Wind Farm Control

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ECPE Seminar Renewable Energies. Kassel 9 - 10 February 2006

WIND FARM CONTROL

Experince from a 160 MW wind farm

Poul Srensen, Ris National LaboratoryJesper R. Kristoffersen, Elsam Engineering


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Wind farm control - Experience from a 160 MW wind farm - ECPE seminar 9 - 10 Feb 2006, Kassel

Overview

Wind power development in Denmark Danish grid codes control requirements The first large offshore wind farm operational

experience

Simulation of wind farm control with power systemsupport


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Wind energy development in Denmark

Horns Rev

Nysted

Wind power instaled in DK: West almost 2400 MW East 743 MW


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Transmission backbone and interconnections

550 MW DC

Kilde: www.nordel.org

1000 MW DC

600 MW DC

1200 MW AC

800 MW AC

1700 MW AC 1300 MW AC
http://www.nordel.org/http://www.nordel.org/


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Wind turbine / wind farm grid connection requirements

D E F U K

R - 7 7 : m a x i

n r u s h c

u r r e n t, r

e a c t i v e

p o w e r c

o m p

1987

s t e a d y s

t a t e v o l t a g e

i n t e r v a l

/ t h e r m

a l l i m i t a

t i o n

2 0 0 1 I E

C 6 1 4 0 0

- 2 1 : f l i c

k e r, h a r

m o n i c s

F i r s t T S

O r e q u i r e m

e n t s : f a u

l t r i d e t h

r o u g h

N e w T S

O r e q u i r e

m e n t s : p

o w e r c o

n t r o l

1999 2001 2004

The first (distribution system power quality) requirements weremainly concerned the local voltage quality

New (TSO) grid codes with requirement to power system controland stability


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Grid code requirements power control

Power

Time

Absolute power limitation

Power

Time

Balance control

Power

Time

Ramp rate limitation

Power

Time

Delta control

The above shown power control options are all implemented in the Horns Rev wind farm


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0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Time [s]

P o w e r

[ p u . ]

P ref,wf

Delta control

Power

P avail

f s f s+ f d f d +

P del P avail P del P del

Frequency

Secondary control Delta control provides TSO

and owner with constantpower reserve

Primary control Reserve can be utilised in

automatic frequency control(droop and dead band)


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Horns Rev wind farm

Horns Rev

Rdsand

Denmark

Horns Rev wind farm:- Owned by Elsam- First large offshore wind farm in the world, 15-20 km from coast- 80 wind turbines (Vestas V80 2MW doubly-fed), total installed power 160MW- Annual energy production 600.000 MWh = 2% of Danish electricity consumption


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Wind Farm Main Controller

With the WFMC the wind farm acts as a power plant.

The wind farm is able to participate in both primary (frequency) andsecondary (balance/power) control

Developed by Elsam Engineering A/S

VestasOnline


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Operational Experiences

Power fluctuations18/1-2005 - 5 min mean

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00 00:00

Time [HH:MM]

P o w e r

[ M W ]

Horns Rev

Onshore


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12/22



Shutdown because of high wind speed

-500

0

500

1000

1500

2000

02:30:00 02:35:00 02:40:00 02:45:00 02:50:00 02:55:00 03:00:00

T u r

b i n e p o w e r [

k W

-50

0

50

100

150

200

T o t a l p o w e r

[ M W ]WFMC power

reservation for

frequency control


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Control

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00

Time [hh:mm]

P o w e r

[ M W ]

Possible power

Setpoint

Actual power


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Control

0

20

40

60

80

100120

140

160

180

12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00

Time [hh:mm]

P o w e r

[ M W ]

Setpoint

Possible power

Actual power


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Control


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Control

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

04:00 04:30 05:00 05:30 06:00 06:30 07:00 07:30 08:00

Time [HH:MM]

P o w e r

[ M W ]

Horns Rev production

Error

Order from Eltra


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Wind turbine control Doubly-fed induction

generators: rotor currentcontrol

Pitch control on windturbine blades Power / speed control

strategy simple androbust maximum powerpoint tracking

Simulation model wind turbine power control

Wind turbine controller Wind turbine controller Wind turbine controller

Powercontrol

meas

Speedcontrol

pitch

genref P

max

~~

ref P

+

+

PCC


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Simulation model - wind farm power control

Wind turbine controller Wind turbine controller Wind farm controller Operator Wind turbine controller

Powerreference

setting

P balance P

Ramp rate settings

Dispatchcontrol

Powercontrol

wf ref P

wf

meas P

meas

Speedcontrol

pitch

genref P

ref

Speedoptimum

~~

measu

inst avail P

+

ref P

PCC


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Simulation model - wind farm power control

Wind turbine controller Wind turbine controller Wind farm controller Operator Wind turbine controller

Powerreference

setting

P balance P

Ramp rate settings

Dispatchcontrol

Powercontrol

wf ref P

wf

meas P

meas

Speedcontrol

pitch

genref P

ref

Speedoptimum

~~

measu

inst avail P

+

ref P

Droop settingsDeadband settings

wf ref P 0

meas f

wf ref P

PCC


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350.0280.0210.0140.070.000.00 [s]

21.00

18.00

15.00

12.00

9.00

6.00

350.0280.0210.0140.070.000.00 [s]

2.10

1.80

1.50

1.20

0.90

0.60

0.30

350.0280.0210.0140.070.000.00 [s]

1700.00

1600.00

1500.00

1400.00

1300.00

350.0280.0210.0140.070.000.00 [s]

20.00

16.00

12.00

8.00

4.00

-0.00

-4.00

D I g

S I L E N T

Wind -WT1Wind -WT2Wind -WT3

Measured power - WT1Measured power - WT2

Measured power - WT3

Generator speed - WT1Generator speed - WT2Generator speed - WT3

Pitch angle - WT1Pitch angle - WT2Pitch angle - WT3

[ M W

]

[ m / s

]

[ r p m

]

[ d e g

]

[sec]

350.0280.0210.0140.070.000.00 [s]

21.00

18.00

15.00

12.00

9.00

6.00

350.0280.0210.0140.070.000.00 [s]

2.10

1.80

1.50

1.20

0.90

0.60

0.30

350.0280.0210.0140.070.000.00 [s]

1700.00

1600.00

1500.00

1400.00

1300.00

350.0280.0210.0140.070.000.00 [s]

20.00

16.00

12.00

8.00

4.00

-0.00

-4.00

D I g

S I L E N T

Wind -WT1Wind -WT2Wind -WT3

Measured power - WT1Measured power - WT2

Measured power - WT3

Generator speed - WT1Generator speed - WT2Generator speed - WT3

Pitch angle - WT1Pitch angle - WT2Pitch angle - WT3

[ M W

]

[ m / s

]

[ r p m

]

[ d e g

]

[sec]

DFIG power control wind turbines


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Wind farm power control

350.0280.0210.0140.070.000.00 [s]

6.506.00

5.50

5.00

4.50

4.00

3.50

350.0280.0210.0140.070.000.00 [s]

2.20

2.00

1.80

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

350.0280.0210.0140.070.000.00 [s]

2.20

2.00

1.80

1.60

1.40

1.20

350.0280.0210.0140.070.000.00 [s]

2.40

2.00

1.60

1.20

0.80

0.40

D

I g S I L E N T

Dispatch reference power - WT1



Available power - WT1



Wind farm available power Wind farm PCCmeasured power

[ M W

]

[ M W

]

[ M W

]

[ M W

]

[sec] 350.0280.0210.0140.070.000.00 [s]

6.506.00

5.50

5.00

4.50

4.00

3.50

350.0280.0210.0140.070.000.00 [s]

2.20

2.00

1.80

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

350.0280.0210.0140.070.000.00 [s]

2.20

2.00

1.80

1.60

1.40

1.20

350.0280.0210.0140.070.000.00 [s]

2.40

2.00

1.60

1.20

0.80

0.40

D

I g S I L E N T







Wind farm available power Wind farm PCCmeasured power

[ M W

]

[ M W

]

[ M W

]

[ M W

]

[sec]


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Conclusions

Operational experience (Elsam) The controller includes a number of control possibilities to enable Elsam to use

the wind farm as a wind power plant in a similar way as Elsam uses theconventional power stations to keep the power equilibrium as agreed on theNordic electric power market.

The controller makes the wind farm able to participate in primary/frequencycontrol in the same way as conventional power stations

The advanced control functions in the WFMC are almost indispensable formaintaining balance in the grid, irrespective of whether this is done by a largeproducer responsible for balancing his own production or by the responsiblesystem operator for other producers

Simulation models (Ris / Aalborg University) Models for wind turbine and wind farm controls are developed in power system

simulation tool DIgSILENT. The models can be used to stydy the dynamic interaction of wind farms with

power plant characteristics with a complex power system.

Wind Farm Control

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