What is wind power?Wind power captures the natural wind in our
atmosphere and converts it into mechanical energy then electricity.
People started using wind power centuries ago with windmills, which
pumped water, ground grain, and did other work. Today's wind
turbine is a highly evolved version of a windmill. Modern wind
turbines harness wind's kinetic energy and convert it into
electricity. Most wind turbines have three blades and sit atop a
steel tubular tower, and they range in size from 80-foot-tall
turbines that can power a single home to utility-scale turbines
that are over 260 feet tall and power hundreds of homes. Learn more
about thehistory of wind energy.Wind is a type of renewable energy,
and there are three major types of wind power.The major types of
wind power are: Utility-scale wind,wind turbines larger than 100
kilowatts are developed with electricity delivered to the power
grid and distributed to the end user by electric utilities or power
system operators; Distributed or "small" wind, which uses turbines
of 100 kilowatts or smaller to directly power a home, farm or small
business as it primary use; Offshore wind, which are wind turbines
erected in bodies of water around the world, but not yet in the
United States.How wind energy worksWhen wind blows past a turbine,
the blades capture the energy and rotate. This rotation triggers an
internal shaft to spin, which is connected to a gearbox increasing
the speed of rotation, which is connect to a generator that
ultimately produces electricity. Most commonly, wind turbines
consist of a steel tubular tower, up to 325 feet, which supports
both a "hub" securing wind turbine blades and the "nacelle" which
houses the turbine's shaft, gearbox, generator and controls. A wind
turbine is equipped with wind assessment equipment and will
automatically rotate into the face of the wind, and angle or
"pitch" its blades to optimize energy capture.Wind Energy and Wind
PowerWind is a form ofsolar energy. Winds are caused by the uneven
heating of the atmosphere by the sun, the irregularities of the
earth's surface, and rotation of the earth. Wind flow patterns are
modified by the earth's terrain, bodies of water, and vegetative
cover. This wind flow, or motion energy, when "harvested" by
modernwind turbines, can be used to generateelectricity.How Wind
Power Is GeneratedThe terms "wind energy" or "wind power" describe
the process by which the wind is used to generatemechanical power
or electricity. Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the
wind into mechanical power. This mechanical power can be used for
specific tasks (such as grinding grain or pumping water) or a
generator can convert this mechanical power into electricity to
power homes, businesses, schools, and the like.Wind TurbinesWind
turbines, like aircraft propeller blades, turn in the moving air
and power anelectric generatorthat supplies an electric current.
Simply stated, a wind turbine is the opposite of a fan. Instead of
using electricity to make wind, like a fan, wind turbines use wind
to make electricity. The wind turns the blades, which spin a shaft,
which connects to a generator and makes electricity.Wind Turbine
TypesModern wind turbines fall into two basic groups;
thehorizontal-axisvariety, like the traditional farm windmills used
for pumping water, and thevertical-axisdesign, like the
eggbeater-style Darrieus model, named after its French inventor.
Most large modern wind turbines are horizontal-axis
turbines.Turbine ComponentsHorizontal turbine components include:
bladeorrotor, which converts the energy in the wind to rotational
shaft energy; adrive train, usually including a gearbox and a
generator; atowerthat supports the rotor and drive train; and other
equipment, including controls, electrical cables, ground support
equipment, and interconnection equipment.Wind turbine diagram -
click for enlarged image.
Turbine ConfigurationsWind turbines are often grouped together
into a single wind power plant, also known as awind farm, and
generate bulk electrical power. Electricity from these turbines is
fed into a utility grid and distributed to customers, just as with
conventional power plants.SeeWind Energy Photospage for wind farm
photographs.Wind Turbine Size and Power RatingsWind turbines are
available in a variety of sizes, and therefore power ratings. The
largest machine has blades that span more than the length of a
football field, stands 20 building stories high, and produces
enough electricity to power 1,400 homes. A small home-sized wind
machine has rotors between 8 and 25 feet in diameter and stands
upwards of 30 feet and can supply the power needs of an
all-electric home or small business.Utility-scale turbinesrange in
size from 50 to 750 kilowatts. Single small turbines, below 50
kilowatts, are used for homes, telecommunications dishes, or water
pumping.SeeWind Energy Photospage for wind turbine photographs.Wind
Energy Resources in the United StatesWind energy is very abundant
in many parts of the United States. Wind resources are
characterized bywind-power density classes, ranging from class 1
(the lowest) to class 7 (the highest). Good wind resources (e.g.,
class 3 and above, which have an average annual wind speed of at
least 13 miles per hour) are found in many locations (seeUnited
States Wind Energy Resource Map). Wind speed is a critical feature
of wind resources, because the energy in wind is proportional to
thecubeof the wind speed. In other words, a stronger wind means a
lot more power.Advantages and Disadvantages of Wind-Generated
ElectricityA Renewable Non-Polluting ResourceWind energy is afree,
renewable resource, so no matter how much is used today, there will
still be the same supply in the future. Wind energy is also a
source ofclean, non-polluting, electricity. Unlike conventional
power plants, wind plants emit no air pollutants or greenhouse
gases. According to the U.S. Department of Energy, in 1990,
California's wind power plants offset the emission of more than 2.5
billion pounds of carbon dioxide, and 15 million pounds of other
pollutants that would have otherwise been produced. It would take a
forest of 90 million to 175 million trees to provide the same air
quality.Cost IssuesEven though the cost of wind power has decreased
dramatically in the past 10 years, the technology requires ahigher
initial investmentthan fossil-fueled generators. Roughly 80% of the
cost is the machinery, with the balance being site preparation and
installation. If wind generating systems are compared with
fossil-fueled systems on a "life-cycle" cost basis (counting fuel
and operating expenses for the life of the generator), however,
wind costs are much more competitive with other generating
technologies because there is no fuel to purchase and minimal
operating expenses.Environmental ConcernsAlthough wind power plants
have relatively little impact on the environment compared to fossil
fuel power plants, there is some concern over thenoiseproduced by
the rotor blades,aesthetic (visual) impacts, and birds and bats
having been killed (avian/bat mortality) by flying into the rotors.
Most of these problems have been resolved or greatly reduced
through technological development or by properly siting wind
plants.Supply and Transport IssuesThe major challenge to using wind
as a source of power is that it isintermittentand does not always
blow when electricity is needed. Wind cannot be stored (although
wind-generated electricity can be stored, if batteries are used),
and not all winds can be harnessed to meet the timing of
electricity demands. Further, good wind sites are often located
inremote locationsfar from areas of electric power demand (such as
cities). Finally, wind resource development may compete with other
uses for the land, and thosealternative usesmay be more highly
valued than electricity generation. However, wind turbines can be
located on land that is also used for grazing or even farming.For
More InformationMuch additional information on wind energy science
and technology and wind energy development issues is available
through the Web. Visit theWind Energy Linkspage to access sites
with more information. In particular, theDOE Wind Energy
Technologies pagehas good information on wind energy basics, and is
the source for much of the information presented here. The American
Wind Energy Association web site has an excellentFAQ pagewith
information about wind technology, and theThe Danish Wind Industry
Associationweb site has extensive information about wind energy and
technology, including a 28-minute video introducing wind
technology.Wind Energy and Wind PowerWind is a form ofsolar energy.
Winds are caused by the uneven heating of the atmosphere by the
sun, the irregularities of the earth's surface, and rotation of the
earth. Wind flow patterns are modified by the earth's terrain,
bodies of water, and vegetative cover. This wind flow, or motion
energy, when "harvested" by modernwind turbines, can be used to
generateelectricity.How Wind Power Is GeneratedThe terms "wind
energy" or "wind power" describe the process by which the wind is
used to generatemechanical power or electricity. Wind turbines
convert the kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical power. This
mechanical power can be used for specific tasks (such as grinding
grain or pumping water) or a generator can convert this mechanical
power into electricity to power homes, businesses, schools, and the
like.Wind TurbinesWind turbines, like aircraft propeller blades,
turn in the moving air and power anelectric generatorthat supplies
an electric current. Simply stated, a wind turbine is the opposite
of a fan. Instead of using electricity to make wind, like a fan,
wind turbines use wind to make electricity. The wind turns the
blades, which spin a shaft, which connects to a generator and makes
electricity.Wind Turbine TypesModern wind turbines fall into two
basic groups; thehorizontal-axisvariety, like the traditional farm
windmills used for pumping water, and thevertical-axisdesign, like
the eggbeater-style Darrieus model, named after its French
inventor. Most large modern wind turbines are horizontal-axis
turbines.Turbine ComponentsHorizontal turbine components include:
bladeorrotor, which converts the energy in the wind to rotational
shaft energy; adrive train, usually including a gearbox and a
generator; atowerthat supports the rotor and drive train; and other
equipment, including controls, electrical cables, ground support
equipment, and interconnection equipment.Wind Turbine Size and
Power RatingsWind turbines are available in a variety of sizes, and
therefore power ratings. The largest machine has blades that span
more than the length of a football field, stands 20 building
stories high, and produces enough electricity to power 1,400 homes.
A small home-sized wind machine has rotors between 8 and 25 feet in
diameter and stands upwards of 30 feet and can supply the power
needs of an all-electric home or small business.Utility-scale
turbinesrange in size from 50 to 750 kilowatts. Single small
turbines, below 50 kilowatts, are used for homes,
telecommunications dishes, or water pumping.Wind Turbine
TYPES OF WIND TURBINES
Modern wind turbines fall into two basic groups: the
horizontal-axis variety, as shown in the photo to the far right,
and the vertical-axis design, like the eggbeater-style Darrieus
model pictured to the immediate right, named after its French
inventor. Horizontal-axis wind turbines typically either have two
or three blades. These three-bladed wind turbines are operated
"upwind," with the blades facing into the wind.Wind turbines can be
built on land or offshore in large bodies of water like oceans and
lakes. Though the United States does not currently have any
offshore wind turbines, the Department of Energy isfunding
effortsthat will make this technology available in U.S.
waters.SIZES OF WIND TURBINES
Utility-scale turbines range in size from 100 kilowatts to as
large as several megawatts. Larger wind turbines are more cost
effective and are grouped together intowind farms, which provide
bulk power to the electrical grid. In recent years, there has been
an increase in largeoffshore wind installationsin orderto harness
the huge potential that wind energy offers off the coasts of the
U.S.Single small turbines, below 100 kilowatts, are used for homes,
telecommunications dishes, or water pumping. Small turbines are
sometimes used in connection with diesel generators, batteries, and
photovoltaic systems. These systems are called hybrid wind systems
and are typically used in remote, off-grid locations, where a
connection to the utility grid is not available.Learn more about
what the Wind Program is doing to support the deployment ofsmall
and mid-sized turbinesfor homes, businesses, farms, and community
wind projects.ENERGY 101: WIND TURBINES VIDEOThis video explains
the basics of how wind turbines operate to produce clean power from
an abundant, renewable resourcethe wind.So how do wind turbines
make electricity? Simply stated, a wind turbine works the opposite
of a fan. Instead of using electricity to make wind, like a fan,
wind turbines use wind to make electricity. The wind turns the
blades, which spin a shaft, which connects to a generator and makes
electricity. View thewind turbine animationto see how a wind
turbine works ortake a look inside.Wind is a form of solar energy
and is a result of the uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun,
the irregularities of the earth's surface, and the rotation of the
earth.Wind flow patterns and speeds vary greatly across the United
Statesand are modified by bodies of water, vegetation, and
differences in terrain. Humans use this wind flow, or motion
energy, for many purposes: sailing, flying a kite, and even
generating electricity.The terms wind energy or wind power describe
the process by which the wind is used to generate mechanical power
or electricity. Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the
wind into mechanical power. This mechanical power can be used for
specific tasks (such as grinding grain or pumping water) or a
generator can convert this mechanical power into electricity.The
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) leads a large network of
researchers and other partners to deliver innovative solar
photovoltaic and concentrating solar power technologies that will
make solar energy cost competitive with traditional sources of
energy.From 1975 to 2008, more solar energy patents were linked to
DOE than to any other organization in the world. Since President
Obama took office, the amount of solar power installed in the U.S.
has increased over thirteen fold from 1.2 gigawatts (GW) in 2008 to
an estimated 15.9 GW today. Thats enough to power the equivalent of
3.2 million average American homes.SOLAR ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES
OFFICEThe Solar Energy Technologies Office works to accelerate the
market competitiveness of solar energy by targeting cost reductions
and supporting increased solar deployment. Through itsSunShot
Initiative, DOE supports efforts by private companies,
universities, and national laboratories to drive down the cost
solar electricity. TheSolar Powering Americawebsite makes it simple
for communities, businesses, organizations and state and local
governments to both learn about and commit to choosing solar.