfor120MWWindParkatZafaranaSite

WindFarmPerformance Unit

InstalledCapacity MW

No.ofWindTurbines

FullloadHours hrs/yr

CapacityFactor

TotalPowerProduction GWh/yr

General

EconomicLifetime years

ElectricityValue $/MWh

InterestRate

CapitalCosts VestasV52 GamesaG58

Turbines $150,000,000 $147,000,000

WindFarmEPC $1,392,000 $1,392,000

CivilWorks $8,215,000 $8,215,000

Installations

$670,000 $670,000ElectricalWorks $9,682,000 $9,682,000

TotalInvestmentCost $169,959,000 $166,959,000

AnnualO&MCosts VestasV52 GamesaG58

AnnualOperationCosts $1,597,500 $1,562,750

AnnualMaintenanceCosts $3,622,300 $3,438,050

AnnualWindFarmManagement $1,250,200 $1,250,200

TotalAnnualO&MCosts $6,470,000 $6,251,000

EconomicalEvaluation

NPV,i=15% $115,019,528 $119,474,788

NPV,i=20% $44,349,422 $48,443,801

NPV,i=25% $1,566,578 $5,442,665

IRR 0.2523065% 0.2581560%

TotalCost $435,229,000 $423,250,000 USD

EUAC $10,880,725 $10,581,250

EUAWBenefittoCostRatio 2.458034736 2.527603071

EnvironmentalBenefits:CO2EmissionsReductioncomparedto120MW

electricitygenerationbyNaturalGas at3$/MWh$1,645,200

AnnualFuelSavingsComparedtoNaturalGasconsumptionto

generate120MW

USD/yr

$25,100,000

$26,745,200

40

90

15%

USD

USD/yr

USD

Value

120

142

4570

57%

548.4


27/42

27

Figure16VestasV52CashFlowDiagram

Figure17GamesaG58CashFlowDiagram


28/42

28

6. ConclusionsTheresultsoftheeconomicanalysisarehighlypositive,showingthatthewindparkinallTwo

Scenarios ishighlyeconomicallyfeasible.Thehighestresult isproducedbytheScenariowith

theGamesaG58.

A scenario analysis has been carried out for the wind park scenario with the highest IRR,

highestB/CRatioandhighestnetbenefits,i.e.,theScenarioII(142GamesaG58turbines).

Changesin(i) Avoidedcapacitycosts,(ii) Fuelprices,(iii) CO2penaltiesand(iv) ElectricitygenerationandtheirimpactontheIRRhavebeenevaluated.

The scenario analysis shows that the variable with the highest impact on the IRR is the

investment costof the wind park followed by the electricitygeneration estimates. Thebest

results are obtained when decreasing investment costs by 15 %, whereas the impact on of

increasingemissionpenaltiesisfromaneconomicpointofviewverylow.

TheeconomicappraisaloftheZafaranaWindParkschemehasbeencarriedoutbycomparing

thecash flowassociatedwithconstructionandoperationofthewindpark. In theappraisal,

the avoided costs of thermal generation are regarded as benefits attributable to Zafarana

WindParkProject.ThedifferencebetweenthecostsoftheZafaranaprojectandthebenefits

oftheavoidednaturalgaspowerandenergyhasbeendeterminedovera40yearoperational

periodduringoneyearofconstruction.

The comparison of the proposed Wind Power Project with an equivalent thermal plant has

been

made

for

2

different

Scenarios

(Vestas

V52

and

Gamesa

G58).

The

results

show

that

all

scenarios are economically feasible, however the best Scenario the wind park with Gamesa

G58windturbines.


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29

7. References RenewableEnergyMixForEgypt Adapting and calibration of existing wake models to meet the conditions inside

offshorewindfarms Casestudy2:Zafarana

Wind Power Projects In The CDM: MethodologiesAnd Tools For Baselines, CarbonFinancing

And

Sustainability

Analysis

Zafarana

park

WindEnergyinEgypt FeasibilityStudyForALargeWindFarmAtGulfOfElZyt FeasibilityStudyofWindFarmConstruction WindpowerandtheCDM FinancingLargeScaleWindFarmsinDevelopingCountriesZafaranaWindFarm ZafaranaWindPowerPlantProjectDesignDocument WindAtlasforEgypt


30/42

30

8. Appendices VestasV52DataSheet GamesaG58DataSheet


31/42

V52-850 kWThe turbine that goes anywhere


32/42

Versatile, efficient, dependable and popular

The highly efficient operation and flexible configuration

of the V52 make this turbine an excellent choice for all

kinds of wind conditions. In addition, thanks to its modest

dimensions, the V52 is simple and cost-effective to trans-

port and install. If you add in robust construction,

thoroughly tested components and an enviable track

record, it is easy to see why Vestas has erected more V52s

than any other turbine in its portfolio approximately

1500 turbines, all over the world.

One of the factors that contribute to the success of the V52

is OptiTip, its pitch regulation system. This system features

microprocessors which control the pitching of the blades,

thus ensuring continuous adjustment to maintain optimal

blade angles in relation to the prevailing wind. At the

same time, OptiTip makes it possible to keep sound levels

within the l imits st ipulated by local regulations.

The optimal solution

Another innovative feature of the V52 is the OptiSpeed*

generator. This is a significant advance in wind turbine

technology and makes a major contribution to the effi-

ciency of the V52. In practice, it allows the turbine rotor

speed to vary between 14 and 31 rpm depending on the

conditions at any given time.

While the technology involved may be advanced, its pur-

pose is simple: to maximise output. It does this by tapping

the higher efficiency of slow and variable rotation, storing

excess energy in rotational form and exploiting the full

force of transient gusts. All told, OptiSpeed boosts annual

energy production.

As an added benefit , OptiSpeed also reduces wear and

tear on the gearbox, blades and tower on account of lower

peak loading. Moreover, as turbine sound is a function of

wind speed, the lower rotation speeds made possible by

OptiSpeed naturally reduce sound levels.

Finally, OptiSpeed helps the V52 deliver better quality

power to the grid, with rapid synchronisation, reduced

harmonic distortion and less flicker.

Quite simply, OptiSpeed means more output, better quality

power and less mechanical strain and sound.

Proven Performance

Wind power plants require substantial investments, and the

process can be very complex. To assist in the evaluation and

purchasing process, Vestas has identified four factors that

are critical to wind turbine quality: energy production,

operational availability, power quality and sound level.

We spend months testing and documenting these perform-

ance areas for all Vestas turbines. When we are finally satis-

fied, we ask an independent testing organisation to verifythe results a practice we call Proven Performance. At

Vestas we do not just talk about quality. We prove it.

* Vestas OptiSpeed is not available in the USA and Canada.


33/42

1

23 4

5

6

7

8

910

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

Technical specifications

Ultrasonic wind sensor

Service crane

VMP-Top controller

with converter

OptiSpeed generator

Pitch cylinder

Oil and water coolers

Gearbox

Main shaft

Blade bearing

Blade

Rotor lock system

Hydraulic unit

Torque arm

Machine foundation

Mechanical disc brake

Yaw gear

Composite disc coupling

100.0 dB(A) 101.0 dB(A) 102.0 dB(A)

103.0 dB(A) 104.2 dB(A)

Sound 100.0 dB(A)

Speed of revolution (rpm)

Power curve V52-850 kW

Power(kW)

1,000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

Wind speed (m/s)

0 5 10 15 20 25

Wind/sound

Sound

(dB(A))

104

102

100

98

96

94

92

90

88

86

Wind speed (m/s)

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Speedofrev

olution(rpm)

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

The figure above illustrates the power curves at different sound levels for the

V52-850 kW turbine, which is equipped with OptiSpeed

.

The sound output level can be adjusted by varying the revolution speed of

the turbine as illustrated in the figure above. It clearly shows the soundlevel advantages of lower speeds of revolution because the sound level is

approximately 7 dB(A) lower at 4 m/s than at 8 m/s. For other sound

levels, the benefit can be as much as 10 dB(A). Please note that a decrease

of 3 dB(A) represents a halving of the sound level.

Pitch system

Blade hub


34/42

Rotor

Diameter: 52 mArea swept: 2,124 m2

Nominal revolutions: 26 rpmOperational interval: 14.0-31.4 rpm

Number of blades: 3Power regulation: Pitch/OptiSpeed

Air brake: Full blade pitch

Tower

Hub height: 40 m, 44 m, 49 m, 55 m,60 m, 65 m, 74 m, 86 m

Operational data

Cut-in wind speed: 4 m/sNominal wind speed: 16 m/sCut-out wind speed: 25 m/s

Generator

Type: Asynchronous with OptiSpeedNominal output: 850 kWOperational data: 50 Hz/60 Hz

690 V

Gearbox

Type: 1 planet step/2-stepparallel axle gears

Control

Type: Microprocessor-based monitoring of allturbine functions as well as OptiSpeedoutput regulation and OptiTip pitchregulation of the blades.

Weight

Nacelle: 22 tRotor: 10 t

Towers: IEC IA IEC IIA DIBt II DIBt IIIHub height:40 m 40 t 44 m 45 t 49 m 50 t 55 m 55 t 50 t 60 m 70 t 70 t 70 t65 m 75 t 75 t 75 t74 m 95 t 86 m 110 t

t = metric tonnes

DIBt towers are only approved for Germany.

All specifications subject to change without notice.

OptiSpeed allows the rotor speed to vary within a

range of approximately 60 per cent in relation tonominal rpm. Thus with OptiSpeed, the rotor speed

can vary by as much as 30 per cent above and below

synchronous speed. This minimises both unwanted

fluctuations in the output to the grid supply and the

loads on the vital parts of the construction.

Time

1,000

800

600

400

200

0

Power(kW)

Output

Spee

d(rpm)

Time

Generator

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Pitch

Time

An

gle(degrees)

Wind

Time

Speed(m/s)

30

25

20

15

10

60 Hz

2,050

1,850

1,650

1,450

1,250

1,050

50 Hz

1,900

1,700

1,500

1,300

1,100

900


35/42

If you have a viable wind power site, chances are that the

V52 will do well there. That is because at Vestas, we have

devoted the last 25 years to expanding the range of condi-

tions under which wind can be profitably harnessed and

because the V52 represents Vestas at its most versatile.

An all-round performer, this 850 kW wind turbine is ourmost adaptable turbine, well suited for a broad spectrum

of medium and high winds. This is why we have installed

approximately 1500 V52s all over the world.

Several factors contribute to the flexibility of this wind

turbine. Not only is the V52 available with eight different

tower heights, but its modest size and remarkable sound

profile also make it the perfect choice for both populated

and remote locations. As a finishing touch, its compact

dimensions make overland transport simple.

The V52 is also the only kW-class turbine to be fitted with

OptiSpeed, a technology that allows the rotor speed to

vary within a range of approximately 60 per cent in relationto nominal rpm. This means that with OptiSpeed, the

rotor speed can vary by as much as 30 per cent above and

below synchronous speed. OptiSpeed thereby maximises

the aerodynamic efficiency of the rotor in response to

changing wind conditions and provides yet another

instance of how Vestas versatility enhances the delivery of

dependable power.

The turbine that goes anywhere


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GAMESA G58-850 KW


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Optimum performancefor low winds

- Class IIIB/WZII.

- Pitch and variable speed

technology to maximizeenergy production.

- Production of lighterblades using fiberglassand prepreg method.

- Compliance with the maininternational Grid Codes.

- Aerodynamic design andGamesa NRSTM controlsystem to minimize noiseemissions.

- Gamesa SGIPE: Remotemonitoring and controlsystem with Web access.

- Over 4,600 GamesaG5X-850 kW wind turbinesinstalled.

BENEFITS


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- The Generator is a doubly fed machine (DFM), whose speed andpower is controlled through IGBT converters and PWM (Pulse

Width Modulation) electronic control.- Benefits:

Active and reactive power control.

Low harmonic content and minimal losses.

Increased efficiency and production.

Prolonged working life of the turbine.

Control System

Gamesa SGIPE and its new generation Gamesa WindNet (wind

farm control systems), developed by Gamesa, that allow realtimeoperation and remote control of wind turbines, meteorological

mast and electrical substation via satellite-terrestrial network.Modular design with control tools for active and reactive energy,noise, shadows and wake effects. TCP/IP architecture with a Web

interface.

Gamesa SGIPE

SMP Predictive Maintenance System

Drive train with main shaft supported by two spherical bearingsthat transmit the side loads directly to the frame by means of thebearing housing. This prevents the gearbox from receiving

additional loads, reducing malfunctions and facilitating itsservice.

Mechanical design

Aerodynamic primary brake by means of full-feathering blades. Inaddition, a hydraulically-activated mechanical disc brake for

emergencies is mounted on the gearbox high speed shaft.

Brake

The Gamesa G58-850 kW wind turbine generator uses the totallightning protection system, in accordance with standard IEC

61024-1. This system conducts the lightning from both sides ofthe blade tip down to the root joint and from there across thenacelle and tower structure to the grounding system located inthe foundations.

As a result, the blade and sensitive electrical components areprotected from damage.

Lightning protection

Predictive Maintenance System for the early detection of

potential deterioration or malfunctions in the wind turbines maincomponents.

- Benefits:

Reduction in major corrective measures.

Increase in the machines availability and working life.

Preferential terms in negotiations with insurance

companies.

Integration within the control system.

Rotor

Diameter 58 m

Swept area 2,642 m2

Rotational speed Variable 14.6 - 30.8 rpm, towers 55 and 65mVariable 16.2 - 30.8 rpm, torre 44m

Rotational direction Clock Wise (front view)

Weight (incl. Hub) Approx. 12 T

Top head mass Approx. 35 T

Gearbox

Type 1 planetary stage / 2 helical stages

Ratio 50 Hz 1:61.74

Cooling Oil pump with oil cooler

Oil heater 1.5 kW

Tubular Tower

Modular type Height Weight

2 sections 44 m 45 T





Blades

Number of blades 3

Length 28.3 m

Airfoils NACA 63.XXX + FFA-W3

Material Epoxy reinforced glass fibre

Total blade weight 2,400 kg

Generator 850 kWType Doubly-fed machine

Rated power 850 kW

Voltage 690 V ac

Frequency 50 Hz

Protecction class IP 54

Number of poles 4

Rotational speed 900:1,900 rpm(rated 1,620 rpm)

Rated Stator Current 670 A @ 690 V

Power factor (standard) 0.95 CAP - 0.95 IND at partial loads and1 at nominal power.*

Power factor (optional) 0.95 CAP - 0.95 IND throughoutthe power range.*

* Power factor at generator output terminals, at low voltage side before transformer input terminals.


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111213141516171819

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Power Curve Gamesa G58-850 kW

(for an air density

of 1,225kg/m3)

3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17-21

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

4

Cut-in speed: 3 m/s

Cut-out speed: 21 m/s

PowerkW

Wind speed m/s

Power curve calculation based on NACA 63.XXX and FFA-W3airfoils.

Calculation parameters: 50 Hz grid frequency; tip angle pitch

regulated, 10% turbulence intensity and a variable rotor speedranging from 14.6 - 30.8 rpm.

Gamesas doubly-fed wind turbines and Active Crowbar and oversized converter technologies ensure the compliance with the mostdemanding grid connection requirements.

Low voltage ride-through capability and dynamic regulation of

active and reactive power.

Grid connection

Aerodynamic blade tip and mechanical component design mini-mize noise emissions. In addition, Gamesa has developed theGamesa NRSTM noise control system, which permits programming

the noise emissions according to criteria such as date, time orwind direction. This achieves the goals of local regulation com-

pliance as well as maximum production.

Noise control

Speed (m/s) Power (kW)

3 9.7

4 31.2

5 78.4

6 148.2

7 242.7

8 368.8

9 525.3

10 695.0

11 796.612 835.9

13 846.8

14 849.3

15 849.9

16 850.0

17-21 850.0

1. Service crane

2. Generator

3. Cooling system

4. Top control unit

5. Gearbox

6. Main shaft with twobearing housings

7. Rotor lock system

8. Blade

9. Blade Hub

10. Hub cover

11. Blade bearing

12. Bed frame

13. Hydraulic unit

14. Shock absorbers

15. Yaw ring

16. Brake

17. Tower

18. Yaw gears19. Transmission.

High speed shaft


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Gamesa Wind GmbH

Wailandtstrasse 7

63741 Aschaffenburg

Germany

Tel: +49 (0) 6021 15 09 0

Fax: +49 (0) 6021 15 09 199

E-mail: [email protected]

Gamesa Wind Engineering

Vejlsvej 51

8600 Silkeborg

Denmark

Tel: +45 87 229205 / 9204

Fax: +45 87 229201

France

Parc Mail

6 Alle Joliot Curie, btiment B69791 Saint Priest

Tel: +33 (0) 472 79 47 09

Fax: +33 (0) 478 90 05 41

Greece

3, Pampouki Street

154 51 Neo Psichiko

Athens

Tel: +30 21 06753300

Fax: +30 21 06753305

Gamesa Eolica Italia

Via Pio Emanuelli,1

Corpo B, 2 piano

00143 RomeTel: +39 0651531036

Fax: +39 0651530911

Portugal

Edificio D. Joo II

PARQUE DAS NAOES

Av. D. Joo II, lote 1.06.2.37 B

1990-090 Lisbon

Tel: +351 21 898 92 00

Fax: +351 21 898 92 99

United Kingdom

Rowan House Hazell Drive

NEWPORT South Wales NP10 8FY

Tel: +44 1633 654 140

Fax: +44 1633 654 147

Gamesa Wind US

1 Ben Fairless Drive - Ste. 2

Fairless Hills, PA 19030

Tel: +1 215 736 8165Fax: +1 215 736 3985

Gamesa Wind Tianjin

Room 1103, Tower 1

Bright China

Changan Building

7 Jianguomennei Av.

Beijing 100005

China

Tel.: +86 10 65186158

Fax: +86 10 65171337

Polgono Industrial Agustinos, C/A s/n31013 Pamplona, SpainTel: +34 948 309010Fax: +34 948 [email protected]

Wind Farm-Fesaibility Study

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