Wind energy system india

Wind Power

Wind resources

Apart from having a good wind turbine, the most critical aspects for the success of investment in the wind energy sector are

having a good site and

an accurate assessment of the wind resource at the site.

Wind Resource Monitoring consists of following activities:

Siting

Wind Monitoring

Wind Resource Mapping

WIND RESOURCE ASSESSMENT-

India- Implemented through :

(i) State Nodal Agencies

(ii) Centre for Wind Energy Technology (C-

WET)

Financial Assistance :

(i) Full establishment costs of Wind Resource

Assessment Project (WRAP) of C-WET by

the Central Government.

WIND RESOURCE ASSESSMENT

Implemented through…. :

(ii) The cost of setting up the wind monitoring

stations would be shared between MNES and

State Nodal agencies in 80:20 ratio, except

for North-eastern and hilly States, where it

would be in 90:10 ratio.

Resource Survey in India

Centre for Wind Energy Technology (C-WET)

Chennai.

6 Volumes of “Wind Energy –Resource Survey in

India” , containing wind data have been published

Master Plans for 87 sites prepared and available

from C-WET at nominal cost.

Wind data available from C-WET on CD ROM.

Government of India

Ministry of New and Renewable Energy

(Wind Power Division)

Block No.14, CGO Complex,

Lodhi Road, New Delhi – 110003

•C-WET would evaluate the eligibility of manufacturer, who approaches for Type. Certification, as per the evaluation criteria in vogue, which is being followed by C-WET. •Validity of Self-Certification facility for models specified in the List of Models and Manufacturers thereof issued by C-WET is extended up to 30th September, 2007. •Self-Certification facility would be available for a maximum period of 18 months from the date of signing of the agreement with C-WET for the models hereinafter including in the category "Model under Testing and Certification at C-WET" in the List to be issued by C-WET.

anemometer

An instrument for measuring the force or velocity of wind. There are various types:

A cup anemometer, is used to measure

the wind speed from the speed of rotation

of a windmill which consist of 3 or 4

hemispherical or conical cups, each fixed

to the ends of horizontal arms attached to

a vertical axis.

A Byram anemometer is a variety of cup

anemometer.

A counting anemometer has cups or a fan

whose rotation is transmitted to a counter which integrates directly the air movement speed.

A hand anemometer is small portable anemometer held at arm's length by an observer making a wind speed measurement.

A pressure tube anemometer (Dines anemometer) is an instrument that derives wind speed from measurements of the dynamic wind pressures. Wind blowing into a tube develops a pressure greater than the static pressure, while wind blowing across a tube develops a pressure less than the static. This pressure difference is proportional to the square of the wind speed.

WIND

Wind Speed at 10 m height

SPEED

Beaufort scale

SCALE

Wind

0.0-0.4 m/s (0.0-0.9 knots) 0 Calm

0.4-1.8 m/s (0.9-3.5 knots) 1 Light

1.8-3.6 m/s (3.5-7.0 knots) 2 Light

3.6-5.8 m/s (7-11 knots) 3 Light

5.8-8.5 m/s (11-17 knots) 4 Moderate

8.5-11 m/s (17-22 knots) 5 Fresh

11-14 m/s (22-28 knots) 6 Strong

14-17 m/s (28-34 knots) 7 Strong

17-21 m/s (34-41 knots) 8 Gale

21-25 m/s (41-48 knots) 9 Gale

25-29 m/s (48-56 knots) 10 Strong Gale

29-34 m/s (56-65 knots) 11

>34 m/s (>65 knots) 12 Hurricane

Some definitions….

1 m/s = 3.6 km/h = 2.237 mph = 1.944 knots

1 knot = 1 nautical mile per hour = 0.5144 m/s =

1.852 km/h = 1.125 mph

average wind speed: The mean wind speed over a

specified period of time.

PITCH CONROL: A method of controlling the

speed of a wind turbine by varying the orientation,

or pitch, of the blades, and thereby altering its

aerodynamics and efficiency.

Wind energy basics

Kinetic > Mechanical > Electric

Wind is created by the unequal

heating of the Earth’s surface by

the sun. Wind turbines convert

the kinetic energy in wind into

mechanical power that runs a

generator to produce clean

electricity.

How Do Wind Turbines Work?

Today’s turbines are versatile

modular sources of electricity.

Their blades are aerodynamically

designed to capture the maximum

energy from the wind. The wind

turns the blades, which spin a shaft

connected to a generator

horizontal-axis vs vertical-axis

There are two basic designs of wind electric

turbines: vertical-axis, or "egg-beater" style,

and horizontal-axis (propeller-style)

machines.

Horizontal-axis wind turbines are most

common today, constituting nearly all of the

"utility-scale" (100 kilowatts, kW, capacity and

larger) turbines in the global market.

What are wind turbines made of?

How big is a wind turbine?

The towers are mostly tubular and made

of steel.

The blades are made of fiberglass-

reinforced polyester or wood-epoxy.

Utility-scale wind turbines for land-based

wind farms come in various sizes, with

rotor diameters ranging from about 50

meters to about 90 meters and with

towers of roughly the same size

Biggest?

A 90-meter machine, definitely at the large

end of the scale at this writing (2005), with

a 90-meter tower would have a total height

from the tower base to the tip of the rotor

of approximately 135 meters (442 feet).

Most turbines today are horizontal

axis upwind machines with two or three

blades, made of a composite material

like fiberglass.

The amount of power a turbine will

produce depends primarily on the

diameter of its rotor. The diameter of

the rotor defines its “swept area,” or the

quantity of wind intercepted by the

turbine. The turbine’s frame is the

structure onto which the rotor,

generator, and tail are attached. The

tail keeps the turbine facing into the

wind.

For Pumping Water

One- to 10-kW turbines can be used

in applications such as pumping

water.

Wind-electric pumping systems can

be placed where the wind resource is

the best and connected to the pump

motor with an electric cable.

The formula for calculating the

power from a wind turbine is:

Operating Characteristics

All wind machines share certain operating

characteristics, such as cut-in, rated and cut-out wind speeds.

Cut-in Speed Cut-in speed is the minimum wind speed at which the wind turbine will generate usable power. This wind speed is typically between 7 and 10 mph.

Rated Speed The rated speed is the minimum wind speed at which the wind turbine will generate its designated rated power. For example, a "10 kilowatt" wind turbine may not generate 10 kilowatts until wind speeds reach 25 mph. Rated speed for most machines is in the range of 25 to 35 mph.

Some definitions:

Solidity: In reference to a wind energy conversion device, the ratio of rotor blade surface area to the frontal, swept area that the rotor passes through.

wind rose: A diagram that indicates the average percentage of time that the wind blows from different directions, on a monthly or annual basis.

power curve: A plot of a wind energy conversion device's power output versus wind speed.

power coefficient: The ratio of power produced by a wind energy conversion device to the power in a reference area of the free wind stream.

Rated Speed…

At wind speeds between cut-in and rated, the

power output from a wind turbine increases

as the wind increases. The output of most

machines levels off above the rated speed.

Most manufacturers provide graphs, called

"power curves," showing how their wind

turbine output varies with wind speed.

Cut-out Speed

At very high wind speeds, typically between

45 and 80 mph, most wind turbines cease

power generation and shut down. The wind

speed at which shut down occurs is called

the cut-out speed. Having a cut-out speed is

a safety feature which protects the wind

turbine from damage. Shut down may occur

in one of several ways. In some machines an

automatic brake is activated by a wind speed

sensor.

Cut out speed…

Some machines twist or "pitch" the blades to

spill the wind. Still others use "spoilers," drag

flaps mounted on the blades or the hub which

are automatically activated by high rotor

rpm's, or mechanically activated by a spring

loaded device which turns the machine

sideways to the wind stream. Normal wind

turbine operation usually resumes when the

wind drops back to a safe level.

Tip Speed Ratio

The tip-speed is the ratio of the rotational

speed of the blade to the wind speed. The

larger this ratio, the faster the rotation of the

wind turbine rotor at a given wind speed.

Electricity generation requires high rotational

speeds. Lift-type wind turbines have

maximum tip-speed ratios of around 10

number of blades

The number of rotor blades and the total area they

cover affect wind turbine performance. For a lift-

type rotor to function effectively, the wind must flow

smoothly over the blades.

To avoid turbulence, spacing between blades

should be great enough so that one blade will not

encounter the disturbed, weaker air flow caused by

the blade which passed before it.

It is because of this requirement that most wind

turbines have only two or three blades on their

rotors

Transmission

The number of revolutions per minute (rpm)

of a wind turbine rotor can range between

40 rpm and 400 rpm, depending on the

model and the wind speed.

Generators typically require rpm's of 1,200

to 1,800. As a result, most wind turbines

require a gear-box transmission to increase

the rotation of the generator to the speeds

necessary for efficient electricity production.

Generators

The generator is what converts the turning

motion of a wind turbine's blades into

electricity. Inside this component, coils of wire

are rotated in a magnetic field to produce

electricity. Different generator designs produce

either alternating current (AC) or direct current

(DC), and they are available in a large range of

output power ratings.

The generator's rating, or size, is dependent on

the length of the wind turbine's blades because

more energy is captured by longer blades.

Generators…

It is important to select the right type of generator to match your intended use.

• Most home and office appliances operate on 120 volt (or 240 volt), 60 / 50 cycle AC.

• Some appliances can operate on either AC or DC, such as light bulbs and

resistance heaters, and many others can be adapted to run on DC. • Storage systems using batteries store DC

and usually are configured at voltages of between 12 volts and 120 volts.

Generators…..

• Generators that produce AC are generally

equipped with features to produce the correct

voltage (120 or 240 V) and

• constant frequency (60 / 50 cycles) of

electricity,

even when the wind speed is fluctuating.

Towers

Tower on which a wind turbine is mounted is

not just a support structure. It also raises the

wind turbine so that its blades safely clear

the ground and so it can reach the stronger

winds at higher elevations.

Maximum tower height is optional in most

cases, except where zoning restrictions

apply. The decision of what height tower to

use will be based on the cost of taller towers

versus the value of the increase in energy

production resulting from their use.

Towers….

Studies have shown that the added

cost of increasing tower height is often

justified by the added power generated

from the stronger winds.

Larger wind turbines are usually

mounted on towers ranging from 40 to 70

meters tall.