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William Blake Notes
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William Blake Notes. Biographical data 1757 – 1827 engraver and painter his contemporaries considered him mad hostile to the Church of England and to.

May 02, 2015

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Page 1: William Blake Notes. Biographical data 1757 – 1827 engraver and painter his contemporaries considered him mad hostile to the Church of England and to.

William Blake

Notes

Page 2: William Blake Notes. Biographical data 1757 – 1827 engraver and painter his contemporaries considered him mad hostile to the Church of England and to.

Biographical data

• 1757 – 1827• engraver and painter• his contemporaries considered him mad• hostile to the Church of England and to all

forms of organised religion• influenced by the ideals of the French and

American Revolutions*, critical of the consequences of the Industrial Revolution**

Page 3: William Blake Notes. Biographical data 1757 – 1827 engraver and painter his contemporaries considered him mad hostile to the Church of England and to.

• *ideals of equality, brotherhood, freedom

• birth of the so-called “human rights”

• refusal of the idea of authority, of the values and cultural patterns of the Enlightenment

against reason, science, civilization, industrialization

Page 4: William Blake Notes. Biographical data 1757 – 1827 engraver and painter his contemporaries considered him mad hostile to the Church of England and to.

** transformation of England from an agricultural to an industrial country

thousands of people from the countryside to cities:

-exploitation-miserable housing + sanitation-crime-loss of identity

Page 5: William Blake Notes. Biographical data 1757 – 1827 engraver and painter his contemporaries considered him mad hostile to the Church of England and to.

influences• left-wing radicals (Thomas Paine, William

Godwin, Mary Wollstonecraft)• free thinkers (Diderot, Voltaire) → right

of the individual to happiness and pleasure; against the restrictions of morality and religion

• the Bible, John Milton

Page 6: William Blake Notes. Biographical data 1757 – 1827 engraver and painter his contemporaries considered him mad hostile to the Church of England and to.

• Emanuel Swedenborg (1688 – 1772) Swedish philosopher, scientist, visionary and

mysticinterested in the problem of the relationship

soul-bodyexperimented visions, alterations of personalityhad paranormal experiences → religious crisisbelieved God entrusted him with a new

interpretation of the Holy Scriptures

Page 7: William Blake Notes. Biographical data 1757 – 1827 engraver and painter his contemporaries considered him mad hostile to the Church of England and to.

Neo-Platonic tradition: the world is an eternal emanation of the Divine Spirit; populated by good and evil influences

Man: an image of the whole universe; free to choose between opposed impulses and to reach spiritual perfection

Page 8: William Blake Notes. Biographical data 1757 – 1827 engraver and painter his contemporaries considered him mad hostile to the Church of England and to.

Works

1783 Poetical Sketches1789 Songs of Innocence1790 The Marriage of Heaven and Hell

“political” works:1791 The French Revolution1793 The Vision of the Daughters of Albion1793 America

Page 9: William Blake Notes. Biographical data 1757 – 1827 engraver and painter his contemporaries considered him mad hostile to the Church of England and to.

1794 Songs of Innocence and of Experience Showing the two Contrary States of the Human Soul

a vision of life based on the idea of “complementary opposites”: “Without contraries there is no Progression. Attraction and Repulsion, Reason and Energy, Love and Hate are necessary to Human Existence. From these contraries spring what the religious call Good & Evil. Good is the passive that obeys Reason. Evil is the active springing from Energy. Good is Heaven. Evil is Hell. ”

Page 10: William Blake Notes. Biographical data 1757 – 1827 engraver and painter his contemporaries considered him mad hostile to the Church of England and to.

The possibility of progress, of self-knowledge and of knowledge of the world around us lies in the tension between opposite states of mind, not in their resolution by one gaining supremacy over the other

The Proverbs of Heaven and Hellthe latter reverse common logic and moralityHell and Satan → liberty, energyJehovah → a malevolent god

Page 11: William Blake Notes. Biographical data 1757 – 1827 engraver and painter his contemporaries considered him mad hostile to the Church of England and to.

desire and energy shown as superior to reason and restraint

all the Proverbs of Hell attack the repression of human energies by conventions and underline the need to experience joy and excess

Page 12: William Blake Notes. Biographical data 1757 – 1827 engraver and painter his contemporaries considered him mad hostile to the Church of England and to.

The Proverbs of Hell

• In seed time learn, in harvest teach, in winter enjoy.

• Drive your cart and your plow over the bones of the dead.

• The road of excess leads to the palace of wisdom.

• Prudence is a rich ugly old maid courted by Incapacity.

Page 13: William Blake Notes. Biographical data 1757 – 1827 engraver and painter his contemporaries considered him mad hostile to the Church of England and to.

• He who desires but acts not, breeds pestilence.

• The cut worm forgives the plow.• Dip him in the river who loves water.• A fool sees not the same tree that a wise man

sees.• He whose face gives no light, shall never

become a star.• Eternity is in love with the productions of

time.

Page 14: William Blake Notes. Biographical data 1757 – 1827 engraver and painter his contemporaries considered him mad hostile to the Church of England and to.

• No bird soars too high, if he soars with his own wings.

• Prisons are built with stones of Law, Brothels with bricks of Religion.

• The pride of the peacock is the glory of God.• The lust of the goat is the bounty of God.• The wrath of the lion is the wisdom of God.• The nakedness of woman is the work of God.• What is now proved was once only imagin'd.

Page 15: William Blake Notes. Biographical data 1757 – 1827 engraver and painter his contemporaries considered him mad hostile to the Church of England and to.

• Always be ready to speak your mind, and a base man will avoid you.

• Every thing possible to be believ'd is an image of truth.

• The tygers of wrath are wiser than the horses of instruction.

• Expect poison from the standing water.• When thou seest an Eagle, thou seest a

portion of Genius, lift up thy head!• Exuberance is Beauty.

Page 16: William Blake Notes. Biographical data 1757 – 1827 engraver and painter his contemporaries considered him mad hostile to the Church of England and to.

Blake è un autore paradossale. Profondo conoscitore della Bibbia e di Milton, mistico, profeta, visionario, apocalittico e rivoluzionario, guarda la realtà ma non vede ciò che l’uomo comune vede. Anche se non sempre coerente e sistematica, la sua visione, filtrata attraverso le lenti dell’immaginazione, coglie aspetti inconsueti, smaschera preconcetti e luoghi comuni, ribalta ciò che è generalmente ritenuto saggio e ortodosso, provoca il benpensante con antinomie e contrapposizioni, elaborando simboli della tradizione biblica, creando originali immagini metaforiche e rovesciamenti paradossali, nello stile mistico-profetico della Bibbia.

L’opposizione tra innocenza ed esperienza implica un superamento: “Without contraries there is no progression”. Non vi è assoluta idealizzazione dello stato di purezza dell’infanzia, come non vi è assoluta condanna del mondo doloroso e corrotto della vita adulta. Il risultato dello scontro è la consapevolezza, la valorizzazione di entrambi gli stati, la necessità nell’uomo dell’esistenza di un’anima sensibile, impulsiva e ingenua, che coabita con una natura più smaliziata e realistica, che ha subito i contraccolpi, le frustrazioni e le imperfezioni della vita politica, sociale e religiosa, la repressione delle istituzioni, la cieca applicazione delle leggi umane. L’uomo che è passato attraverso l’esperienza, non può tornare

Page 17: William Blake Notes. Biographical data 1757 – 1827 engraver and painter his contemporaries considered him mad hostile to the Church of England and to.

indietro, per cristallizzarsi in una immacolata e ingenua innocenza, superficialmente felice, ma può, attraverso la stessa esperienza, smascherare i meccanismi che generano il male, “the mind forg’d manacles”, che imprigionano, opprimono, e rendono impossibile l’autorealizzazione.

Male e bene convivono, sta a noi rendere fruttuosa questa coabitazione. Il male può essere funzionale al bene, il dolore può generare, e genera, consapevolezza. Uno spirito d’innocenza e di spontaneità, di energica e creativa irrazionalità, può, e deve, essere conservato nella vita adulta; quello spirito giocherellone e paradossale - tipico della tradizione umanistico-rinascimentale di Thomas More, Erasmo e Shakespeare - che si diverte a ribaltare tradizioni e convenzioni, generando stimolanti squarci di verità. Come se Blake avesse avvertito, sviluppato e portato a compimento quel fascino ribelle e antiautoritario emanato da Satana nel Paradise Lost di Milton, altro insigne poeta e studioso della Bibbia, "grande codice dell'arte." Esempio emblematico sono i proverbi contenuti in “The Marriage of Heaven and Hell”. .....

Page 18: William Blake Notes. Biographical data 1757 – 1827 engraver and painter his contemporaries considered him mad hostile to the Church of England and to.

“The Proverbs of Hell” sono il frutto dell’ “esperienza”: mostrano una superiore consapevolezza, la capacità di vedere oltre, intravvedere, come nella concezione neoplatonica, l’essenza al di là dell’apparenza. Il paradosso illumina “the forests of the night”, l’oscurità della notte della coscienza, dell’uomo che non chiede perché e non dubita della propria percezione sensoriale. L’ira, la fantasia, l'istinto, l’impulso, il desiderio sessuale, l’eccesso, “the world upside down” sfidano i Comandamenti, le Tavole della Legge, pescano nel profondo e si dimostrano più veri e reali, oltrepassano le barriere della nostra compiaciuta cecità. Reprimerli è veleno. Dobbiamo essere aperti a una realtà imprevedibile, in cui l'essenza delle cose si nasconde, proteiforme, irriducibilmente misteriosa:

To see a world in a grain of sand / And heaven in a wild flower,Hold infinity in the palm of your hand / And eternity in an hour.

(from “Auguries of Innocence”)Un granello di sabbia contiene l’universo, la creatività supera le leggi della

razionalità; Blake, anticipando Freud e Popper, indica una via per indagare sul mistero che la scienza è da sempre impegnata a risolvere.

(da Brunello Filippo, Blake e il paradosso)

Page 19: William Blake Notes. Biographical data 1757 – 1827 engraver and painter his contemporaries considered him mad hostile to the Church of England and to.

Abel found by Adam and Eve

Page 20: William Blake Notes. Biographical data 1757 – 1827 engraver and painter his contemporaries considered him mad hostile to the Church of England and to.

Adam and Eve

Page 21: William Blake Notes. Biographical data 1757 – 1827 engraver and painter his contemporaries considered him mad hostile to the Church of England and to.

Adam and Eve’s Temptation

Page 22: William Blake Notes. Biographical data 1757 – 1827 engraver and painter his contemporaries considered him mad hostile to the Church of England and to.

The Ancient of Days

Page 23: William Blake Notes. Biographical data 1757 – 1827 engraver and painter his contemporaries considered him mad hostile to the Church of England and to.

Europe supported by Africa and America

Page 24: William Blake Notes. Biographical data 1757 – 1827 engraver and painter his contemporaries considered him mad hostile to the Church of England and to.

Infant Joy Infant Sorrow

Page 25: William Blake Notes. Biographical data 1757 – 1827 engraver and painter his contemporaries considered him mad hostile to the Church of England and to.

The Lamb

Page 26: William Blake Notes. Biographical data 1757 – 1827 engraver and painter his contemporaries considered him mad hostile to the Church of England and to.

The Tyger

Page 27: William Blake Notes. Biographical data 1757 – 1827 engraver and painter his contemporaries considered him mad hostile to the Church of England and to.

London