Guillaume Lescuyer (CIRAD & CIFOR), Robert Nasi (CIFOR), Paolo Cerutti (CIFOR), Tito Kakundika et Isaac Shabani (R&SD), Ignace Lubala (Océan) 2 nd annual FLARE meeting, December 2-5, 2016, Edinburgh WILL THE PROPOSED COMMUNITY FOREST MODEL IN DR CONGO BE VIABLE?
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WILL THE PROPOSED COMMUNITY FOREST …...Guillaume Lescuyer (CIRAD & CIFOR), Robert Nasi (CIFOR), Paolo Cerutti (CIFOR), Tito Kakundika et Isaac Shabani (R&SD), Ignace Lubala (Océan)
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Guillaume Lescuyer (CIRAD & CIFOR), Robert Nasi (CIFOR), Paolo Cerutti
(CIFOR), Tito Kakundika et Isaac Shabani (R&SD), Ignace Lubala (Océan)
2nd annual FLARE meeting, December 2-5, 2016, Edinburgh
WILL THE PROPOSED COMMUNITY FOREST MODEL
IN DR CONGO BE VIABLE?
THE RISE OF COMMUNITY FORESTRY IN DRC
• A sub-regional trend for 2 decades (Cameroon, Gabon, CAR), but
implementation still faces challenges.
• An innovation (though little detail) of the 2002 DRC forestry law
• A slow beginning with an accelerating trend over the last 3 years:
– Decree 14/018 of 2 August 2014 on the forest concessions for
local communities
– Ministerial Orders 49 and 50 of 25/09/15 on small-scale
logging, abrogated and replaced by MO 84 of 29/10/16
– Ministerial Order 25 of 09/02/16 on the management and use
of community forests (CFs)
• A new department at the Ministry of Environment (2014) +
national strategy (ongoing)
(THE TYRANNY OF) MANY PILOT EXPERIENCES
• Forests Monitor, end 2000s: sensitization of local
communities
• ForCom, end 2000s: templates of Simple
Management Plans (SMP)
• Makala: SMPs for fuelwood production
• Océan: REDD + initiatives in Eastern province
• Tropenbos: CFs for small-scale logging in Eastern
province
• GIZ: CFs for small-scale logging in Maniema
province
• WCS: SMPs around the Okapi Reserve
• FAO: CFs for sustainable hunting in Bas Kongo and
Tshopo provinces
SAMPLE OF PILOT SITES
(Source: Bauer, 2016)
STAKEHOLDERS AND TOPICS
Research
International NGO
Nationale NGO
Internationalinsitution
Cooperation
Administration
(Source: Bauer, 2016)
QUESTIONING THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC RELEVANCE OF
COMMUNITY FORESTRY INITIATIVES
• Lack of profit or bad distribution of revenues have been two
common criticisms of community forestry in Cameroon
• How do current initiatives in DRC tackle the issue?
– Which economic activities are proposed ? Do they match with local
capacities and needs?
– What is their financial return?
• Methods
– Literature review
– Review of most CF initiatives in the Tshopo and Ituri provinces
– Financial analysis for 3 case studies
SELECTED ACTIVITIES IN THE 3 CASE STUDIES
CF Uma CF Lolwa CF Mosenge
Animal breeding X X
Beekeeping X
Biodiversity conservation X X X
Carbon sequestration X X X
Ecotourism X X X
Fish farming X
Fuelwood harvesting X X
Handicraft X
Intensive agriculture X X X
NTFP collection X X X
Small-scale logging X X X
Small-scale mining X
Sustainable fishing X X X
Sustainable hunting X X X
ARE THESE ACTIVITIES LOCATED INSIDE OR DEPENDENT
OF THE FOREST?
CF Uma CF Lolwa CF Mosenge
Animal breeding X X
Beekeeping X
Biodiversity conservation X X X
Carbon sequestration X X X
Ecotourism X X X
Fish farming X
Fuelwood harvesting X X
Handicraft X
Intensive agriculture X X X
NTFP collection X X X
Small-scale logging X X X
Small-scale mining X
Sustainable fishing X X X
Sustainable hunting X X X
ARE THESE ACTIVITIES DETAILED AND QUANTIFIED IN THE
MANAGEMENT DOCUMENTS?
CF Uma CF Lolwa CF Mosenge
Animal breeding X X
Beekeeping X
Biodiversity conservation X X X
Carbon sequestration X X X
Ecotourism X X X
Fish farming X
Fuelwood harvesting X X
Handicraft X
Intensive agriculture X X X
NTFP collection X X X
Small-scale logging X X X
Small-scale mining X
Sustainable fishing X X X
Sustainable hunting X X X
PREPARATION COSTS
Activity
Total cost (USD)
CF Uma (SMP ready to be implemented)
CF Lolwa (SMP to be written and
submitted)
CF Mosenge (some basic studies still
remain to be done)
Information and validation meetings 4,700 4,950 3,401
Installation of management committees 9,980 12,000 not available
Delimitation and cartography 66,470 16,000 4,445Forest inventory 14,825 11,000 not available Baseline studies 9,500 1,000Elaboration of the Simple Management Plan
4,000 4,670
Constitution and depot of the request for logging permit
3,150
Costs for venue of provincial and national authorities
9,300 11,200 1,530
Total 112,425 64,650 15,046
PRELIMINARY COSTS FOR THE CASE STUDIES
Activity
Total cost ($)
CF Uma (with SMP ready to be implemented)
CF Lolwa (with SMP to be written and
submitted)
CF Mosenge (with some basic studies that
remain to be done)
Extra costs related to the Order 25
Information and validation meetings 4,700 4,950 3,401
Installation of management committees 9,980 12,000 not available
Delimitation and cartography 66,470 16,000 4,445
Forest inventory 14,825 11,000 not available Baseline studies 9,500 1,000
Elaboration of the Simple Management Plan 4,000 4,670
Constitution and depot of the request forlogging permit
3,150
Costs for venue of provincial and nationalauthorities
9,300 11,200 1,530
Creation of local Supervision and Monitoringcommittees
6,120
Writing and adoption of new statutes 5,385
Training of the committees' members 9,000
Investments and running costs for localcommittees
12,260
Costs for venue and involvement of localauthorities
8,716
Total 112,425 64,650 15,046 41,481
FINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF THE LOLWA CF
in Francs congolais Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5
Net benefits of activities -56,589,433 24,273,067 33,685,567 36,910,567 39,195,567
Net Present Value (F.congo) 43,471,688 (with a 10% discount rate)
Net Present Value (USD) 43,472
Net benefits of activities and CF creation -206,589,433 24,273,067 33,685,567 36,910,567 39,195,567
NPV (F.Congo) -92,891,949
NPV (USD) -92,892
CONCLUSION – CAN CFS BE MADE PROFITABLE FOR
COMMUNITIES ?
• Local livelihoods can be improved without engaging local people in a community forestry approach, simply by supporting rural development.
• Most initiatives of community forestry in DRC target biodiversity conservation and carbon sequestration:
– these benefits remain intangible for local people. To what extent is the creation of CFs exploited by external actors to promote their agenda ?
– On the opposite, the financial performance of productive activities is almost never assessed in the CF management documents. The expected socio-economic impact of CF initiatives is not quantified, and often not even documented.
• Regulations and procedures to create and manage a CF are complicated, very expensive and out of the ability of any rural community. Like in Cameroon, this context generates a dependence on external funding (via NGOs and elites) favoring illegal practices to cover these costs.
cifor.org
blog.cifor.org
ForestsTreesAgroforestry.org
“Forestry is not about trees, it is about people.
And it is only about trees insofar as they serve the needs of people.”