• Wind Diesel 201 International Wind Diesel Conference Girdwood Alaska March 2011 Russell Cahill
Feb 25, 2016
• Wind Diesel 201
International Wind Diesel ConferenceGirdwood Alaska March 2011
Russell Cahill
Too Many Choices
Solar
Wind
Biomass
Hydro
Geothermal
Micro-turbines
Fuel Cells
New Storage Techs.
Electric
Vehicles
Demand ResponseLoad Management
Smart grids
Micro-grids
At Powercorp we have learnt that
A confused mind says: “NO!”
So I think I will just keep burning Diesel for now!
Transmission
Consumer Load 1
Consumer Load 2
Consumer Load 3
Hydro
Bio Diesel
Wind Farm
DieselPower Station
What we would like to do to the system!Probable Current Design
Transmission
Distribution
Consumer Load 1
Consumer Load 2
Consumer Load 3
DieselPower Station
Wind Diesel 201
Agenda• Find out who’s here – what are all of our backgrounds / interests• Interactive discussion into what we all think makes up a typical
Diesel Power Station– The Control System– The Diesels / their capabilities– The limitations of the plant– The additional applied limitations to the plant
• Add the Wind Turbines – what do we know about them and their behaviour?
• Add the Integration Equipment / Storage / Stability / Confusion• Dial into Ross Island Wind Diesel System in Antarctica ‘Live’ (hopefully! )• Additional System improvements for consideration
Who is here?
- My Name is Russell Cahill and I based on my accent, I am clearly and Australian!
- Electrician by trade- Electrical Engineering Associate Diploma- 18 years experience in Power Generation, 10 years at Powercorp- Active Role in Contract Negotiation, Construction and
Commissioning of Powercorp’s 60+ Diesel Automated Systems in Australia12 High Penetration Wind Diesel Systems2 High Penetration Solar Diesel Systems
- Current Role: Manager Powercorp Operations Dept
What makes up a Typical Diesel Power
Plant?
The Diesels
• What type of Diesels are installed? (or to be installed)– Normally Aspirated Engines?– Mechanically Governed Engines?– Electric over Mechanically Governed Engines?– Electronic Governed Engines?– Electronic Fuel Injected Engines?– High Speed Diesels?– Low Speed?– Medium Speed?– Heavy Fuel Machines?– Gas assisted machines?– Methane Fuelled Machines?– Etc etc etc!
The Control System
• What type of control system is installed (or to be installed)– Is the control system manually operated?
(I have seen some very very well managed manually operated Diesel PowerStation's!)
– Is the control system a semi Automatic Control system (ie operator intervention on starting an synchronising of machines?
– Is the control system an Automatic Control System? – Is the architect of the control system still in business or does the client
own the source code?– Is the Control system hardware still available or has the hardware been
made redundant by its manufacturer?
Centralised Control Structure
Master Controller
SCADAHMI
Modbus
CAN
Gen 1Controller
Gen 2Controller
Gen 3Controller
Gen 4Controller
Fed 1Controller Fed 1 Fed 3 Fed 4
Fed 2Controller
Fed 3Controller
Fed 4Controller
Decentralised Control Structure
Wind Farm
Consumer Load 2
Diesel Station
Utility Communication
Network(Ethernet)
Control Centre Data Server
Grid Stabilising System
Gas Station
Hydro Generator Time Server
PV Generator Control Centre Consumer Load 2
Comparison of SystemsCentralised Structure• Limited options for redundancy• System failures are catastrophic• Single device systems• Highly complex algorithms for entire
system control• Controllers need large memory• Master and slave methodology• Single comms network paths• Communications interruptions are
catastrophic• Upgrades are carried out globally• System maintenance can require
complete network shutdowns • Scalability is complex and expensive
Decentralised Structure• Multiple Levels of Redundancy• Failures are localised to devices• Distributed intelligence• Complexity of algorithms low due to
specific control only• Memory is spared though message
passing • All devices share responsibilities• Multiple comms network paths• Communications interruptions lead to
islanded areas not outages• Upgrades can carried out on a device
by device basis• Maintenance related shutdowns are
limited to devices only• Cost effective and easily scalable
Capabilities of the Plant?
• What are the known and measured capabilities/limitations of the plant?– Step Load response of each individual Machine– Step load responses of machine groups– Load Rejection response of each individual Machine– Load Rejection response of machine groups– Does the system carry out automatic active Load Sharing (Kw)– Does the system carry out automatic active Var Sharing (Kvar)– Are the Protection systems in the plant co-ordinated correctly – have
they been tested lately!
Additional Limitations
• What are the additional limitations are applied by the Plant Owner or Regulator? Such as– Spinning Reserve requirements– Minimum Generator Configuration requirements– Grid requirements– Voltage regulations– Frequency regulations– Fault ride through requirements– Other?
Time to Model all this!
• At this point we probably have a fair grasp on the Diesel PowerStation
• Computer modelling is now an important step in the process going forward.
• Why?• Because when we add the wind we will need to know what sort of
impact it is going to have!• Verfication• Proof of concept• Buisness Case• Net Present Value Calculations ($$$)• Dynamic Stability • Bankability
System Modelling
Power System ModelInput Output
Simulation tool
HSS
LS Netz
Leitung Gen1
LS Gen1
G~
Gen 1
Ltg
LS
G~
Gen 2
3 ~ 415V / 50 Hz
P-Q MessungGen 1
PLLGrid
P-Q MessungNetz
LS
G~
Gen 3
Ltg
LS
G~
Gen 4
Ltg
LS
G~
Gen 5
Ltg
LS
G~
Gen 6
Ltg
LS
G~
Gen 7
Ltg
f-U measurement
Leitung Ps1
LS Ps1
Ps 1
P-Q MessungPs1
Diesel generator
PowerStoreIsolated gird
Kompensation WKA 1
LtgLS
G~
WKA 3
WKA 2LS
P-Q MessungWKA 1
G~
G~
Ltg
Leitung WKA1
WKA 1
LS WKA1
Wind turbine
Recorded Data from
real System
Output of Simulation(Voltage, Frequency, etc.)
System Modelling
MDB
CB Grid
Wire Gen1
CB Gen1
G~
Gen 1
CB
G~
Gen 2
3 ~ 415V / 50 Hz
P-Q Measurement
Gen 1
PLLGrid
P-Q Measurement Grid
CB
G~
Gen 3
CB
G~
Gen 4
CB
G~
Gen 5
CB
G~
Gen 6
CB
G~
Gen 7
f-U Measurement Grid
Wire Ps1
CB Ps1
Ps 1
P-QPs1
Diesel generator
PowerStoreIsolated grid
Compensation WTG 1
CB
G~
WTG 3
WTG 2CB
P-Q MeasurementWTG 1
G~
G~
WireWTG 1
CB WTG1
Wind turbine
Wire Wire Wire Wire Wire Wire
GenControl
WTGControl
LoadControl
StorageControl
FeederControl
Proven Algorithms
Verified Models
Power System Simulation Tool
C2-4: Hardware-in-the-Loop
• Integration of Controller
• Simulations include Calculations from Controller
EthernetOPC
Modelling Results
Which system is best under what conditions?
Introducing the Wind
What do we know about Wind?
What do we know about Wind?
• What do we know about Wind?– Its unstable– Its unreliable– Its unpredictable– Machines can trip out on faults or out of limit events– They can introduce Voltage instability– They can introduce Frequency instability– Wind Turbine outputs can change from 100% to 0% in less than 2
seconds and vice versa (in Powercorp’s experience)– Some Wind turbines will output even greater than their rated output in
times of high wind – ie 150%!!!– Other?
How much Wind?
• Is it possible to introduce some Wind into Diesel Grids without any integration equipment ?
• At this conference this week I am sure we will hear that is possible to an extent.
• At previous conferences we have had healthy debates about how to define just how much Wind can be integrated and exactly how to describe this, at Powercorp we describe it as Instantaneous Wind Penetration – but we are happy to hear other terms!
Low Penetration %
• From Powercorp’s experience, we have found that integration of Wind into Diesel Grids without any integration equipment can be successfully achieved from 0% Wind to about 30% Instantaneous Wind Penetration of the instantaneous load.
• These percentages are based sites where the Diesel engines are electronically governed and therefore without integration equipment the full rating of the wind farm would need to be carried in the step load configuration as spinning reserve to ensure there where no blackouts each time the wind stopped blowing.
• The fuel savings therefore achieved by such a system are not as substantial as a system where fossil fuel generators are able to be switched off due to the introduction of integration equipment.
Lets consider adding storage and / or
stability
27
Super Capacitors
Battery
Flywheel
Grid Stabilization
Grid Stabilization & Short Term Energy
Storage
Long & Short Term Energy Storage
Resistive Dump Load
Grid StabilizationSTATCOM
Grid Stabilization
Storage / Stability
Car vs Wind Diesel
Fitted with Cruise Control
Types of Storage / Stability
Large -scale stationary applications of electric energy storage / Stability could be separated into 3 areas:
• Power Quality. Stored energy, in these applications, is only applied for seconds or less, as needed, to assure continuity of quality power.
• Bridging Power. Stored energy, in these applications, is used for seconds to minutes to assure continuity of service when switching from one source of energy generation to another.
• Energy Management. Storage media, in these applications, is used to decouple the timing of generation and consumption of electric energy. A typical application is load leveling, which involves the charging of storage when energy cost is low and utilization as needed. This would also enable consumers to be grid-independent for many hours.
• Although some storage technologies can function in all application ranges, most options would not be economical to be applied in all three functional categories.
http://www.electricitystorage.org/ESA/technologies/
How long vs How much?
http://www.electricitystorage.org/ESA/technologies/
High Penetration %
• The percentage Instantaneous wind Penetration levels that can be achieved with the introduction of Energy Storage / Stability range from 0% to 100%.
• I have heard at conferences in the past that penetration greater than 100% can also be achieved but that statistic always confuses me so I will leave that description to others maybe this week!
• Annual Average Fuel Savings have been seen in the order of 50% - 80% by Powercorp with the introduction of Energy Stability
• Powercorp has not yet installed a system with longer term storage however we are keenly watching the market and testing the business cases regularly.
High Penetration %
Additional System improvements
• Demand side management or active load monitoring and control is an area where additional smart things can be done to control the load and try to make to match the renewable generation as best as possible.
• Integration of wireless load monitoring and control devices into all types of loads including houses is an area where Powercorp believes an additional annual fuel saving can be realised.
• We also think that we should begin to challenge the need to carry our industry’s safety factor – Spinning reserve – there is a real possibility of not carrying spinning reserve calculations any longer using such technologies along with the fast communications networks we have available.
• Other areas for consideration are definitely the use of Electric Cars for Grid support – Spinning reserve – demand side managed charging loads etc
• We are nearing the end of the Power Point Section of the Presentation
• Whats Next?
• Short Video of a Wind Diesel Site we did a few years ago just to break up all of this talking
• Dial into Ross Island Wind Diesel Power System in Anatarctica
• Questions or Discussion
Lets remind ourselves why we did this today and why are we here?
Source: US Energy Information Administration – Independent Statistics and Analysiswww.tonto.eia.gov
Solar Energy
Wind Energy
Why Renewables?
3/01/0
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21/03
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25/06
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10/09
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26/11
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11/02
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29/04
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15/07
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9
17/07
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21/05
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22/10
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7/01/1
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Average Increase in Oil Price Per Barrel USD$8.50/Year
August 2008 - USD$137.11/ Barrel
January 2011 - USD$93.48/ Barrel
Yesterday oil was $106 per barrel!
Choosing a Path Forward
X Tomorrow
Today X
High Oil Price
HighRenewable
Energy
Low
Low
Dial into Antarctica
Head OfficeDarwin Business Park
Export DriveBerrimah 0828, N.T.
+61889470933www.pcorp.com.au
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[email protected]+4917683234822
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