Wide Angle 2019-2020 - goenkacollege.net

Wide Angle 2019-2020

ContentsPage No.

From the Desk of the Principal Dr. Sujit Kumar Roy 3

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Report of NSS Unit for the year 2019-20 10

ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF THE STUDENTS 11

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Common sense philosophy and Vidyasagar’s reforms Prof. Krityapriya Ghosh 56

The Shadow of a Giant Dr. Sujit Kumar Roy 59

The Relevance of Vidyasagar in Modern times Ruhi Kumari Roy 66

Not so handsome Anurag Biswas 67

Vidyasagar and the upliftment of Women Richa Singh 67

The relevance of Vidvasagar in Modern Times Sindhuja Malviya 69

Few criticize Manish Mishra 70

The Joy of Motherhood Prof. Deepashree Chatterjee 71

Cover Planning by Dr. Emanul Haque3rd Cover by Amrit Shaw, B.Com 1st Sem.

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From the Desk of the PrincipalWelcome Address

Respected Professor Krityapriya Ghosh, Dr. Shankar Nag — our speakers of the day, thedignitaries present on the dais, the Secretary, Teachers’ Council, my respected colleagues,Secretary of the present and Ex-students’ Union, members of the non-teaching staff, andmy dear students! I welcome you all to this august gathering to mark the 115th FoundationDay of a great Institution which encloses within its cloisters a rich cultural heritage ofa century, flourishing with almost every turn of the century. Goenka College of Commerceand Business Administration, a college of pre-eminence in its own right, was the birthplaceof the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science. The outburst of scientificenthusiasm that took place during the period of the Bengal Renaissance started with thefoundation of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS) in 1876. TheBritish rulers had introduced colonial science in the country in which the Indians hardlyplayed any major role. Dr. Mahendralal Sarkar and his fellow patriots gave clarion callfor the nationalist science to be cultivated by the Indian themselves. With the foundationof the IACS on a land at 210 Bow Bazar Street (now known as 210, B.B. GangullyStreet) purchased from the Government through public subscription, the dream of Dr.Sarkar came to fruition. A perusal of the list of the subscriber shows that there is onepundit of Sanskrit College who made a substantial contribution in comparison with the‘babus’ who would blow lakhs of rupees for the wedding of their cats. This pundit issupposed to be immersed in something having no connection with science. But the nameof the Pundit was Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, an icon of the Bengal Renaissance, rabble-rouser known for his stubbornness as well as compassion. A polymath and a great neo-humanist, a towering and venerated personality, Pandit Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar wasa true inheritor of Raja Ram Mohan Ray who filled in the void created by the death ofthe latter. Pundit Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar was a great enthusiast of modern scienceand served its cause in his capacity as a writer, translator and as a trustee of the newlyformed IACS.

The 115th Foundation Day of Goenka College coincides with the 200th birth anniversaryof this greatest son of Bengal and India. We have a good reason to celebrate his birthanniversary alongside that our college. Vidyasagar had intimate connection with theIACS and at present our college is situated at that sacred land upon which the famousscience association was founded. We take this opportunity to pay homage to this greatman on the occasion of his bicentennial anniversary. We had extensive discussions in themeetings of the Teachers’ Council how best we can celebrate the bicentenary of Vidyasagar.Accordingly, it was the unanimous decision of the Teachers’ Council to dedicate this Hallto the hallowed memory of this great son of Bengal and name it “Vidyasagar Sabhaghar”by placing a plaque at the entrance of the Hall. C V Raman, the best outcome of IACS,has already been honoured by the authorities of IACS and the Government of India by

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constructing the Hall of Scientific Fame at the premise of our college. We now havedecided in the meeting of the Teachers’ Council to do our part by dedicating and namingour Seminar Hall as “C V Raman Memorial Hall”. History will remain incomplete andthe ‘Hall of Scientific Fame’ will look shorn of ornaments if the monumental contributionsof Dr. Mahendralal Dutta, Pandit Inshwar Chandra Visyasagar and Jagadish Bose do notfind mention somewhere in precincts of the monument of C V Raman. We have plans,subject to the endorsement of the IACS authorities and the experts, to add a brief descriptionof the contributions of these devotees of science.

Two eminent speakers, Prof. Krityapriya Ghosh and Dr. Shankar Nath, have beeninvited to deliver special commemorative lectures on Vidyasagar. For reasons beyond ourcontrol, we could not hold these lectures on 26th September, the birthday of PanditInshwar Chandra Vidyasagar. It’s better late than never. Rather, I am sure, the 115th

Foundation Day of our College will be a memorable event for being able to hold thesetwo events at one go. Better we say, the entire programme of the 115th Foundation Dayis dedicated to Pandit Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar whose 200th birth anniversary is beingcelebrated throughout West Bengal and beyond with grandeur.

Now I submit a summary of the Annual Report to our stakeholders on the activitiesof our college during the past one year:

ACTIVITIES OF THE COLLEGEAcademic Profile1. The college currently runs an undergraduate and a postgraduate course in

commerce under its aegis. Both these courses are running successfully with around1400 students.

2. The college maintains an excellent gender ratio in their student profile. Out of1400 students, around 750 are male and rests are female students.

3. The college complies with the existing regulation with respect to social reservations.Out of 475 students admitted in the first semester in B.Com, 126 students arefrom scheduled caste; 24 students are from schedule tribe; 63 are from otherbackward classes; and 4 are physically challenged students.

4. The college has been known for its impeccable academic records. The studentsgraduated from the college in the academic session 2018-19 have maintained thatlegacy. Out of 469 students who appeared in the final examination last year, 304have got first class. Students of this college have also been rank-holders in theUniversity.

5. Students of M.Com have also performed quite well in their final examination.Out of 40 students who appeared in the final examination, 21 have got first class.

Faculty Profile1. The college has always been known for its erudite faculties and their contributions

towards development of commerce education in the country.

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2. Faculty members of the college have been nominated in the board of studies andboard of discipline of the affiliating university, University of Calcutta.

3. Faculty participation in national and international conferences is commendable.In the current academic session, faculties of the college have been part of 10national and international conferences in the last academic year.

4. Faculties of the college are also invited as resource person in seminars andfaculty development programs within state.

5. Some of the faculties are also engaged in minor research projects of the UniversityGrants Commission (UGC). Currently, 3 UGC-sponsored minor research projectswith sanctioned grant of around Rs. 7,00,000/- are going on in the college.

6. Faculties of the college have authored several text-based or research orientedbooks published by publishers of national and international repute. The currentacademic session is a landmark year for book publication by the faculties of thecollege. Around 22 books have been published during the tenure.

7. Publications of research papers by the teachers of the college are indexed inglobal databases. In the current academic session, around 28 publications havebeen made as an article in a journal or chapter in a book.

8. Faculties of this college are supervising PhD research registered under Departmentof Commerce and Management of University of Calcutta, University of Burdwan,etc. Currently 3 faculties are involved in this project and around 10 students arepursuing their research under their supervision.

InfrastructureAll the infrastructural work of the college is categorized in two segments – (a) civil

works; (b) electrical works. Since it is a Government college, all the civil and electricalworks of the college are performed by the Public Works Department (PWD), Governmentof West Bengal. Most of the infrastructural works in the college are financed by theinfrastructural grant by the Government of West Bengal; and that of the UGC. At thebeginning of the last academic session, the college has sought Rs. 1 crore from theDepartment of Higher Education for repair and renovation of the building; Rs. 15 lakhsfor purchase of new computers and equipments and replacement of existing computersat the computer lab; and Rs. 15 lakhs for purchase of students’ bench. This year, thecollege has also received the first installment of higher educational grant of Rs. 1 crorefrom the Ministry of Human Resource Department under Rasthriya Uchhatara ShikshaAbhiyan (RUSA) 2.0.

Civil works1. In July 2018, PWD civil has been requested for maintenance of the college

garden. They have given a cost estimate of Rs. 86,900/- for annual maintenanceof the college garden in October 2018.

2. In October 2018, the college asked for the cost estimate from PWD civil for 80pieces of students’ bench; repair and renovation of building; students’ bathroom;and sanitary vending machine.

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3. In January 2019, PWD civil has given a cost estimate of Rs. 44,70,607/- for thework of renovation of students’ bathroom. The work for the same is in progress.

4. In February 2019, PWD civil has been requested to build a partition wall in thelibrary to accommodate an air-conditioned machine.

5. In February 2019, the college requested PWD civil to commence the civil workwith respect to construction of G+2 building with provisions for students’ canteen,computer centre, and administrative room by demolishing the existing canteenunder Priority I of RUSA 2.0. Soil testing of the work has been completed.

6. In the same month, PWD civil has been requested to commence the civil workfor renovation and upgradation of existing hall in the 2nd floor of the academicbuilding to modern mini auditorium as per Priority II (Item II) of RUSA 2.0 inaccordance with their rough cost estimate of Rs. 27,56,796/-. The work has notyet been started.

7. The college has requested PWD civil to commence the work of rainwaterharvesting as per Priority II (Item III) of RUSA 2.0 in accordance with their costestimate of Rs. 14,86,102/-. The work is in progress.

8. The college has also requested PWD civil to take prompt action with respect toencroachment and violation of construction rules around the college.

Electrical works1. In October 2018, PWD electrical has given a cost estimate of Rs. 19,82,510/- for

annual maintenance of electrical appliances at the college. It was duly forwardedto the Special Secretary, Department of Higher Education, Government of WestBengal. Till June 2019, financial sanction has not been received.

2. In November 2019, the college sought for a few electrical arrangements fromPWD electrical for holding the 114th foundation day celebration of the college.The arrangements included provisions for mike (stand) 1 pc; mike (chordless) 1pc; boosting chord (jack) 2 pcs; box 4 pcs; monitor 4 pcs; smoke light (for danceprogramme); light for 5 provincial dances; metal light for normal programme.

3. The college sought a cost estimate from the PWD electrical with respect toinstallation of AC at office, morning officer-in-charge room, study room andlibrary of the college. They have given a cost estimate of Rs. 6,96,351/-. It wasduly forwarded to the Special Secretary, Department of Higher Education,Government of West Bengal. Till June 2019, financial sanction has not beenreceived.

4. In February 2019, the college requested PWD electrical to install around 12overhead projectors in the classrooms. The work was duly performed.

5. In the same month, the college has requested PWD electrical to commence thework of converting 5 ordinary classrooms into smart classrooms as Priority II(Item I) of RUSA 2.0. The work has been completed satisfactorily.

6. In April 2019, subject to the request made by the college, the PWD electrical hassubmitted a cost estimate of Rs. 2,98,679/- for supply and fixing of LED sign

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board at front side of the roof top of the college. The work has already beencompletd.

LibraryThe college houses an enriched library with 58100 text books 24900 reference and

research oriented books purchased mainly from the book grant of Department of HigherEducation and the UGC. Books purchased in relation to MRPs are also maintained in thelibrary. In the last academic year, the library has received a sanctioned grant of Rs.2,00,000/- out of which Rs. 1,74,084/- has been utilized for the purchase of 592 books.The library has subscribed to N-LIST, an e-repository of online resources. Onlinecataloguing of the resources has already in the library already. The library has recentlyreceived a sanction of Rs. 500,000/- from RUSA 2.0.

Student ScholarshipsEconomically challenged students of the college get financial reimbursements of their

academic expenditures from the central and state Governments, private bodies and thecollege alumni associations. Noteworthy scholarships received by the students of thecollege include National Scholarship; post-metric scholarship; Swami VivenkandaScholarship; scholarship for girl students under Kanyasree Prakalpa; N R Bardhanscholarship (given out of N R Bardhan and Late Labonya Prabha Bardhan memorial fundsince 2014-15) and scholarship given by alumni association of the college. In the lastacademic session, a total of 360 students have received scholarships under any one ofthese schemes. Out of them, 10 students have received national scholarship; 59 studentshave received post-metric scholarship; 234 students have received Swami Vivekandascholarship; 24 girl students received Kanyasree; 30 received N R Bardhan scholarship;and 5 needy and meritorious students have received need based scholarship from thealumni association of the college. In addition to that 4 more students have been qualifiedunder other scholarships under different schemes. The college has also incorporated abook bank to lend text-books to the needy students on a semester basis.

Students’ Progression1. After graduating from the college, a significant number of students of the college

pursue higher education. They join M.Com programme of in the University ofCalcutta or the very M.Com course running in the college. A significant proportionalso joins professional courses, such as chartered accountancy (CA); costaccountancy (CMA); company secretary (CS), etc.

2. A significant proportion of students also join their family businesses.3. The college has a pro-active placement cell which has been working relentlessly

for the last few years in facilitating on-campus placement programs for thegraduating students. In the last academic session, Deloitte (USA) has visited thecampus. Out of 49 students who appeared for the interview, 12 got selected.

4. Most of the other students join corporate sector from off-campus placements.

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Social participation1. The college observed several important days, such as Republic Day and

Independence Day, etc. in the campus.2. The national service scheme (NSS) of the college has been very active in organising

campus cleaning campaign, health awareness camp in slum areas.3. The annual athletic meet was also held during the current academic year.4. The Students’ Union of the college organised the fresher’s welcome programme,

Quest 2018, blood donation camps and Saraswati Puja during the academic year.

Before I wrap up, I wish to place on records my gratitude to all the dignitaries, theoffice bearers and the members of the Ex-Students’ Association of the college, the presentand the past teachers and the non-teaching staff, guests and well-wishers of our collegefor extending their unflinching support and encouragements. I also express my sincerethanks to all my colleagues and the members of the Students’ Union who did everythingto make this Foundation Day programme a success.

Thank you!Dr. Sujit Kumar RoyOfficer-in Charge

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Report of NSS Unit for the year 2019-20

‘NSS’ stands for National Service Scheme. It is a government-sponsored publicservice program organized by the Ministry of Youth Affairsand Sports of the Governmentof India with the aim of developing the personality and character of the youth throughvoluntary community service. The journey of NSS in India was initiated for the first timein the year 1969.

In Goenka College of Commerce and Business Administration, the NSS Unit startedfunctioning from the year 2008-09. Since inception, its primary motto has been to en-courage it students to participate in various community based activities, both on and offcampus, for the overall development of the society. Students of Goenka College ofCommerce and Business Administration are associated with a number of social welfareprogrammes such as Dengue awareness campaign, Anti-AIDS campaign, Anti-tobaccomission, Blood-donation camp, literacy campaign etc. on a regular basis.

Some of the noteworthy achievements of the NSS Unit of Goenka College of Com-merce and Business Administration in recent past are ‘Health Awareness Programme’among the slum-dwellers of 6, Tarak Pramanik Road, ward 25, Kolkata in 2016-17. Inthe same year, a lecture session was organized by the NSS Unit and Dr. P. Ghoshal fromPaschim Banga Samaj Seva Samity shared his knowledge on health and hygiene basicswith the local residents. During 2017-18, a Dengue Prevention Camp and Campus Clean-ing Programme were successfully arranged. In the last year, the Unit observed the Inde-pendence Day and the Republic Day, like every year in grand manner. All students,teaching and non-teaching members activity took part in all the programmes voluntarilyorganized by the NSS Unit of the College.

The achievements of the NSS Unit are really praiseworthy and the enthusiasm,withwhich it works to inculcate social values among the community, is commendable. Wehope that in future it will undertake more and more such social welfare activities topromote a sense of unity in diversity and common brotherhood.

Dr. Rajib BhattacharyaConvenor, NSS Unit

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SL NO. NAME MARKS

1 ARGHYA ACHARYA 7532 MEDHASREE PAL 7503 MOUMITA KAMILA 7424 ARNAB NANDI 7325 JAYKISHAN AGARWAL 7316 ANKANA VIDYANTA 7277 RAJ GANESH SRINIVASAN 7258 ANKUR DEY 7249 UJJAL MANNA 72110 KETAB CHOWDHURY 71811 PRANAY ROY CHOWDHURY 71512 SHIVAM GUPTA 71413 PEUSHA BISWAS 71314 PURNAVO BANIK 71315 SUKANYA ADHIKARY 71216 ARINDAM HAIT 71217 SAYAN MONDAL 70918 MONAMI BANERJEE 70519 SAGNIK BHOWMIK 70420 PRITAM GHOSH 70321 SHUBHANKAR K. AGRAWAL 70222 SAYANI DEY 70123 PRITI KOTHARI 69824 PIJUSH AGARWAL 69825 SUKRIT SINHA 69826 SATYAM SHARMA 69627 ANKITA PALLAVI 69428 ARINDAM DAS 69429 ANIKET PRASAD 69330 BYAPTI DHAR 69231 TENISA GOPE 69232 KAMAL SHARMA 69233 SOURAV BANERJEE 69134 AKASH CHAKRABORTY 69035 SHALINI BHAKAT 68836 MOHIT SUNDARKA 68737 PRIYA KUMARI 68438 AMAN KUMAR SHAW 68239 AZRA NAAZ 68140 GAURAV HELA 68141 BRATATI PANJA 68042 SANOJ KUMAR YADAV 68043 NEHA KUMARI MANDAL 67944 KARAN RAJAK 67945 PARTHA SEN 67946 ANUJA AGARWAL 67747 PRINSU MODI 67748 SAIRIN BHOWMICK 676

ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF THE STUDENTS

B.COM 1ST CLASS STUDENTS-2019SL NO. NAME MARKS49 VIVEK GUPTA 67650 SANGITA JHA 67451 PRASANTA CHOWDHURY 67452 SOUMYA SINHA CHOWDHURY 67453 ARNAB GHOSH 67354 RAJKUMAR ROY 67355 SUDARSHAN GHOSH 67356 GAURAV RATHI 67257 SOUGATA NANDA 67158 ABHIJEET SEN 67059 SOUVIK MANNA 67060 SWAPNIL CHOWDHURY 67061 SUKANYA PAUL 66962 ADESH CHANDRA 66863 ROHAN MONDAL 66864 ADITYA NATH VISHWAKARMA 66765 PRIYANKA BISWAS 66666 RAJIB BISWAS 66567 ANIKET KUMAR 66468 SEEMIN BELAL 66369 ANIMESH SINHA 66370 DIPTENDU BANERJEE 66271 KANISHKA ADAK 66272 NEELAV KEDIA 66273 RAJRISHI DAS 66274 SURAJ KUMAR 66275 NIKITA SHAW 66176 DIVYA AGARWAL 66077 SANJUKTA MUKHERJEE 65978 ANIMESH BACHAR 65979 DEBADITYA PAUL 65880 MOHIT KUMAR BUDHIYA 65881 SAGAR SARKAR 65882 SUDHANSHU MENDIRATTA 65883 DIPANWITA MUKHERJEE 65784 ABHISHEK KUMAR GUPTA 65685 SUGAM KUMAR AGARWALA 65686 SUMAN KUMAR 65687 VIVEK KUMAR 65688 AMANDIP SINGH SAINI 65589 HARPRIT SINGH CHAWLA 65490 DEBAPRIYA CHOUDHURY 65391 SAYAN GHOSH 65392 SUCHARITA CHATTERJEE 65193 SUNIT KUMAR GOPE 64994 PRIYA PRASAD 64895 MARUT AGARWAL 64796 VEDANT PRAKASH 647

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SL NO. NAME MARKS

97 KRISHNA SULTANIA 64698 SUBHAJIT TARAFDAR 64699 SHREYA MUKHERJEE 645100 KARTICK PAUL 645101 AADARSH KUNJAN 644102 AVIRAJ GUPTA 644103 SAURAV GUPTA 644104 DIVYA GUPTA 643105 SIMRAN GAZI 643106 RINIKA DAS 642107 SAKSHI AGARWAL 642108 SANANDA DEY 641109 JAYASHREE GOLUI 640110 BISWAJIT MONDAL 640111 MD, SAHRUKH HOSSAIN 640112 NIKHIL RAJ 640113 SUBHAJIT SAHA 640114 HARPREET KAUR 639115 SANCHITA BANERJEE 639116 SEEMA MALLICK 639117 PRADIP RAM GOND 637118 RAHUL ROY 637119 SIDDHARTH SINGH DUGAR 636120 ADITYA PRASAD 635121 ANAM FATIMA 634122 ANAND SHAH 634123 RAHUL GUPTA 634124 NIDHI SHROFF 633125 TWINKLE MARODIA 633126 JAI KISHAN RAWAT 633127 SAYANI BANERJEE 632128 AVIK KUMAR NASKAR 632129 RUDRAJEET DAS 632130 SAKSHAM MODI 632131 ANKITA MANDAL 631132 MAINAK MITRA 631133 SAMREEN ARA 630134 LUCKY KUMAR 630135 ANAM RAHMAN 629136 HARSHA RANI KUSHWAHA 629137 BISWAJIT BISWAS 629138 RITAM DEBNATH 629139 DHARNA AGARWAL 627140 MEGHA JOSHI 627141 BADAL KUMAR 627142 SHUBHAM SINGH 627143 MANSI GUPTA 626144 SANCHITA MALWA 626145 SHRABANI DUTTA CHOWDHURY 626146 ABHISHEK KUMAR 625147 SUBHAM PALLEY 624

SL NO. NAME MARKS

148 SNEHA KUMARI 623149 SUNETRA KUNDU 623150 SURAJIT GHOSH 622151 DEBJANI PAUL 621152 MOUMITA BHOWAL 621153 ARIHANT JAIN 621154 SAGNIK CHAKRABORTY 621155 SRESTHA GORAI 620156 ARGHADIP GHOSH 619157 MD, SAQIB MISTABA 619158 PRATEEK ANAND 619159 SUPRATIK DAS 619160 UTSAV SAHA BHADRA 619161 ABHINABA GHOSH 618162 EHTESHAM AHMED 618163 KARTICK SAMADDAR 618164 ADEEBA ARFEEN 617165 AMAN PANJIYAR 617166 NIKITA MOHARANA 616167 ATUL CHOUDHARY 616168 SHASHWAT KARN 616169 RISHA PANDIT 615170 SOURAB GHOSHAL 615171 TANAY RAAJ BAHL 615172 SUMADHU NEOGI 614173 PIYALI FULKI 613174 SANDIP PAUL 613175 SWATI JAIN 612176 SAMARPITA MUKHERJEE 609177 SHALINI JAI SHREE 609178 ATUL ANAND 609179 SAMRAT SEN 609180 SANU DHALI 609181 PRACHI DEBUKA 608182 SHIVKANT NEERAJ 608183 HARSH ADITYA 607184 MOHIT KHEMKA 607185 URVASHI MISHRA 606186 AISHWARYA 605187 ABHISHEK DHANDHARIA 605188 MD. ARIF AZAD 605189 SUBHA DEEP DAS 605190 AKASH SAHA 604191 HONEY KUMAR PODDAR 604192 TUSHAR KANOJIA 604193 DEVADYUTI KARMAKAR 603194 ANIK MONDAL 603195 KUNAL KUMAR SINGH 602196 RISHAV SHARMA 602197 DIPANKAR BASAK 601198 DIPENDU DAS 601

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SL NO. NAME MARKS199 RAKESH CHOWDHURY 601200 ASHRA YOUSUFI 600201 RAMA SINGH 600202 RANAJOY BISWAS 600203 SANJUKTA SINGHA ROY 599204 SUMIT DUBEY 599205 ROMA MANDAL 597206 ADARSH NAMAN 597207 SHIVAM KUMAR 597208 SUBHOJYOTI SHOME 597209 RITU ROY 596210 MD, AARIZ JAMAL 596211 ADITI GUPTA 595212 VITHIKA GIRI 595213 MD, AAMIR NASIM 595214 SRESHTHA CHAKRABORTY 594215 TULIKA BAG 594216 KUMARJIT DHARA 594217 RUPAM RAJAK 594218 VIVEK KUMAR DAKARWAL 594219 ASMIT KAUR 592220 JASPREET KAUR 592221 MADHUSUDAN SHIT 592222 DIYA GUPTA 591223 SUNIDHI SINGH 591224 SUDIP KUMAR PAR 591225 DIYA GANGULI 590226 ISHA KUMARI 590227 JASPREET KOUR 590228 SANJANA BANERJEE 589229 SUKANYA DEY 589230 SWATI RANI 589231 ADIL ABDULLAH AHMED 589232 KAVITA KUMARI 588233 SIRSA GHOSH 588234 SWEATA MISHRA 588235 TEJSWI RAJ 588236 RASHI MEGOTIA 586237 NAUSHERWAN ADIL 586238 SANJANA PATRA 585239 ANURADHA KUMARI 583240 SUCHIRA CHOWDHURY 583241 TANIMA MONDAL 581242 BISHAL DUSAD 581243 AFRIN 579244 RAQUEEBA AFRIN 579245 BIVAS DALUI 579246 NAWANG TAMANG 579247 SHOVAN OJHA 579248 NILAY DAS 578249 MANISH KUMAR RAJAK 577250 NEHALI SARKAR 576251 RIYA KUMARI 576

SL NO. NAME MARKS252 SAKSHI AGARWAL 576253 PREM MALLICK 576254 SONAL AGRAWAL 574255 SOMRICK DAS 574256 DISHARI CHATTERJEE 573257 SOMYA SHREYA 573258 KAUSHIK SAHA CHOWDHURY 571259 SNEHARDRA PAR 570260 ASHIS DAS 569261 PANKAJ KUMAR YADAV 569262 GOURAV SHAW 568263 RITA BEPARI 566264 SATYAM CHOURASIA 566265 SHREYASI DAS 565266 RITTIK AGARWAL 565267 SOHAIL SAHA 565268 PRIYANKA SHAW 564269 TANOOSRI JHUNJHUNWALA 563270 NIKHIL KUMAR SHARMA 563271 SWARNADIP DAS 563272 SAYANI GHANTI 562273 SHREYA KUMARI 562274 UTKARSHA CHAND 562275 ABHISHEK ABHINANDAN 562276 ADVAIT GAIKWAD 562277 ANSHU PRASAD 562278 SIBASHIS PRATIHARI 561279 TITU PARAMANNYA 560280 SONAL PRASAD 559281 PARTHA HALDER 559282 SONALI MAKAL 556283 SRISTI JAISWAL 556284 SAYAN DAWN 556285 SUBHADIP CHOWDHURY 556286 BIPLAB MANNA 554287 POULAMI SARDAR 553288 AKASH TULSYAN 553289 RAHIT SARKAR 552290 NITIKA KUMARI 550291 ROSHAN KUMAR JHA 549292 NEHA DAGA 547293 KRITI SINHA 546294 MONALISA DAS 546295 EHTESHAM QUADIR 546296 SHALINI CHAND 545297 SUMITA MONDAL 544298 AMAN SHAW 544299 AISHWARYA CHOWDHURY 543300 RATNADIP ROY NASKAR 541301 VIKRMAJIT PATHAK 541302 KOMAL KUMARI 540303 SHIVAM CHATTERJEE 540304 SUMANTA RAVA 540

Wide Angle–14

{ŸªÓ˚ã˛w !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ Ä Ü˛°Ü˛yï˛y ˆü!í˛Ü˛ƒy° Ü˛ Ï°ç

í˛y. ¢B˛Ó˚Ü% üyÓ˚ öyÌ

{ŸªÓ˚ã˛w !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ü¢y•zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ S1820ÈÙÈ1891V § ÏD Ü˛°Ü˛yï˛y ˆü!í˛Ü˛ƒy° Ü˛ Ï° ÏçÓ˚ á%Ó x“ §ü ÏÎ˚Ó˚ çöƒ

• Ï°Ä ~Ü˛ê˛y !ö!Óí ¸ §¡õÜ≈ !åÈ°– ò%É ÏáÓ˚ Ü˛Ìyñ !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ü¢y•z ÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~•z !òÜ˛ê˛y !ö ÏÎ˚ á%Ó ˆÓ!¢ à ÏÓ£Ïîy Ü˛Ó˚y

•Î˚!ö–

û˛yÓ˚ Ïï˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÌü ˆü!í˛Ü˛ƒy° Ü˛ Ï°ç ÚÜ˛°Ü˛yï˛y ˆü!í˛Ü˛ƒy° Ü˛ Ï°çÛ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ •Î˚ 28 çyö%Î˚y!Ó˚ñ 1835 §y Ï°

ï˛ÍÜ˛y°#ö àû˛ö≈Ó˚ ˆçöy ÏÓ˚° í z•z!°Î˚ü ˆÓ!rê˛ ÏB˛Ó˚ ˆây£ÏîyÓ Ï° (Government General Order No. 28, dated28th January, 1835)–

ü)° •zÇ ÏÓ˚!ç ˆÜ˛y Ï§≈Ó˚ ˛õí ¸y÷öy Ü˛ ÏÎ˚Ü˛ ÓåÈÓ˚ ã˛°yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆü!í˛Ü˛ƒy° Ü˛ Ï° Ïç x!ï˛!Ó˚_´ ~Ü˛!ê˛ §Ç!«˛Æ !•®%fliy!ö

Üœ y¢ ˆáy°y •Î˚ ü)°ï˛ ˜§!öÜ˛ ÏòÓ˚ !ã˛!Ü˛Í§yÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ Ïï˛– ~•z ˆ◊!öÓ˚ §% õy!Ó˚ö Ïê˛ö Ïí˛rê˛ !åÈ Ï°ö !¢«˛Ü˛ üô%§)òö

=Æ– ˆ◊!ö!ê˛ ÷Ó˚& •Î˚ 1839 §y Ï°Ó˚ 1 x ÏQyÓÓ˚–

˛õˆÏÓ˚ xyÓ˚Ä ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yçö ˆüê˛yˆÏï˛ Ü˛ˆÏ°ç Ü˛ï≈,˛˛õˆÏ«˛Ó˚ üˆÏö •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ÓyÇ°y û˛y£ÏyˆÏï˛Ä í˛y_ý!Ó˚ ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ çöƒ

ˆü!í˛Ü˛ƒy° Ü˛ Ï° Ïç xyÓ˚Ä ~Ü˛!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y§≈ ˆáy°y í z!ã˛ï˛– 1843 §y Ï° ~ !Ó£Ï ÏÎ˚ í z Ïòƒyà !ö Ï°ö í˛yÉ ~ú˛ ˆç

ˆüyÎ˚yê˛ ~ÓÇ Ó˚yüÜ˛ü° ˆ§ö– ˆ§ê˛y Ü˛yÎ≈Ü˛Ó˚# •Î˚!ö öyöyö Ü˛yÓ˚ Ïî– ~Ó˚ õÓ˚ 1851 §y Ï°Ó˚ ç%°y•z üy Ï§ í˛yV çy§ö

~Ü˛•zÓ˚Ü˛üû˛yˆÏÓ ˆü!í˛Ü˛ƒy° Ü˛ˆÏ°ˆÏç ÓyÇ°y ˆ◊!ö ˆáy°ÓyÓ˚ çöƒ ~Ü˛!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ü˛“öy çüy ˆòö Ü˛yí˛z!™° xú˛

~í% ÏÜ˛¢ ÏöÓ˚ Ü˛y ÏåÈ– í˛yÉ ˆüyÎ˚y Ïê˛Ó˚ ö ÓåÈÓ˚ xy ÏàÓ˚ ˛õ% ÏÓ˚y Ïöy Ü˛ü≈ÈÙÈ˛õ!Ó˚Ü˛“öy!ê˛ ÓyÓ˚ Ü˛Ó˚y •° ~ÓÇ í˛yÉ çƒyÜ˛§ ÏöÓ˚

˛õ!Ó˚Ü˛“öyê˛yÄ ~Ü˛ Ïe !ü!° ÏÎ˚ §yü!@ˇÃÜ˛û˛y ÏÓ á%Ñ!ê˛ ÏÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y Ü˛Ó˚y •°– xÓ Ï¢ Ï£Ï Ü˛yí z!™° Ó˚y!ç •°– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ

ˆü!í˛Ü˛ƒy° Ü˛ Ï° Ïç ÓyÇ°y ˆ◊!ö §,!‹T˛ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ í˛y_ý!Ó˚ ˛õí ¸y Ïöy Ïï˛ ˆÜ˛yö Óyôy Ó˚•z° öyñ ˆÜ˛ö öy ~ Ïï˛ Óí ¸ xÇ Ï¢Ó˚

§yôyÓ˚î üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õÜ˛yÓ˚•z •ˆÏÓ ÓˆÏ° Ü˛ï,≈˛˛õ«˛ üˆÏö Ü˛Ó˚!åÈ°– ˛õ![˛ï˛ üô%§)òö =ÆˆÏÜ˛ §%˛õy!Ó˚öˆÏê˛ˆÏí˛rê˛ Ä

~öyê˛!üÈÙÈ!¢«˛ ÏÜ˛Ó˚ òy!Î˚c ˆòÄÎ˚y •° ÓyÇ°y ˆ◊!ö Ïï˛Ä– !¢Óã˛w Ü˛ü≈Ü˛yÓ˚ ÏÜ˛ òy!Î˚c ˆòÄÎ˚y •° ˆü Ïê˛!Ó˚Î˚y ˆü!í˛Ü˛y

˛õí ¸y ÏöyÓ˚ çöƒ xyÓ˚ ≤Ã§ß¨Ü% üyÓ˚ !üe ˆ˛õ Ï°ö ˆü!í˛!§ö !¢«˛y ˆòÓyÓ˚ òy!Î˚c– ˆü!í˛Ü˛ƒy° ˆÓyí≈ ÏÜ˛ xö% ÏÓ˚yô Ü˛Ó˚y

•° ˆü!í˛Ü˛ƒy° Ü˛ Ï°ç ˆÌ ÏÜ˛ ˛õy¢ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ÏåÈö ~üö ~Ü˛çö ò«˛ §yç≈ö ÏÜ˛ ~•z ÓyÇ°y ˆ◊!öÓ˚ çöƒ !¢«˛Ü˛ !• Ï§ ÏÓ

!öÓ≈yã˛ö Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ !ò Ïï˛– ˛õÓ˚Óï≈ #Ü˛y Ï° xÓ¢ƒ §yç≈ö Ó˚yüöyÓ˚yÎ˚î òy§ ÏÜ˛ ~•z òy!Î˚c ˆòÄÎ˚y •Î˚– Ó°y •°ñ öï% ö ~•z

ÓyÇ°y ˆ◊!ö ÷Ó˚& • ÏÓ 15 ç%ö– ~Ó˚ õÓ˚ Ü˛ Ï°ç Ü˛yí z!™° ~ÓÇ Ü˛yí z!™° xú˛ ~í% ÏÜ˛¢ ÏöÓ˚ §ò§ƒàî ˛õ%Cyö% õ%Cû˛y ÏÓ

!Ó ÏÓã˛öy Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ ã) í ¸yhsˇû˛y ÏÓ ~Ü˛!ê˛ !öÎ˚üyÓ°# ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ö ~ÓÇ ï˛y §Ó˚Ü˛y!Ó˚ xö% ÏüyòöÄ ˆ˛õ ÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–

~•z !öÎ˚üyÓ°#Ó˚ ã˛yÓ˚ ö¡∫Ó˚ ôyÓ˚y!ê˛ !åÈ°≠ ‘‘Al candidates shall be examined by A Committeecomposed of the Principal and two Professors of the Sanscrit College, to ascertain that thepossess a competent knowledge of the Bengali language and Literature, so as to read andwrite it with fluency and facility.’’

ˆÎÈÙÈ§üÎ˚ ~•z ÓyÇ°y ˆ◊!ö ˆáy°yÓ˚ Ü˛Ìy • ÏFåÈñ ï˛áö !Ü˛v §Çfl,Òï˛ Ü˛ Ï° ÏçÓ˚ xôƒ«˛ !åÈ Ï°ö ˛õ![˛ï˛ {ŸªÓ˚ã˛w

!Óòƒy§yàÓ˚– ≤Ã§Dï˛ñ !ï˛!ö 1851 §y Ï°Ó˚ 22 çyö%Î˚y!Ó˚ §Çfl,Òï˛ Ü˛ Ï° ÏçÓ˚ xôƒ«˛ • ÏÎ˚!åÈ Ï°ö ~ÓÇ xôƒ«˛ï˛y ï˛ƒyà

Ü˛ ÏÓ˚!åÈ Ï°ö 1858 §y Ï°Ó˚ 3 ö Ïû˛¡∫Ó˚–

§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ §• Ïç•z xö% ÏüÎ˚ ˆü!í˛Ü˛ƒy° Ü˛ Ï° ÏçÓ˚ ÓyÇ°y ˆ◊!ö Ïï˛ û˛!ï≈ •ÓyÓ˚ çöƒ åÈye !öÓ≈yã˛ ÏöÓ˚ ≤Ã ÏÓ!¢Ü˛y

˛õÓ˚#«˛y !ï˛!ö 1858 §y° ˛õÎ≈hsˇ ˛õy°ö Ü˛ ÏÓ˚!åÈ Ï°ö–

1259 ÓDy Ï∑Ó˚ 5 xy£Ïyì ¸ ï˛y!Ó˚ Ïá ÷Ó˚& •° ˆü!í˛Ü˛ƒy° Ü˛ Ï° ÏçÓ˚ ÓyÇ°y ˆ◊!öó ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ !á fiê˛y Ï∑Ó˚ !• Ï§ ÏÓ

Wide Angle–15

1852 §y Ï°Ó˚ 20 Óy 21 ç%ö–

ˆü!í˛Ü˛ƒy° Ü˛ Ï° ÏçÓ˚ ~•z ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ xÌ≈yÍ ≤Ã ÏÓ!¢Ü˛y ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ü¢y•z ÏÜ˛ §y•yÎƒ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚!åÈ Ï°ö ÓyÇ°y

ˆ◊!öÓ˚ §% õy!Ó˚ö Ïê˛ö Ïí˛rê˛ Ä xôƒy˛õÜ˛ üô%§)òö =Æ– ïÑ yÓ˚ ï˛_¥yÓôy Ïö ~•z ˛õÓ˚#«˛y xï˛ƒhsˇ Ü˛!ë˛ö • ÏÎ˚!åÈ°ñ ï˛y

ú˛°yú˛ Ï°•z ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚– Ú§ÇÓyò ≤Ãû˛yÜ˛ ÏÓ˚ÛÓ˚ §¡õyòÜ˛#Î˚ Ïï˛ ˆ°áy • ÏÎ˚!åÈ° 320 çö ≤ÃyÌ≈#Ó˚ üôƒ ˆÌ ÏÜ˛ 21 çö ÏÜ˛

˛õy¢ Ü˛Ó˚y Ïöy • ÏÎ˚!åÈ° ~ÓÇ x!ï˛!Ó˚_´ 10 çö !åÈ° §Çfl,Òï˛ Ü˛ Ï° ÏçÓ˚ Ó,!_ ≤ÃyÆ åÈye xÌ≈yÍ ˆüyê˛ 31 çö– ~Ó˚

ˆÌ ÏÜ˛ ˆÓyé˛ ÎyÎ˚ñ !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ü¢y•z xï˛ƒhsˇ Ü˛ Ïë˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛Ü˛ !åÈ Ï°ö– ≤Ã§Dï˛ñ ˆ§•z ÓåÈ ÏÓ˚ ˆü!í˛Ü˛ƒy° Ü˛ Ï° Ïç 50

çö åÈye û˛!ï≈ Ó˚ ÓƒÓfliy !åÈ°–

§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ÓyÇ°y ˆ◊!ö Ïï˛ ≤ÃÌü Óƒy Ïã˛ §Ó xy§ö ˛õ)î≈ öy •ÄÎ˚yÎ˚ ˛õ ÏÓ˚ §•çû˛y ÏÓ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y !ö ÏÎ˚ xyÓ˚Ä Ü˛ ÏÎ˚Ü˛çö ÏÜ˛

ÓyÇ°y ˆ◊!ö Ïï˛ û˛!ï≈ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ˆöÄÎ˚y •Î˚– !Ü˛v ï˛yÓ˚ §y ÏÌ §y ÏÌ Ü˛ï,≈ ˛õ«˛ öï% öû˛y ÏÓ {ŸªÓ˚ã˛w !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ü¢y•z ÏÎ˚Ó˚

Ü˛yåÈ ˆÌ ÏÜ˛ ~Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ˛õk˛!ï˛ !Ó£Ï ÏÎ˚ xyÓ˚Ä Ü˛# Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ çyö Ïï˛ ã˛yö–

~•z Ü˛yÓ˚ Ïî 1852 §y Ï°Ó˚ 26 ç%ö Ü˛yí z!™° xú˛ ~í% ÏÜ˛¢ö ~Ü˛!ê˛ !Ó Ï¢£Ï §û˛y Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ !ã˛!ë˛ ˆòö !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚

ü¢y•z ÏÜ˛– ï˛yÓ˚ í z_ ÏÓ˚ !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ü¢y•z ïÑ yÓ˚ §%!ã˛!hsˇï˛ üï˛yüï˛ çyöyö !ã˛!ë˛Ó˚ üyÓ˚ú˛Íñ ˆÎáy Ïö !ï˛!ö ˆ° Ïáöñ

ˆü!í˛Ü˛ƒy° Ü˛ Ï° ÏçÓ˚ ÓyÇ°y ˆ◊!ö Ïï˛ åÈye !• Ï§ ÏÓ û˛!ï≈ • Ïï˛ ˆà Ï° !°!áï˛ ~ÓÇ ˆüÔ!áÜ˛ í zû˛Î˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y•z !ò Ïï˛

• ÏÓ– Ü˛# Ü˛# ˛õ%hflÏÜ˛ ˛õí ¸ Ïï˛ • ÏÓñ ï˛yÈÙÈÄ !ï˛!ö !ö!ò≈‹T Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ˆòö– !ã˛!ë˛!ê˛ !ö¡¨Ó˚*˛õ≠

‘‘ToF. J. Mouat,Secretary to the Counciol of Education,dated: 13 July, 1852.FromEschwarchandra Sharma,Principal of the Sanscrit College.I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of the Extrct No. IV from the proceedings of

a special meeting of the Council of Education, dated the 26th Ultimo, and beg leave to state,for their information, that the following should be fixed upon as the standard for futureadmission into the Bengali class of the Medical College.

Written Examination1. The Candidates should answer questions from Jeebancharita and Bangalar Itihas.2. They should be familiar with at least the Rules of of addition, subtraction, multiplication

division and proportions.

Oral Examination1. They should read and explain fluently and satisfactorily passages selected from Nitibodha,

and Betalpanchabinshati.2. They should be well acquainted with the Elements of Bengali Grammar.’’

ˆü!í˛Ü˛ƒy° Ü˛ Ï° ÏçÓ˚ ÓyÇ°y ˆ◊!ö Ïï˛ û˛!ï≈ • Ïï˛ ˆà Ï° Ü˛# Ü˛# ˛õí ¸ Ïï˛ • ÏÓñ Ü˛# Ü˛# çyö Ïï˛ • ÏÓ ï˛y !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚Ü, ï˛

~•z !§ Ï°Óy§ ˆÌ ÏÜ˛ ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚–

ˆÎÈÙÈ§Ó åÈye ≤ÃÌü Óƒy Ïã˛ ˛õy¢ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚!åÈ Ï°öñ ïÑ yÓ˚y • Ï°ö≠

S1V àDyôÓ˚ Óƒyöy!ç≈ S2V í züyÓ˚î ˆò S3V Îò%öyÌ ü%áy!ç≈ S4V xû˛Î˚ã˛Ó˚î =Æ S5V çÎ˚ Ïày˛õy° Óƒyöy!ç≈ S6V

Wide Angle–16

¢Ω% ã˛w ˆ§ö S7V ¢ƒyüyã˛Ó˚î =Æ S8V ˆ«˛e Ïüy•ö û˛Ryã˛yÎ≈ƒ S9V ˆày!Ó®ã˛w =Æ S10V myÓ˚Ü˛yöyÌ ò_ S11V

Ó˚yçÜ, £è Ó˚yÎ˚ S12V !à!Ó˚¢ã˛w =Æ S13V ã˛wöyÌ =Æ S14V ˆày˛õy°ã˛w ã˛e´Óï≈ # S15V ≤ÃyîÜ, £è ü%áy!ç≈ S16V

!Ü˛ Ï¢yÓ˚# Ïüy•ö ã˛w S17V ˆ°yÜ˛öyÌ ˆây£Ï S18V ã˛wöyÌ Óí ¸y° S19V Ó,®yÓö Óƒyöy!ç≈ S20V ˆ«˛e Ïüy•ö =Æ

S21V ã˛wÜ% üyÓ˚ ˆ§ö

1855 §y Ï°Ä !öÎ˚üü Ïï˛y !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ü¢•z ÏÜ˛ ~•z ≤Ã ÏÓ!¢Ü˛y ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ˆöÓyÓ˚ çöƒ xö% ÏÓ˚yô Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ö ï˛ÍÜ˛y°#ö

˛õyÓ!°Ü˛ •zö‰§‰ê ΔyÜ˛¢ ÏöÓ˚ !í˛ ÏÓ˚QÓ˚– ˆ§•z xö% ÏÓ˚y ÏôÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ Ï≤Ã!«˛ Ïï˛ {ŸªÓ˚ã˛w !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ü¢y•z ˆü!í˛Ü˛ƒy° Ü˛ Ï° ÏçÓ˚

§!ã˛Ó ÏÜ˛ ~Ü˛ !ã˛!ë˛ Ïï˛ çyöyö ˆÎñ !ï˛!ö ˙ ÓåÈÓ˚ S1855V 8 ç%ö §Ü˛y° 11ê˛yÎ˚ ˆü!í˛Ü˛ƒy° Ü˛ Ï°ç !Ì ÏÎ˚ê˛y ÏÓ˚

í z!j‹T ˛õÓ˚#«˛y!ê˛ @ˇÃ•î Ü˛Ó˚ ÏÓö ~ÓÇ ïÑ y ÏÜ˛ §• ÏÎy!àï˛y Ü˛Ó˚ ÏÓö ˆü!í˛Ü˛ƒy° Ü˛ Ï° Ïç° !¢«˛Ü˛ ü%ô)§òö =Æ ~ÓÇ

§Çfl,Òï˛ Ü˛ Ï° ÏçÓ˚ ˛õ![˛ï˛ myÓ˚Ü˛yöyÌ !Óòƒyû) £Ïî– !ã˛!ë˛!ê˛ !ö¡¨Ó˚*˛õ≠

‘‘ToThe Secretary, Medical College,Dated: 5 June, 1855.

FromEshwarchandra SharmaPrincipal of the Sanscrit College

I have the honor to request you that I have received instruction from the Director of PublicInstruction to conduct, on the 8th Instant, the examination of Candidates for admission intothe Bengali class of the Medical College with the assistance of Pandit Madhoosoodan Guptaof the Medical College, and Pandit Dwarkanath Vidyabhusan, Assistant to the Principal of theSanscrit College, I have the honor accordingly to request that you will be so good as to makethe necessary arragements for holding the examination in the Medical College Theatre at 11a.m. of that day.’’

Îï˛!òö !ï˛!ö §Çfl,Òï˛ Ü˛ Ï° ÏçÓ˚ xôƒ«˛ !åÈ Ï°ö S1858 §y° ˛õÎ≈hsˇVñ !ï˛!ö ˛õòy!ôÜ˛yÓ˚ Ó Ï°•z ˆü!í˛Ü˛ƒy°

Ü˛ Ï° ÏçÓ˚ ÓyÇ°y ˆ◊!öÓ˚ åÈye û˛!ï≈ Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛Ü˛ !åÈ Ï°ö–

!Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ü¢y•z ÏÎ˚Ó˚ § ÏD Ü˛°Ü˛yï˛y ˆü!í˛Ü˛ƒy° Ü˛ Ï° ÏçÓ˚ ˆÎyày ÏÎyàñ §¡õÜ≈ •zï˛ƒy!ò !ö ÏÎ˚ xyÓ˚Ä à ÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚

çyÎ˚ày Ó˚ ÏÎ˚ ÏåÈñ § Ï®• ˆö•z– à ÏÓ£ÏÜ˛Ó˚y ~!à ÏÎ˚ xy§%öñ ~•z xy¢y Ó˚•z°– ïÑ yÓ˚ !m¢ï˛çß√Ó Ï£Ï≈ çyöy•z ◊k˛yO!°–

� Ü˛Ü≈ ê˛ ÏÓ˚yà !Ó Ï¢£ÏK˛ Ä !ã˛!Ü˛Í§yÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§ !Ó¢yÓ˚ò

Wide Angle–17

!m¢ï˛ï˛ü çß√Óy!£Ï≈Ü˛#Ó˚ xy Ï°y ÏÜ˛ x˛õÓ˚y ÏçÎ˚ Óyäy!° !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚

◊#Ü˛yhsˇ ã˛ ÏRy˛õyôƒyÎ˚

û) !üÜ˛y ~ÓÇ ˛õê˛û) !üÜ˛yÈÙÙÙÈ

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ü)° í z Ïj¢ƒ–

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í z õü•y Ïò¢ öy Ïü ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ñ ˆ§áy Ïö ˆÎ §û˛ƒï˛y !ÓÜ˛!¢ï˛ • ÏÎ˚ Ïå˛ ˆ§!ê˛Ä ~•z í zayöÙ˛õï˛ ÏöÓ˚ ã˛ Ïe´ xyÓ!ï ≈ï˛

• ÏÎ˚ Ïå˛– ˛õ%öÉ˛õ%öÉ ˜Ó Ïò!¢Ü˛ xye´üî ~ÓÇ xö% õ ÏÓ Ï¢ ˆ§•z §û˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ xÓ«˛Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï ≈ö â Ïê˛ Ïå˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛y

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£¤˛ ¢ï˛y∑# Ïï˛ =Æ§y¡Ày ÏçƒÓ˚ ˛õï˛ ÏöÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ Ü˛ ÏÎ˚Ü˛ ¢ÛÓå˛Ó˚ ÓyÇ°y Sï˛áöÜ˛yÓ˚ öyü ˆàÔí ¸V §• í z_Ó˚ û˛yÓ˚ï˛

x ÏöÜ˛=!° «% ò «% ò Ó˚y Ïçƒ !Óû˛_´ • ÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ~•z Ó˚yçƒ=!° ˛õ yÎ˚¢•z !ö Ïç ÏòÓ˚ ü Ïôƒ Î%k˛Ù!Óà Ï• !°Æ ÌyÜ˛ï˛–

ˆ§çöƒ ï˛yÓ˚y §!¡ø!°ï˛û˛y ÏÓ !Ó Ïò!¢ xye´üî ˛õ !ï˛•ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ x«˛ü • ÏÎ˚ ˛õ Ïí ¸– e ÏÎ˚yò¢ ¢ï˛y∑# Ïï˛ üôƒ ~!¢Î˚yÓ˚

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~Ü˛!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚î ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ !å˛° ~•z ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚y §Ü˛ Ï°•z !å˛° ü%§°üyö– ~ ÏòÓ˚ ü Ïôƒ §Ó≈y!ôÜ˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •Û° ü%â°Ó˚y–

ï˛yÓ˚y ò% Ï¢y Óå˛ ÏÓ˚Ó˚Ä ˆÓ!¢ §üÎ˚ ô ÏÓ˚ ¢y§ö«˛üï˛yÎ˚ !å˛°– ˛õ yÎ˚ §üà í z_Ó˚ û˛yÓ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ ò!«˛î û˛yÓ˚ Ïï˛Ó˚ !Ü˛Î˚òÇ Ï¢

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!Ó!û˛ß¨û˛y ÏÓ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ çöà ÏîÓ˚ ç#ÓöôyÓ˚y ÏÜ˛ ˛õ û˛y!Óï˛ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚– û˛yÓ˚ Ïï˛Ó˚ çöà ÏîÓ˚ Ó,•òÇ¢•z !•®% ôü≈yÓ°¡∫#– ˛õ Ó°

˛õÓ˚ye´ü¢y°# !Ó Ïò!¢ ¢y§Ü˛ ÏòÓ˚ ˛õ !ï˛•ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ öy ˆ˛õ ÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y Óyôƒ •Î˚ !öçû) Ïü ˛õ yÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óy§# • ÏÎ˚ ç#ÓöÎy˛õö

Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛– ï˛y ÏòÓ˚ §û˛ƒï˛y ã˛°Få!_´•#öñ xÓ«˛Î˚# §û˛ƒï˛yÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚–

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!Ó!û˛ß¨ ˆ«˛ Ïe í zß¨!ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ Ïå˛– Îy!sfÜ˛ ~ÓÇ §yü!Ó˚Ü˛ ¢!_´ Ïï˛ Ó°#Î˚yö • ÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y ò)Ó˚Óï ≈# û) á Ï[˛ ºüî ~ÓÇ ˆ§=!°

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§ü,!k˛ §yôö•z !å˛° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ü%°°«˛ƒ– ï˛ˆÏÓ ˛õ)Ó≈§)Ó˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ ~Ü˛ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ °«˛î#Î˚ ˛õyÌ≈Ü˛ƒ !å˛°–

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Wide Angle–18

Ó˚yçy Ó˚yü Ïüy•ö Ó˚yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ÓyÇ°yÓ˚ öÓçyàÓ˚ ÏîÓ˚ ÷Ó˚&

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Ä xyô%!öÜ˛#Ü˛Ó˚î §)!ã˛ï˛ •Î˚–

{ŸªÓ˚ã˛® !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ñ x§yôyÓ˚î ˛õ![˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ §üyçÙ§ÇflÒyÓ˚Ü˛

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xyˆÏ°y!Ü˛ï˛ Ä í˛z˛õÜ˛,ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏå˛– xy!ü xy¢y Ü˛!Ó˚ ~•z §Ç!«˛Æ ˛õ Ó¶˛!ê˛ Óï˛≈üyö ˛õ çˆÏß√Ó˚ !Ü˛ˆÏ¢yÓ˚Ù!Ü˛ˆÏ¢yÓ˚#ñ

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xö%§!¶˛Í§y çyày ÏÓ– •Î˚ Ïï˛y ï˛y ÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í z ˆÜ˛í z xy ÏÓ˚y ˛õí ¸y Ï¢yöyñ xy ÏÓ˚y xö%§¶˛yö Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ~•z ˛õ yã˛#ö û) á Ï[˛Ó˚

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Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ ÏÓ– öÓçyàÓ˚ ÏîÓ˚ ~•z xöƒï˛ü ˛õ!ÌÜ , Ïï˛Ó˚ xÓòyö ÏÜ˛ §üƒÜ˛ í z õ°!∏ Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ ˛õ Ó Ï¶˛Ó˚ ˛õê˛û) !üÜ˛yÎ˚

!ÓÓ,ï˛ !Óàï˛ Ü˛ü ÏÓ!¢ •yçyÓ˚ Óå˛ ÏÓ˚Ó˚ û˛yÓ˚ï˛Ù•z!ï˛•y§ ÏÜ˛ xö%ôyÓö Ü˛Ó˚y ˛õ ÏÎ˚yçö–

~Ü˛çö Óyäy!° Ó y·˛î §hsyö {ŸªÓ˚ã˛® !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ç#ÓöÜ˛y° 1820ÈÙÈ1891 !á fiê˛y∑– Ú!Óòƒy§yàÓ˚Û •°

ï˛yÑÓ˚ §y¡øy!öÜ˛ í z õy!ô ÎyÓ˚ xÌ≈ •Û° !ÓòƒyÓ˚ §yàÓ˚ñ Óy ˛õÓ˚ü !Ómyö– !¢«˛yò#«˛yÎ˚ !ï˛!ö ˛õ Ü ,ï˛•z !å˛ Ï°ö !ÓòƒyÓ˚

§yàÓ˚– ~Ü˛yôy ÏÓ˚ !ï˛!ö !å˛ Ï°ö §% õ![˛ï˛ñ ÓyÇ°y àòƒ Ó˚ã˛öyÓ˚ ˛õ!ÌÜ ,Íñ §üyçÙ§ÇflÒyÓ˚Ü˛ñ !¢«˛yÓ ï˛# ~ÓÇ ò!Ó˚ò Ä

!ö˛õ#!í ¸ï˛ üyö% Ï£Ó˚ §•üü≈#– òÎ˚y ~ÓÇ üüc ÏÓy ÏôÓ˚ çöƒ ï˛yÑÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ~Ü˛!ê˛ í z õy!ô •Û° ÚÜ˛Ó˚&îy!§¶ %Ûñ ÎyÓ˚ xÌ≈ ÚòÎ˚yÓ˚

§yàÓ˚Û– ˛õy!Ì≈Ó ôö ÏòÔ°ï˛ Óy ÓÇ¢àï˛ xy!û˛çyï˛ƒ Ó° Ïï˛ ï˛yÑÓ˚ ˆï˛üö !Ü˛å % !å˛° öyñ !ï˛!ö !å˛ Ï°ö §yôyÓ˚î

üyö% Ï£Ó˚•z ~Ü˛çö– ˆÎ Óyôy ~ÓÇ ˛õ !ï˛Ó¶˛Ü˛ï˛y x!ï˛e´ü Ü˛Ó˚y x ÏöÜ˛ §Çà yü#Ó˚ ˛õ Ï«˛Ä §ΩÓ •Î˚ öyñ !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚

ˆ§=!° x!ï˛e´ü Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ x§ΩÓ ÏÜ˛ §ΩÓ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚!å˛ Ï°ö–ï˛yÑÓ˚ ã˛!Ó˚e Óî≈öy Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ !à ÏÎ˚ Óyäy!° Ü˛!Ó § Ïï˛ƒ® öyÌ ò_

ÎÌyÌ≈•z Ó Ï° Ïå˛ö Ù ÚÚxò, Ï‹T ÏÓ˚ ÓƒÌ≈ ï %!ü Ü˛Ó˚ Ï° ÓyÓ˚ÇÓyÓ˚ÛÛ–

!Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ñ Óy°ƒÜ˛y°ñ !¢«˛y ~ÓÇ Ü˛ü≈ç#Óö

Ú{ŸªÓ˚Û Sï˛yÑÓ˚ ÓyÓyÙüy ï˛yÑ ÏÜ˛ ~•z öy Ïü•z í˛yÜ˛ Ïï˛öVÙ~Ó˚ çß√ ï˛ÍÜ˛y°#ö ÓyÇ°yÓ˚ ‡à!° ˆç°yÓ˚ xhsà≈ï˛ Ó#Ó˚!§Ç•

à y Ïü ~Ü˛ !ö¤˛yÓyö Ó y·˛î ˛õ!Ó˚Óy ÏÓ˚– ï˛yÑÓ˚ ÓyÓyÙüy ò!Ó˚ò !å˛ Ï°ö– !Ü˛v ï˛yÑÓ˚y !å˛ Ï°ö §ü§yü!Î˚Ü˛ §yüy!çÜ˛ ~ÓÇ

ôü≈#Î˚ ˆàyÑí ¸y!ü ˆÌ ÏÜ˛ ü%_´– ˆ§•z §üÎ˚ x Ïö ÏÜ˛•z !Ü˛v ï˛y !å˛ Ï°ö öy– {Ÿª ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ç#Ó Ïö üy û˛àÓï˛# ÏòÓ#Ó˚ ˛õ û˛yÓ

Wide Angle–19

!å˛° x˛õ!Ó˚§#ü– ~Ü˛ §•ç §Ó˚° à yüƒ ü!•°y !å˛ Ï°ö !ï˛!ö– flÒ%°ÙÜ˛ Ï° ÏçÓ˚ ˛õ y!ï˛¤˛y!öÜ˛ !¢«˛y ï˛yÑÓ˚ !å˛° öyñ !Ü˛v

!•®% ôü≈¢yflff ~ÓÇ ü•yÜ˛yÓƒ=!° !ï˛!ö •,òÎ˚Dü Ü˛ ÏÓ˚!å˛ Ï°ö– û˛y£y Ä §y!• Ïï˛ƒ Óy°Ü˛ {Ÿª ÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyà • Ä xö%Ó˚yà

~ÓÇ ò!Ó˚ò Ä x§•yÎ˚ ÏòÓ˚ ˛õ !ï˛ üüc Ä Ü˛ï ≈Óƒ ÏÓyô x ÏöÜ˛yÇ Ï¢ ï˛yÑÓ˚ üy ÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ü˛yå˛ ˆÌ ÏÜ˛ ˛õyÄÎ˚y–

û˛àÓï˛# ÏòÓ#Ó˚ ˜Ó£!Î˚Ü˛ §D!ï˛ !Ó Ï¢£ !å˛° öyñ !Ü˛v ï˛yÑÓ˚ •,òÎ˚!ê˛ !å˛° !Ó¢y°– Îy ÏòÓ˚ ˆö•z Óy Ü˛ü xy Ïå˛ñ

ï˛y ÏòÓ˚ §y ÏÌ !ö ÏçÓ˚ §#!üï˛ §¡õò•z û˛yà Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ !ö Ïï˛ö– {ŸªÓ˚ üy ÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~•z =î=!° á%Ó•z ˛õå˛® Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ö ~ÓÇ

!ö ÏçÄ ˆ§=!° xyÎ_ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ö– fl∫î≈y°B˛yÓ˚ ü!•°y ÏòÓ˚ á%Ó•z !˛õ Î˚ñ !Ü˛v ï˛yÑÓ˚ ò!Ó˚ò üy ÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yö x°B˛yÓ˚ !å˛° öy–

Ü˛!Ìï˛ xy Ïå˛ñ {ŸªÓ˚ Îáö ˛õ !ï˛!¤˛ï˛ öÓƒÎ%ÓÜ˛ñ ï˛áö !ï˛!ö üy ÏÜ˛ !Ü˛å % fl∫î≈y°B˛yÓ˚ !Ü˛ Ïö !ò Ïï˛ ˆã˛ ÏÎ˚!å˛ Ï°ö– üy ÏÎ˚Ó˚

§àÓ≈ í z_Ó˚ !å˛° {Ÿª ÏÓ˚Ó˚ üï˛ •,òÎ˚Óyöñ ò!Ó˚ò ÙòÓ˚ò# ˛õ%e•z ï˛yÑÓ˚ §Ó≈ Ï¢ ¤˛ x°B˛yÓ˚Ê xyÓ˚~Ü˛ ÓyÓ˚ à y ÏüÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yö ~Ü˛!ê˛

ôü≈#Î˚ í zÍ§ ÏÓ !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ü˛y Ïå˛ í z õ ÏÓ˚yô xy Ï§ ~Ü˛!ê˛ Óí ¸ x ÏB˛Ó˚ xy!Ì≈Ü˛ §y•y ÏÎƒÓ˚– í z_ ÏÓ˚ üy ÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ü˛y Ïå˛

{ŸªÓ˚ ˛õ hflÏyÓ Ü˛Ó˚ Ï°ö í zÍ§ ÏÓÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó Ïï ≈ ò!Ó˚ò öyÓ˚yÎ˚ ÏîÓ˚ ˆ§Óy Ïï˛•z ÓÓ˚Ç x ÏÌ≈Ó˚ §mƒÓ•yÓ˚ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÜ˛– üy ÏÎ˚Ó˚

!môy•#ö í z_Ó˚ !å˛° Î!ò !Ó!û˛ß¨ í zÍ§ ÏÓÓ˚ çöƒ §Çà,•#ï˛ x ÏÌ≈ §yÓ˚yÓå˛Ó˚ ò!Ó˚ò ÏòÓ˚ §y•yÎƒ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛ ÏÓ ˛õ)çy

Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ñ í zÍ§Ó ˛õy° ÏöÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ˛õ ÏÎ˚yçö • ÏÓ öy–

˛õ%e !• Ï§ ÏÓ !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ !å˛ Ï°ö !˛õï˛yüyï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ !ï˛ xö%àï˛ Ä ¢ k˛y¢#° ~ÓÇ !ï˛!ö !å˛ Ï°ö !öû ≈#Ü˛ flõ‹TÓ_ý–

~Ü˛ÓyÓ˚ !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ Îáö ï˛yÑÓ˚ !˛õï˛yüyï˛yÓ˚ § ÏD Ü˛y¢# Ïï˛ Ó˚ ÏÎ˚ Ïåöñ ~Ü˛ò° Ü˛y¢#Óy§# Ó y·˛î ï˛yÑÓ˚ Ü˛y Ïå˛ xy!Ì≈Ü˛

§y•yÎƒ ã˛y•z Ïï˛ xy Ï§ö– ï˛yÑÓ˚y !öŸã˛Î˚•z òyï˛y !• Ï§ ÏÓ !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ áƒy!ï˛Ó˚ Ü˛Ìy çyö Ïï˛ö ~ÓÇ •Î˚ï˛ xy¢y

Ü˛ ÏÓ˚!å˛ Ï°ö ˛õ%îƒû) !ü Ü˛y¢# Ïï˛ !ï˛!ö xyÓ˚Ä ü%_´•hflÏ • ÏÓö– !Ü˛v ï˛yÑ ÏòÓ˚ xÓfliy Ä fl∫û˛yÓ °«˛ƒ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚

ï˛yÑ ÏòÓ˚ òÎ˚y Óy û˛!_´Ó˚ ˛õye Ó Ï° ü Ïö Ü˛Ó˚ Ï°ö öy ~ÓÇ ï˛yÑ ÏòÓ˚ flõ‹T Ó Ï° !ò Ï°öñ ÚÚ~áy Ïö xy Ïå˛ö Ó!°Î˚y

xy˛õöy ÏòÓ˚ Î!ò xy!ü û˛!_´ Óy ¢ k˛y Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y !Ó ÏŸªŸªÓ˚ Ó!°Î˚y üyöƒ Ü˛!Ó˚ñ ï˛y •Û Ï° xyüyÓ˚ üï˛ öÓ˚yôü xyÓ˚ öy•z–ÛÛ

~•z x˛õ ï˛ƒy!¢ï˛ ˛õ ï˛ƒyáƒy Ïö «% ∏ Ó y·˛îÜ% ° ï˛y!Få Ï°ƒÓ˚ fl∫ ÏÓ˚ ï˛yÑ ÏÜ˛ •z!Dï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ Ï°ö ˆÎ !ï˛!ö ï˛y • Ï° •Î˚ï˛ !Ü˛å %•z

üy Ïöö öy– !˛õï˛yÙüyï˛yÓ˚ !ò ÏÜ˛ ï˛y!Ü˛ ÏÎ˚ !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ í z_Ó˚ !ò Ï°ö ˆÎ !˛õï˛yÙüyï˛y•z ï˛yÑÓ˚ !Ó ÏŸªŸªÓ˚ Ä xß¨ õ)î≈y–

xyÓyÓ˚ !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ •zFåyÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚& Ïk˛ ~•z !˛õï˛y•z Îáö !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ%e öyÓ˚yÎ˚î ÏÜ˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ çöƒ Ü˛°Ü˛yï˛yÎ˚

˛õyë˛y Ïï˛ xö%ü!ï˛ !ò Ï°ö öyñ !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚_´ • ÏÎ˚ !˛õï˛y ÏÜ˛ Ó° Ï°ö ñÚÚxy˛õ!ö !ö Ïç ÏÜ˛ !öÓ˚y!ü£y¢# Ó Ï°ö xÌã˛

ˆfl¨•Ó Ï¢ xyüyÓ˚ ˛õ% ÏeÓ˚ ühflÏÜ˛!ê˛ ã˛Ó≈î Ü˛!Ó˚ Ïï˛ Ïå˛öÊÛÛ

{Ÿª ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˜¢¢ÓÜ˛y Ï° ÓyÓy ë˛yÜ% Ó˚òy§ Ó Ï®ƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ Ü˛°Ü˛yï˛yÎ˚ Ü˛ü≈Ó˚ï˛ !å˛ Ï°ö– ï˛áö Ü˛°Ü˛yï˛y !å˛° Ó,!ê˛¢

û˛yÓ˚ Ïï˛Ó˚ Ó˚yçôyö#– ë˛yÜ% Ó˚òy§ í zFã!¢!«˛ï˛ !å˛ Ï°ö öyñ !Ü˛v !ï˛!ö ˛õ% ÏeÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ çöƒ !Ó Ï¢£ ÎbÓyö !å˛ Ï°ö–

öÛÓå˛Ó˚ ÓÎ˚ Ï§Ó˚ {ŸªÓ˚ ÏÜ˛ Ü˛°Ü˛yï˛yÎ˚ ~ Ïö û˛y° flÒ% Ï° ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õí ¸yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfliy Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ö– §ÇflÒ,ï˛ Ü˛ Ï° Ïç ï˛áö §ÇflÒ,ï˛

~ÓÇ •zÇÓ˚yç# ò% Ïê˛y•z ˆ¢áy Ïöy •ï˛– {ŸªÓ˚ ˆ§áy Ïö •zÇÓ˚yç# !¢á Ï°ö– ï˛yÓ˚ §y ÏÌ !¢á Ï°ö §ÇflÒ,ï˛ û˛y£y ~ÓÇ

§y!•ï˛ƒ å˛yí ¸yÄ ÓƒyÜ˛Ó˚îñ ï˛Ü ≈¢yflff ~ÓÇ ò¢≈ö– ò¢ Óå˛Ó˚ ô ÏÓ˚ §ÇflÒ,‰ï˛ Ü˛ Ï° Ïç ˛õí ¸yÓ˚ §üÎ˚ !ï˛!ö x ÏöÜ˛=!° Ó,!_Ä

ˆ˛õ ÏÎ˚!å˛ Ï°öñ ˆÎ=!° xy!Ì≈Ü˛ !òÜ˛ ˆÌ ÏÜ˛ ï˛yÑÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÑÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy ÏÓ˚Ó˚ §•yÎ˚Ü˛ • ÏÎ˚!å˛°– Ü˛ü≈Ù§Ω˛yÓöy Ó,!k˛Ó˚ çöƒ

!ï˛!ö ~Ü˛ÓyÓ˚ !•®% xy•zˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ ÓˆÏ§ö– ï˛ˆÏÓ Ü˛ü≈çàˆÏï˛ ï˛yÑÓ˚ ˛õ Ìü ˛õ ˆÏÓ¢ ˆú˛yê˛≈ í˛z•z!°Î˚ü Ü˛°ˆÏçÓ˚

ˆ•í˛˛õ![˛ï˛ Óy §ÇflÒ,ï˛ !¢«˛Ü˛ !•§y ÏÓ– Ü˛ ÏÎ˚Ü˛ Óå˛Ó˚ ˛õ ÏÓ˚ !ï˛!ö §ÇflÒ,ï˛ Ü˛ Ï° Ïç ˆÎyàòyö Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ö ˛õ Ì Ïü xƒy!§fiê˛ƒyrê˛

ˆ§ Ïe´ê˛y!Ó˚ !• Ï§ ÏÓ– e´ü¢ !ï˛!ö ~•z Ü˛ Ï°ç!ê˛Ó˚ xôƒ Ï«˛Ó˚ ˛õò ˛õyö ~ÓÇ § ÏD §Ó˚Ü˛y ÏÓ˚Ó˚ !¢«˛y !Óû˛y ÏàÓ˚ ~Ü˛!ê˛

=Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ ˛õòñ ÓyÇ°yÓ˚ Ü˛ ÏÎ˚Ü˛!ê˛ ˆç°yÓ˚ xƒy!§fiê˛ƒyrê˛ •z™ Ï õQÓ˚ xú˛ flÒ%°§ñ !• Ï§ ÏÓÄ ï˛yÑ ÏÜ˛ òy!Î˚c ˆòÄÎ˚y •Î˚–

ï˛yÑÓ˚ xy Ïà ~•z ˛õ Ïò ˆÜ˛yö û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ !öÎ%_´ •ö !ö– ~•z ˛õ ÏòÓ˚ §%Óy Ïò !ï˛!ö ÓyÇ°yÓ˚ ˛õ ï˛ƒhs xMÈ˛°=!° Ïï˛

!¢«˛y!ÓhflÏy ÏÓ˚Ó˚ñ !Ó Ï¢£ï˛É flff#Ù!¢«˛y ˛õ §y ÏÓ˚Ó˚ í z Ïòƒyà !ö Ïï˛ §üÌ≈ • ÏÎ˚!å˛ Ï°ö–

!Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ fløÓ˚î#Î˚ §yú˛°ƒ

!Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ §,çö¢#° ~ÓÇ ÓƒhflÏ Ü˛ü≈ç#Ó ÏöÓ˚ Ü˛Ìy !Ó¢òû˛y ÏÓ !°á Ïï˛ ˆà Ï° Ü˛ ÏÎ˚Ü˛ Ï¢y ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ ~Ü˛ê˛y Ó•z

Wide Angle–20

• ÏÎ˚ Îy ÏÓ– xy!ü ï˛y•z ï˛yÑÓ˚ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ !ï˛ö!ê˛ §yú˛°ƒ !ö ÏÎ˚ ~áy Ïö §Ç Ï«˛ Ï õ xy Ï°yã˛öy Ü˛Ó˚!å˛– ï˛yÑÓ˚ ~•z §yú˛°ƒ=!°Ó˚

çöƒ ˛õ Ïï˛ƒÜ˛ Óyäy!° ~ÓÇ ÓyÇ°yÓ˚ Óy•z ÏÓ˚Ó˚ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚Ó˚yÄ í z õÜ ,ï˛ • ÏÎ˚ Ïå˛– ~•z §yú˛ Ï°ƒÓ˚ ˆ«˛e=!° •Û° S1V

ÓyÇ°y û˛y£y ~ÓÇ§y!•ï˛ƒñ S2V §üyçÙ§ÇflÒyÓ˚ñ !Ó Ï¢£ï˛ !ÓôÓyÙ!ÓÓy• xy•zö ˛õ îÎ˚ ÏöÓ˚ çöƒ ï˛yÑÓ˚ ˛õ Ïã˛‹Ty ~ÓÇ S3V

flff#Ù!¢«˛yÓ˚ ˛õ §yÓ˚ñ !Ó Ï¢£ï˛ à yü ÓyÇ°yÎ˚–

S1V ÓyÇ°y û˛y£y ~ÓÇ §y!•ï˛ƒñ|ö!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑# Ïï˛ ÓyÇ°y û˛y£yÓ˚ ~Ü˛ x§yôyÓ˚î !ÓÜ˛y¢ Ä í zß¨!ï˛ •Î˚– ~Ó˚•z

˛õ û˛y ÏÓ í z!ö¢ Ä !Ó¢ ¢ï˛ ÏÜ˛Ó˚ x“ §ü ÏÎ˚Ó˚ ü Ïôƒ•z ÓyÇ°y §y!• Ïï˛ƒÓ˚Ä í z ÏÕ‘á ÏÎyàƒ §¡∫,!k˛ â Ïê˛ ~ÓÇ Ó!B˛üã˛®

ã˛ ÏRy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ñ ¢Ó˚Íã˛® ã˛ ÏRy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ñ Ü˛yç# öçÓ˚&° •z§°yü Ä ˆöy ÏÓ° ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ !ÓçÎ˚# Ó˚Ó#® öyÌ ë˛yÜ% Ó˚ ˛õ ü% ÏáÓ˚

§y!•ï˛ƒ§,!‹T çàÍ Ïçyí ¸y áƒy!ï˛ Ä §üyòÓ˚ °yû˛ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚– !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ÙÜ ,ï˛ ÓyÇ°y û˛y£yÓ˚ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ !å˛° ~•z !ÓfløÎ˚Ü˛Ó˚

í zß¨!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ ôyö ˆ§y˛õyö– ÓyÇ°yû˛y£yÓ˚ áƒy!ï˛üyö §y!•ï˛ƒ§ ‹TyÓ˚y ˛õ Ïï˛ƒ ÏÜ˛•z ~çöƒ !Óòƒ§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ü˛y Ïå˛ àû˛#Ó˚û˛y ÏÓ

}î#– Ó˚Ó#® öyÌ ÓyÇ°y û˛y£yÓ˚ !ÓÓï ≈ö Ä í zß¨!ï˛ Ïï˛ !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ x§yôyÓ˚î xÓòyö !Ó!û˛ß¨ ˛õ § ÏD ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ¢ k˛yÓ˚

§ ÏD í z ÏÕ‘á Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ Ïå˛ö– Ó˚Ó#® öy ÏÌÓ˚ !Óã˛y ÏÓ˚ !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Ó Ïã˛ ÏÎ˚ Óí ¸ §yú˛°ƒ !å˛° ÓyÇ°y û˛y£yÓ˚ xyô%!öÜ˛#Ü˛Ó˚î–

!Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyü Ï°Ä ÓyÇ°y ˆ°áyÓ˚ ~Ü˛ê˛y û˛!D Óy fiê˛y•z° !å˛°– !Ü˛v ï˛y !å˛° §ÇflÒ, Ïï˛Ó˚ í z õÓ˚ !öû≈ Ó˚¢#°

Óy §ÇflÒ,ï˛Ù ˆâÑ§yñ Ü˛Ìƒ ÓyÇ°yÓ˚ §y ÏÌ ï˛yÓ˚ !ü° !å˛° §#!üï˛– !°!áï˛ ÓyÇ°y §ÇflÒ,ï˛ ÏÜ˛•z xö%§Ó˚î Ü˛Ó˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚

ú˛ Ï° ˆ§•z û˛y£yÎ˚ fl∫Få® ˛õ Óy Ï•Ó˚ xû˛yÓ !å˛°– §ÇflÒ,ï˛ ÓƒyÜ˛Ó˚ ÏîÓ˚ ç!ê˛°ï˛yÓ˚ xyÓ Ïï ≈ ÓyÇ°y û˛y£yÓ˚ à!ï˛Ù˛õ Ü ,!ï˛

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!ÓÜ˛y Ï¢ í z ÏÕ‘á ÏÎyàƒ xÓòyö Ó˚y Ïáö– !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ !ö Ïç !å˛ Ï°ö §ÇflÒ,ï˛ û˛y£y ~ÓÇ §y!• Ïï˛ƒ §% õ![˛ï˛– !ï˛!ö

ÓƒyÜ˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ç!ê˛° !öÎ˚üÙÜ˛yö%öˆÏÜ˛ §Ó˚° Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓyÇ°y û˛y£yˆÏÜ˛ xyÓ˚Ä !ÓÜ˛!¢ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°ö– ô %˛õò# §ÇflÒ,ï˛

ÓƒyÜ˛Ó˚î ÏÜ˛ §Ó˚°ï˛Ó˚ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ÓyÇ°y û˛£yÎ˚ !ï˛!ö ò%!ê˛ Ó•z ˛õ Ü˛y¢ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ö Îy Ïï˛ §ÇflÒ,ï˛ û˛y£yÙ!¢«˛yÌ≈# ÏòÓ˚ §%!Óôy •Î˚

~ÓÇ §ÇflÒ,ï˛ Ä ÓyÇ°y û˛y£yÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚Ü˛ §¡õÜ ≈ Ä fl∫yï˛sfƒ §• Ïç ˆÓyé˛y ÎyÎ˚– ~•z Î%àyhsÜ˛yÓ˚# Ó•zò%!ê˛Ó˚ öyü

ÚÚÓƒyÜ˛Ó˚îÙ ÏÜ˛Ôü%ò#ÛÛ Ä ÚÚ§ÇflÒ,ï˛ ÓƒyÜ˛Ó˚ ÏîÓ˚ í z õe´ü!îÜ˛yÛÛñ Îy xyçÄ §ÇflÒ,ï˛Ùxö%Ó˚yà# Óyäy!° ˛õyë˛ ÏÜ˛Ó˚ !öï˛ƒ§D#–

!Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ 1855 !á fiê˛y Ï∑ Óî≈ õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ ˛õ Ìü ~ÓÇ !mï˛#Î˚ û˛yà öy Ïü ÓyÇ°y x«˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛ ÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚!Ó!ôÓ˚

ò%!ê˛ §%§Ç•ï˛ !û˛!_˛õ%hflÏÜ˛ ˛õ Ü˛y¢ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ö– öï %ö !¢«˛yÌ≈# ÏòÓ˚ ˛õ ÏÎ˚yçö ~ÓÇ ò«˛ï˛y üyÌyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ Ïá ôy Ï õ ôy Ï õ ï˛y ÏòÓ˚

ÓyÇ°y û˛y£y !¢«˛yÓ˚ çöƒ ~ ò%!ê˛ !å˛° ˛õ Ìü ˆ§y˛õyö ~ÓÇ !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ x§yüyöƒ §yú˛ Ï°ƒÓ˚ §yÌ≈Ü˛ ú˛§°–

ÓƒyÜ˛Ó˚ ÏîÓ˚ §•çÙ§Ó˚° !öÎ˚ü ˛õ ÏÎ˚yà Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ~=!° §Ó˚° ÓyÇ°y àòƒ !°á Ïï˛ ˆ¢áyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ õÓ˚ ˆ§•z à ÏòƒÓ˚

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ˆ°áyÓ˚ ˛õ ã˛°ö •Û°– ˛õÓ˚Óï ≈#Ü˛y Ï° §ü,k˛ ÓyÇ°y à ÏòƒÓ˚ ˆÎ !ÓÜ˛y¢ • ÏÎ˚ Ïå˛ ï˛y !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~•z í z Ïòƒy ÏàÓ˚•z ú˛°

~ Ü˛Ìy xy Ïà•z Ó°y • ÏÎ˚ Ïå˛–

~ï˛ Óå˛Ó˚ ˛õ ÏÓ˚ xyç ÏÜ˛Ó˚ !ò ÏöÄ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚û˛yà Óyäy!° å˛yeå˛ye# ï˛y ÏòÓ˚ ˛õ Ìyàï˛ !¢«˛y ÷Ó˚& Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚

Óî≈ õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ ˛õ Ìü û˛y ÏàÓ˚ üyôƒ Ïü– ˛õÓ˚Óï ≈#Ü˛y Ï° !ÓòƒyÓ˚ ÏΩ˛Ó˚ çöƒ öï %ö öï %ö ˛õ%hflÏÜ˛ !°!áï˛ • Ï°Ä ï˛yÓ˚y ˛õ Ïï˛ƒ ÏÜ˛•z

!Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ Î%àyhsÜ˛yÓ˚# §,!‹TÓ˚ }î fl∫#Ü˛yÓ˚ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚– ~=!° å˛yí ¸y !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ï˛yÑÓ˚ !öçfl∫ û˛!D Ïï˛ ~ÓÇ xy!D ÏÜ˛ ˆÓ¢

!Ü˛å % Ó‡° ˛õ ã˛!°ï˛ §ÇflÒ,ï˛ §y!• Ïï˛ƒÓ˚ xö%Óyò Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ö– ~Ó˚ ú˛ Ï° Ó,•_Ó˚ §üy ÏçÓ˚ Ü˛y Ïå˛ ~•z Óyï ≈y ˆ˛õÔÑå˛yÎ˚ ˆÎ

ÓyÇ°y û˛y£y ï˛yÓ˚ !öçfl∫ ¢!_´ Ïï˛•z û˛yÓ ˛õ Ü˛y¢ Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÎyày ÏÎy ÏàÓ˚ üyôƒü • ÏÎ˚ í zë˛ Ïï˛ §«˛ü– ~ Óy˛õy ÏÓ˚

xöƒ û˛y£y=!°Ó˚ §y ÏÌ ÓyÇ°y û˛y£yÓ˚ ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yö ˛õyÌ≈Ü˛ƒ ˆö•z– !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ÓyÇ°yÎ˚ ˆÓ¢ !Ü˛å % ˛õ Ó¶˛ ~ÓÇ

ˆå˛yê˛à“ ˆ° Ïáö ~ÓÇ ï˛yÑÓ˚ §üyçÙ§ÇflÒy ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ Ïã˛‹Ty=!°Ó˚ §˛õ Ï«˛ ˆçyÓ˚y Ï°y Î%!_´ !ò ÏÎ˚ ˆå˛yê˛ ˆå˛yê˛ ˛õ ã˛yÓ˚ õe

˛õ Ü˛y¢ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ö– ÓyÇ°yñ •zÇ ÏÓ˚!ç ~ÓÇ §ÇflÒ, Ïï˛ fl∫“ ˜ò Ïâ≈Ó˚ ˆ°áy å˛yí ¸yÄ !ï˛!ö ÓyÇ°yñ !•!® ~ÓÇ §ÇflÒ, Ïï˛ Ü˛ü ÏÓ!¢

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˛õ!Ó˚ã˛yÎ˚Ü˛–

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!¢«˛y!Óòñ §üyç§ÇflÒyÓ˚Ü˛ !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ü˛v ÓƒÓ§yÎ˚# Ó%!k˛Ó˚Ä xû˛yÓ !å˛° öy– !ï˛!ö ï˛yÑÓ˚ !ö ÏçÓ˚ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛

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˛õ%hflÏÜ˛ ˛õ Ü˛y¢öy ˛õ !ï˛¤˛yö fliy˛õö Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ö ~ÓÇ ï˛yÑÓ˚ Ó•z=!° §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ~áyö ˆÌ ÏÜ˛•z !Óe´ ÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓfliy Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ö– ï˛yÑÓ˚

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Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ Óî≈ õ!Ó˚ã˛ ÏÎ˚Ó˚ !Óe´Î˚Ù§Çáƒy òyÑ!í ¸ ÏÎ˚!å˛° !ï˛ö °y ÏáÓ˚Ä ˆÓ!¢– ï˛yÑÓ˚ ~•z !Ó˛õ%° xyÎ˚ !Ü˛v ï˛yÑÓ˚ !ö ÏçÓ˚

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!ï˛!ö ˛õ yÎ˚¢•z }îà hflÏ • ÏÎ˚ ˛õí ¸ Ïï˛ö–

S2V §üyçÙ§ÇflÒyÓ˚ñ !•®% §üy Ïç ˛õ ã˛!°ï˛ öyÓ˚#!ö˛õ#í ¸ö Ä !öÎ≈yï˛ ÏöÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚& Ïk˛ !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~Ü˛Ü˛ °í ¸y•zñ

!Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yú˛°ƒ Ó‡ü%á#ñ !Ü˛v !ï˛!ö !ö Ïç ü Ïö Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ö §üyçÙ§ÇflÒyÓ˚ñ !Ó Ï¢£ï˛ !•®% !ÓôÓyÙ!ÓÓy• xy•zö§¡øï˛

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§ Ïòƒyçyï˛ Ü˛öƒy§hsyö •ï˛ƒyÓ˚ üï˛ !ö¤ %Ó˚ ˛õ ÌyÄ !•®% §üy Ïç ˛õ ã˛!°ï˛ !å˛°– í z õ ÏÓ˚y_´ ˛õ Ìy=!° å˛yí ¸yÄ §ΩÓï˛

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xÓ°%!ÆÓ˚ çöƒ ï˛ÍÜ˛y°#ö •zÇ ÏÓ˚ç àû˛ö≈Ó˚ í z•z!°Î˚ü ˆÓ!rê˛ ÏB˛Ó˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛yÎ˚ ˛õ ÏÎ˚yçö#Î˚ xy•zö ˛õ îÎ˚ö Ü˛Ó˚y Ïï˛ §üÌ≈

•Ûö– ï˛yÑÓ˚ ˛õ Ïã˛‹TyÎ˚ x Ï õ«˛yÜ ,ï˛ x“§ü ÏÎ˚Ó˚ ü Ïôƒ•z ÓyÇ°yÓ˚ §üyç ˆÌ ÏÜ˛ !ã˛Ó˚ï˛ ÏÓ˚ §ï˛#òy• ˛õ ÌyÓ˚ !Ó Ï°y˛õ â Ïê˛–

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~Ü˛!ê˛ Óy!°Ü˛yÓ˚ çöƒ ~Ó˚Ü˛ü Ü˛ Ïë˛yÓ˚ !öÎ˚ü !¢!Ì° Ü˛Ó˚y•z §Dï˛– !Ü˛v ˆàyÑí ¸y üyï˛ùùÓ˚Ó˚y Î%!_´ ˆòáyö ˆÎ ~•z

§yüy!çÜ˛ !öÎ˚ü ò#â≈!òö ô ÏÓ˚ ã˛ Ï° xy§ Ïå˛ ~ÓÇ ~ Ïï˛ ¢y ÏflffÓ˚Ä §¡ø!ï˛ xy Ïå˛–

~•z âê˛öyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ xö%§¶˛yö Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ ÷Ó˚& Ü˛Ó˚ Ï°ö ˆÎ !•®%¢y Ïflff ˆÜ˛yÌyÄ !ÓôÓy ü!•°y ÏòÓ˚ ˛õ%ö!Ó≈Óy Ï•Ó˚

!Óôyö xy Ïå˛ !Ü˛öy– Îáö !ï˛!ö }!£ ˛õÓ˚y¢ ÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ú˛õÓ˚y¢Ó˚ §Ç!•ï˛yÛÎ˚ !•®% !ÓôÓy ÏòÓ˚ ˛õ%ö!Ó≈Óy Ï•Ó˚ §˛õ Ï«˛ Î%!_´ á%Ñ Ïç

ˆ˛õ Ï°öñ ï˛áö !ï˛!ö ÎyÓ˚ õÓ˚öy•z xyö!®ï˛ • Ï°ö– §Ç!•ï˛yÓ˚ !Óôyö!ê˛ ~•z Ó˚Ü˛ü ÚÚö Ï‹T ü, Ïï˛ ˛õ Ó !çƒ Ïï˛ Üœ # ÏÓ ã˛

˛õ!ï˛ Ïï˛ ˛õ Ïï˛Ô– ˛õM˛fl∫y˛õÍ§% öyÓ˚#îyÇ ˛õ!ï˛Ó˚ Ïöƒy !Óô#Î˚ Ïï˛–ÛÛ xÌ≈yÍ ˆÎ ˛õyÑã˛!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ Ïï˛ flff# ˛õ%ö!Ó≈Óy• Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛

Wide Angle–22

˛õyÓ˚ ÏÓö ï˛y •°ÈÙÙÙÈfl∫yü# ò%Ÿã˛!Ó˚e • Ï°ñ üyÓ˚y ˆà Ï°ñ §ß¨ƒy§ à •î Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ §Ç§yÓ˚ ï˛ƒyà Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ˆà Ï°ñ ö˛õ%Ç§Ü˛ • Ï°

xÌÓy çy!ï˛ã˛ƒ%ï˛ S˛õ!ï˛ï˛V • Ï°–

~•z ¢yflff#Î˚ !Óôyö ÏÜ˛ Ó,•_Ó˚ §üy Ïç à •î ÏÎyàƒ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ï %° Ïï˛ !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Çà yü ÷Ó˚& •°– !ï˛!ö 1855

!á fiê˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ çyö%Î˚y!Ó˚ üyˆÏ§ !ÓôÓyÙ!ÓÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ §˛õˆÏ«˛ ~Ü˛!ê˛ ˛õ ã˛yÓ˚˛õe ˛õ Ü˛y¢ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ°ö ÎyˆÏï˛ ˛õÓ˚y¢Ó˚ §Ç!•ï˛yÓ˚

!Óôyö=!°Ó˚ í z ÏÕ‘á !å˛°– òƒ !•®% ˛õƒy!ê ΔÎ˚ê˛ ˛õ!eÜ˛yÎ˚ ~•z ˛õ ã˛yÓ˚ õe §¡õ ÏÜ ≈ ˆ°áy • ÏÎ˚!å˛° ˆÎ ˛õ ã˛yÓ˚ õe!ê˛

Î%!_´à y•ƒñ ÓƒÓ§y!Î˚Ü˛ ò«˛ï˛yÎ˚ñ ˛õ!Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ §•ç ÏÓyôƒ û˛y£yÎ˚ ˆ°áy • ÏÎ˚ Ïå˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õ Ü˛y Ï¢Ó˚ § ÏD § ÏD ~!ê˛ §üy Ïç

xy Ï°yí ¸ö ï % Ï° Ïå˛– òƒ !•®% ˛õƒy!ê ΔÎ˚ê˛ xyÓ˚Ä !° Ïá!å˛° ˆÎ ˛õ ã˛yÓ˚ õ ÏeÓ˚ ˜Ó≤’!ÓÜ˛ Óyî# ˆò Ï¢Ó˚ ˛õ ï˛ƒhs xM˛°=!° Ïï˛

ˆ˛õÔÑ Ïå˛!å˛° ~ÓÇ Óyäy!° §üyç ÏÜ˛ ï˛y àû˛#Ó˚û˛y ÏÓ öyí ¸y !ò ÏÎ˚!å˛°–

!Ü˛v ò#â≈fliyÎ˚# §ÇflÒyÓ˚ Îï˛•z xöƒyÎƒ ~ÓÇ !ö¤ %Ó˚ ˆ•yÜ˛ öy ˆÜ˛öñ ï˛y §• Ïç Î%!_´ ~ÓÇ üüc ÏÓyô ÏÜ˛ ˛õÌ ˆå˛ Ïí ¸

ˆòÎ˚ öy– §üy ÏçÓ˚ x Ïö ÏÜ˛•z ï˛áö ü Ïö Ü˛ ÏÓ˚!å˛ Ï°ö ˆÎ !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï ≈ö=!° Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ ã˛y•z!å˛ Ï°ö ˆ§=!°

!•®% §üy ÏçÓ˚ ˛õ !ï˛!¤˛ï˛ Ó˚#!ï˛ö#!ï˛ ÏÜ˛ °[˛û˛[˛ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ˆò ÏÓ ~ÓÇ ï˛y §yüy!çÜ˛û˛y ÏÓ «˛!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ • ÏÓ– ï˛yÑÓ˚y !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚

~•z ˛õ Ïã˛‹TyÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚& Ïk˛ ˛õ Ó° ˛õ !ï˛ ÏÓ˚yô à Ïí ¸ ï %° Ï°ö– Ü˛òÎ≈ û˛y£yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ x ÏöÜ˛ §üÎ˚ !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ÏÜ˛ Óƒ!_´àï˛û˛y ÏÓ

xye´üî Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ˛õ ã˛yÓ˚ õe ˛õ Ü˛y¢ Ü˛Ó˚y •°– ˛õ ã˛!°ï˛ Ó˚#!ï˛ ÏÜ˛ §üÌ≈ö öy Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ !Ó ÏÓ˚y!ôï˛y Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çöƒ !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚

˛õy![˛ï˛ƒ ÏÜ˛ ÓƒD Ü˛Ó˚y •Û°– ~üö!Ü˛ ï˛yÑÓ˚ ˛õ yîöy Ï¢Ó˚ ~ÓÇ §¡õ!_•y!öÓ˚ û˛#!ï˛ ˛õ ò¢≈ö Ü˛Ó˚y • Ïï˛ ÌyÜ˛°– !Ü˛v

!Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ !å˛ Ï°ö ˆ°Ô•Ü˛!ë˛ö üyö!§Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ üyö%£– ï˛yÑÓ˚ ~Ü˛ Óí ¸ û˛y•zÄ ï˛yÑ ÏÜ˛ ~•z ˜Ó≤’!ÓÜ˛ ˛õ Ïã˛‹Ty ˆÌ ÏÜ˛ !öÓ˚hflÏ

Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty Ü˛ ÏÓ˚!å˛ Ï°ö– !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ï˛yÑ ÏÜ˛ flõ‹T Ó Ï°!å˛ Ï°öñ ÚÚxy!ü Îáö xyüyÓ˚ í z Ïj Ï¢ƒÓ˚ ÎÌyÌ≈ï˛y Ó%é˛ Ïï˛

˛õy!Ó˚ñ ï˛áö ˆÜ˛yö !Ü˛å %•z xyüy ÏÜ˛ ˆ§ í z Ïj¢ƒ §yô ÏöÓ˚ §Çà yü ˆÌ ÏÜ˛ !öÓ˚hflÏ Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ ˛õy ÏÓ˚ öy– ˆÎ §yüy!çÜ˛

xöyã˛yÓ˚ !ÓôÓy ÏòÓ˚ ç#Óö ÏÜ˛ ò%!Ó≈£• Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y Ï° ï˛y !ã˛Ó˚ï˛ ÏÓ˚ ò)Ó˚ Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ ˛õ ÏÎ˚yç Ïö xy!ü §Ó !Ü˛å %ñ ~üö!Ü˛

xyüyÓ˚ ç#ÓöÄ í zÍ§à≈ Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ ˛õ hflÏ%ï˛–ÛÛ

˛õ §Dï˛ í z ÏÕ‘á ÏÎyàƒ ˆÎ 2011 §y° ˆÌ ÏÜ˛ §!¡ø!°ï˛ çy!ï˛˛õ%O Úxyhsç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ !ÓôÓy !òÓ§Û ã˛y°% Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ Ïå˛– ~!ê˛

˛õ !ï˛Óå˛Ó˚ 23 Ï¢ ç%ö ˛õy!°ï˛ •Î˚–~!ê˛ ˆÎö §%ò#â≈ Ü˛y Ï°Ó˚ ÓƒÓôy Ïö ~Ü˛ Óyäy!° §üyç §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ÏÜ˛Ó˚ Î%àyhsÜ˛yÓ˚#

§%Ü˛#!ï ≈Ó˚•z xyhsç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ fl∫#Ü ,!ï˛–

!Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ x§Ω˛Ó ÏÜ˛ §Ω˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚ Ï°ö

!Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ hflÏyÓ 1855 §y Ï°Ó˚ ö Ïû˛¡∫Ó˚ üy Ï§ xy•zö§û˛yÎ˚ ˆ˛õ¢ Ü˛Ó˚y •Û°– ˛õ yÌ!üÜ˛ !Ó ÏÓã˛öyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚

xy•zö§û˛y ˆ§!ê˛ ÏÜ˛ !§ Ï°Q Ü˛!ü!ê˛ Ïï˛ ˛õyë˛y°– 1856 §y Ï°Ó˚ üyã ≈ üy Ï§ ~•z ˛õ hflÏy ÏÓÓ˚ !Ó ÏÓ˚y!ôï˛y Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ 33ñ000

fl∫y«˛Ó˚ §¡∫!°ï˛ ~Ü˛!ê˛ òÓ˚áyhflÏ Ü˛!ü!ê˛ Ïï˛ ˆ˛õ¢ •Û°– û˛yÓ˚ Ïï˛Ó˚ !Ó!û˛ß¨ fliyö ˆÌ ÏÜ˛ x ÏöÜ˛ òÓ˚áyhflÈÙÙÙÈˆÜ˛yöÄ!ê˛

˛õ hflÏyÓ ÏÜ˛ §üÌ≈ö Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ñ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ!ê˛ ~Ó˚ !Ó ÏÓ˚y!ôï˛y Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ Ù !§ Ï°Q Ü˛!ü!ê˛ Ïï˛ ˆ˛õÔÑå˛y°– •z!ï˛ü Ïôƒ !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚

ï˛yÑÓ˚ ˛õ hflÏy ÏÓÓ˚ § Ï õ Ï«˛ xyÓ˚Ä ˆçyÓ˚y Ï°y Î%!_´ !ò ÏÎ˚ xyÓ˚ ~Ü˛!ê˛ ˛õ ã˛yÓ˚ õe ˛õ Ü˛y¢ Ü˛Ó˚ Ï°ö– ò#â≈ ï˛Ü ≈Ù!Óï˛ ÏÜ ≈Ó˚

˛õÓ˚ xy•zö§û˛y xÓ Ï¢ Ï£ !•®% !ÓôÓy ÏòÓ˚ ˛õ%ö!Ó≈Óy Ï•Ó˚ §Ü˛° Óyôy ò)Ó˚ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ 1856 §y Ï°Ó˚ ˛õMÈ˛ò¢ xy•zö!ê˛ ˛õy¢

Ü˛Ó˚°– !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ï˛yÑÓ˚ !ö¤ %Ó˚ ~ÓÇ §ÇÜ˛#î≈üöy !Ó ÏÓ˚yô# ÏòÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚& Ïk˛ !Ó˛õ%°û˛y ÏÓ çÎ˚°yû˛ Ü˛Ó˚ Ï°ö– ï˛ ÏÓ !ï˛!ö ~•z

öï %ö xy•zö !ö ÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yö í zFå¥y§ ˛õ Ü˛y¢ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ö !ö– !öÎ≈y!ï˛ï˛y !ÓôÓy ÏòÓ˚ ü%!_´Ó˚ ~Ü˛ê˛y í z õyÎ˚ á%Ñ Ïç ˛õyÄÎ˚y Ïï˛•z

!ï˛!ö á%!¢ • ÏÎ˚!å˛ Ï°ö– ~üö•z xyd˛õ ã˛yÓ˚Ù!Óü%á üyö%£ !å˛ Ï°ö !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚–

÷ô% xy•zö ˛õy¢ Ü˛!Ó˚ ÏÎ˚•z !Ü˛v !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ˆÌ Ïü Îyö !ö– 1856 §y Ï°Ó˚ ö Ïû˛¡∫Ó˚ üy§ ˆÌ ÏÜ˛ 1867ÛÓ˚ ü Ïôƒ

!öç í zÍ§y Ï• ~ÓÇ ˛õ Ïã˛‹TyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õ yÎ˚¢ !ö ÏçÓ˚ áÓ˚ Ïã˛ !ï˛!ö ˛õ yÎ˚ 60!ê˛ !ÓôÓy !ÓÓy Ï•Ó˚ ÓƒÓfliy Ü˛ ÏÓ˚!å˛ Ï°ö–x ÏöÜ˛

Ó y· Î%ÓÜ˛ ~•z Ü˛yç ï˛yÑÓ˚ §•yÎ˚Ü˛ • ÏÎ˚!å˛ Ï°öñ !Ü˛v ˆàyÑí ¸y !•®% §üy ÏçÓ˚ x Ïö ÏÜ˛ ï˛yÑÓ˚ ÷ô% !Ó ÏÓ˚y!ôï˛y•z Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ö

!öñ ï˛yÑÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚Ü˛ Óy ˜Ó£!Î˚Ü˛ «˛!ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ñ ~üö !Ü˛ ˛õ yîöy Ï¢Ó˚Ä û˛Î˚ ˆò!á ÏÎ˚!å˛ Ï°ö–~•z ôÓ˚ ÏîÓ˚ !Ó ÏÓ˚y!ôï˛y ~ÓÇ

û˛#!ï˛Ù˛õ ò¢≈ö !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ í z Ïòƒyà ÏÜ˛ xÓ¢ƒ•z !hflÏ!üï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ ˛õy ÏÓ˚ !ö– !Ü˛v !Ü˛å % !Ü˛å % xÓfliy˛õß¨ üyö%£ ÎyÑÓ˚y

Wide Angle–23

ï˛yÑ ÏÜ˛ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ü)°Ü˛ Ü˛yçÜ˛ Ïü≈ xy!Ì≈Ü˛ §y•y ÏÎƒÓ˚ ˛õ !ï˛¢ %!ï˛ !ò ÏÎ˚!å˛ Ï°ö ï˛yÑÓ˚y ï˛yÑÓ˚ §Ç§à≈ ˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ƒyà Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ö– ú˛ Ï°

§ühflÏ áÓ˚ Ïã˛Ó˚ û˛yÓ˚ !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ÏÜ˛ Ó•ö Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ •Î˚– !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ !Ü˛v }îà hflÏ • ÏÎ˚Ä ï˛yÑÓ˚ í z Ïòƒyà ˆÌ ÏÜ˛ § ÏÓ˚

xy Ï§ö !ö–

~ Ü˛Ìy Ó°y x˛õ y§!DÜ˛ • ÏÓ öy ˆÎ !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ §üyç§ÇflÒy ÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ö®y ÷ô% §yôyÓ˚î Óyäy!°Ó˚ ü Ïôƒ•z §#üyÓk˛

!å˛° öy– §y!•ï˛ƒÙ§¡Àyê˛ Ó!B˛üã˛® Ä !Ü˛å % !Ü˛å % Óƒy˛õy ÏÓ˚ ï˛yÑÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚*˛õ §üy Ï°yã˛Ü˛ ÏòÓ˚ xöƒï˛ü !å˛ Ï°ö–

xyÓyÓ˚ñ xöƒ!ò ÏÜ˛ñ !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ã˛!Ó˚ ÏeÓ˚ Ó‡ü%á# !Ó!¢‹Tï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ ¢Ç§yÄ ˆÎ xy Ï§ !ö ï˛y öÎ˚– ˛õ !ï˛û˛yÓyö

Ü˛!ÓÙ§y!•!ï˛ƒÜ˛ üy•z ÏÜ˛° üô%§)òö ò_ !å˛ Ï°ö !Óòƒ§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ü§yü!Î˚Ü˛ ~ÓÇ Ü˛y Ïå˛Ó˚ üyö%£– üô%ÙÜ˛!ÓÓ˚ û˛y£yÎ˚

!Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ !å˛° ÚÚwisdom of an ancient Indian sage– energy of an Englishman and the heartof a Bengali mother.ÛÛ

!°!˛õÓk˛ ö!Ì ˆÌ ÏÜ˛ çyöy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ Ü˛°Ü˛yï˛yÎ˚ ˛õ Ìü !ÓôÓyÙ!ÓÓy• xö%!¤˛ï˛ • ÏÎ˚!å˛° !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ í z õ!fli!ï˛ Ïï˛

1856 §y Ï°Ó˚ 7•z !í˛ Ï§¡∫Ó˚– ˛õye#Ó˚ ÓÎ˚§ !å˛° ~ày ÏÓ˚y Óå˛Ó˚– xyÓ˚ ˛õye §ÇflÒ,ï˛ !¢«˛yÎ˚ !¢!«˛ï˛ xyë˛y ÏÓ˚y Óå˛ ÏÓ˚Ó˚

öÓÎ%ÓÜ˛– ~Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ û˛yÓ˚ Ïï˛Ó˚ xöƒyöƒ xM˛° ˆÌ ÏÜ˛Ä !ÓôÓyÙ!ÓÓy Ï•Ó˚ §ÇÓyò xy§ Ïï˛ ÷Ó˚& Ü˛Ó˚°ñ Îy Ïï˛ ˆÓyé˛y ˆà°

ÓƒÓfliy!ê˛ ô# ÏÓ˚ ô# ÏÓ˚ Ó,•_Ó˚ §üy Ïç à •î ÏÎyàƒ • ÏFå– !Ü˛å % §üy Ï°yã˛Ü˛ ˛õ ã˛yÓ˚ Ü˛Ó˚ Ï°ö ˆÎ !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yú˛°ƒ

!öï˛yhs•z Ú˛õÓ˚ flø˛õò#Ûñ xÌ≈yÍ xöyd# ÏÎ˚Ó˚ ü Ïôƒ !ÓôÓy !ÓÓy Ï• ï˛yÑÓ˚ §¡ø!ï˛ ÌyÜ˛ Ï°Ä !ï˛!ö !ö ÏçÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yö xyd# ÏÎ˚Ó˚

~û˛y ÏÓ !ÓÓy• !öŸã˛Î˚•z ˆò ÏÓö öy– ¢#â •z ˆ§•z ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÄ í z õ!fliï˛ •°ñ Îáö ï˛yÑÓ˚ ˛õ%e ~Ü˛ !ÓôÓy ÏÜ˛ !ÓÓy Ï•Ó˚ •zFåy

˛õ Ü˛y¢ Ü˛Ó˚°– ~•z !ÓÓy• §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ •Û Ï° !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÑÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ÏÜ˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ƒyà Ü˛Ó˚ ÏÓö Ó Ï° !Ü˛å % xyd#Î˚

‡ü!Ü˛ !ò Ï°ö– !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ï˛yÑ ÏòÓ˚ ò,ì ¸û˛y ÏÓ çy!ö ÏÎ˚ !ò Ï°ö ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yö!Ü˛å %•z ˛õ% ÏeÓ˚ !ÓÓy•fli Ï° ï˛yÑÓ˚ í z õ!fli!ï˛

xyê˛Ü˛y Ïï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ ÏÓ öy– ÓhflÏ%ï˛ñ ï˛yÑÓ˚ ˛õ%e ˆfl∫FåyÎ˚ !ÓôÓyÙ!ÓÓy• Ü˛Ó˚ Ïå˛ ñ ~ Ïï˛ !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ü ÏöyÓ° ˆÓ Ïí ¸ ˆà°

~ÓÇ ï˛yÑÓ˚ xÓfliyö xyÓ˚Ä ò,ì¸ •Û°– í zÍú %Õ‘ !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xyÓ˚Ä x Ïö ÏÜ˛Ó˚ í z õ!fli!ï˛ Ïï˛ !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚Ù˛õ%e öyÓ˚yÎ˚î

!ÓôÓy û˛Ó§%®Ó˚# ÏÜ˛ !ÓÓy• Ü˛Ó˚ Ï°ö– xÓ¢ƒ ~•z xö%¤˛y Ïö !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ !˛õï˛yÙüyï˛y ~ÓÇ flff# ˆÎyàòyö Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ö !ö–

S3V flff#Ù!¢«˛yÓ˚ ˛õ §yÓ˚ñ !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyÓ˚ ~Ü˛!ê˛ ˛õ Ïã˛‹Ty Ù !ÓôÓyÙ!ÓÓy• ˛õ ã˛° ÏöÓ˚ üï˛ xyÓ˚ ~Ü˛!ê˛ §üyö ò%Ó˚*•

Ü˛y Ïç !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ï˛yÑÓ˚ í zòƒü ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚¢ ü !ö ÏÎ˚yà Ü˛ ÏÓ˚!å˛ Ï°ö– ï˛y •Û° ÓyÇ°yÎ˚ flff#Ù!¢«˛yÓ˚ ˛õ §yÓ˚– çö !í» B˛ÄÎ˚yê˛yÓ˚

ˆÓÌ%ö öy Ïü ˆÜ˛!¡∫ Ïç !¢!«˛ï˛ ~Ü˛ •zÇ ÏÓ˚ç §y Ï•Ó 1848 §y Ï° Ü˛°Ü˛yï˛yÎ˚ xy Ï§ö ~í % ÏÜ˛¢ö Ü˛yí z!™ Ï°Ó˚

ˆ§ Ïe´ê˛y!Ó˚ !•§y ÏÓ– ˆÓÌ%ö§y Ï•ÓáyÑ!ê˛ÙÓyäy!° !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ §y ÏÌ Óƒ!_´àï˛û˛y ÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ • Ï°ö– xÓ¢ƒ ï˛yÓ˚

xy Ïà•z !ï˛!ö !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õy![˛ Ïï˛ƒÓ˚ Ü˛Ìy ÷ Ïö!å˛ Ï°ö– !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ˆÓÌ%ö§y Ï•Ó ÏÜ˛ çyöy Ï°ö ˆÎ ˆàyÑí ¸y !•®% ÏòÓ˚

S!üÌƒyV !ÓŸªy§ ˆÎ flff#Ù!¢«˛y §üy ÏçÓ˚ ˛õ Ï«˛ «˛!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ§çöƒ flff#Ù!¢«˛yÎ˚ ¢y ÏflffÓ˚ §üÌ≈ö ˆö•zñÎ!òÄ Úflff#Ù!¢«˛yÎ˚

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˛õ%Ñ!Ì Ïï˛ ˆòá Ï°ö ˆÎ ˆ§áy Ïö ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚û˛y ÏÓ í z ÏÕ‘á Ó˚ ÏÎ˚ Ïå˛ Ú˛õ% ÏeÓ˚ üï˛ Ü˛öƒy ÏÜ˛Ä ~Ü˛•zû˛y ÏÓ °y°öÙ˛õy°ö Ü˛Ó˚ ÏÓ

~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ !¢«˛yò#«˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfliy Ü˛Ó˚ ÏÓ–Û

ˆÓÌ%ö xy Ïà•z 1848 §y Ï° Ü˛°Ü˛yï˛yÎ˚ ˆü ÏÎ˚ ÏòÓ˚ çöƒ ~Ü˛!ê˛ flÒ%° ã˛y°% Ü˛ ÏÓ˚!å˛ Ï°ö– !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ~ Ïï˛ á%¢#

• ÏÎ˚!å˛ Ï°öñ !Ü˛v !ï˛!ö çyö Ïï˛ö ˆÎ ~Ó˚Ü˛ü flÒ% Ï°Ó˚ ˛õ ÏÎ˚yçö à y ÏüÓ˚ !ò ÏÜ˛ xy ÏÓ˚y ˆÓ¢#– ò,ì¸ §ÇÜ˛ Ï“Ó˚ § ÏD !ï˛!ö

!Ó£Î˚!ê˛Ó˚ òy!Î˚c !ö Ï°ö ~ÓÇ ˛õ ï˛ƒhs xMÈ˛°=!° ºüî Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ fliyö#Î˚ çöà ÏîÓ˚ Ü˛y Ïå˛ ï˛yÑ ÏòÓ˚ Ü˛öƒy ÏòÓ˚ flÒ% Ï°Ó˚ çöƒ

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ôö# Óƒ!_´ xy!Ì≈Ü˛ §y•y ÏÎƒ ö Ïû˛¡∫Ó˚ 1857 ˆÌ ÏÜ˛ ˆü 1858ÙÓ˚ ü Ïôƒ ÓyÇ°yÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ˆç°yÓ˚ à yüyM˛ Ï° !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚

í z Ïòƒy Ïà 40!ê˛ Óy!°Ü˛y !Óòƒy°Î˚ fliy!˛õï˛ •Î˚–

Wide Angle–24

!Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ~üö í zÍ§y Ï•Ó˚ § ÏD !¢«˛y!ÓhflÏy ÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚!ê˛ ã˛y°öy Ü˛Ó˚!å˛ Ï°ö ˆÎ çöà ÏîÓ˚ Ü˛y Ïå˛ §Ó˚Ü˛y ÏÓ˚Ó˚

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§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ö#!ï˛àï˛û˛y ÏÓ ˆÓï˛ö ˆòÓyÓ˚ òyÎ˚!ê˛ !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ í z õÓ˚•z Óï≈ y°– ˛õ ÏÎ˚yçö#Î˚ ê˛yÜ˛yÓ˚ xB˛ê˛y !å˛° !ï˛ö

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í zFã ˆÓï˛ ÏöÓ˚ ˆüy• ï˛yÑ ÏÜ˛ xyê˛ ÏÜ˛ Ó˚yá Ïï˛ ˛õy ÏÓ˚ !ö– ~ê˛y !å˛° 1858 §y Ï°Ó˚ ˆ§≤Wz¡∫Ó˚ üy§– Îy•z ˆ•yÜ˛ñ ~Ü˛Óå˛Ó˚

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˛õ Ïã˛‹Ty Îy ~ï˛!òö xfl∫#Ü ,ï˛ !å˛° ï˛y §Ó˚Ü˛y!Ó˚ fl∫#Ü ,!ï˛ ˆ˛õ°– flff#Ù!¢«˛yÓ˚ Ü˛yÎ≈e´ü ã˛° Ïï˛ ÌyÜ˛°– !Ü˛v !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚

§Ó˚Ü˛y!Ó˚ ÓƒÓfliy ˆÌ ÏÜ˛ !ö Ïç ÏÜ˛ §!Ó˚ ÏÎ˚ !ö ÏÎ˚ Óƒ!_´àï˛ í z Ïòƒy Ïà•z ï˛yÑÓ˚ Ü˛ü≈Ü˛y[˛ ã˛y°% Ó˚yá Ï°ö– §yÓ˚y ÓyÇ°y Ïï˛•z

!Óòƒ§yàÓ˚Ù˛õ !ï˛!¤˛ï˛ flÒ%°=!° å˛!í ¸ ÏÎ˚ !å˛!ê˛ ÏÎ˚ xy Ïå˛ñ Îy xyç ÏÜ˛Ó˚ !ò ÏöÄ !¢«˛y!ÓhflÏy ÏÓ˚ñ !Ó Ï¢£ï˛ flff#Ù!¢«˛y!ÓhflÏy ÏÓ˚ñ

!Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÓòy ÏöÓ˚ §y«˛ƒ Ó•ö Ü˛ ÏÓ˚–

~ Ü˛Ìyê˛yÄ ü Ïö Ó˚yáy òÓ˚Ü˛yÓ˚ ˆÎ ˛õ ã˛!°ï˛ §üyçÓƒÓfliyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï ≈ö ÷ô% öï %ö xy•zö ˛õ îÎ˚ ÏöÓ˚ üyôƒ Ïü xç≈ö

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üy˛õÜ˛y!ë˛ Ïï˛ !•®%§üy Ïç flff#Ù˛õ%Ó˚&£ ˜Ó£üƒ xyçÄ Óï ≈üyö–

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ÓÎ˚§ Óyí ¸yÓ˚ §y ÏÌ §y ÏÌ ô# ÏÓ˚ ô# ÏÓ˚ !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ fl∫y ÏfliƒÓ˚ xÓö!ï˛ • Ïï˛ Ìy ÏÜ˛– Ó‡ Óå˛Ó˚ ô ÏÓ˚ !ö ÏçÓ˚

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Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ §yÑÄï˛y° ˛õÓ˚àîyÓ˚ Ü˛yü≈yê˛yÓ˚ öyˆÏü ~Ü˛ ˆå˛yê˛ ˛õ!Õ‘ˆÏï˛ Óy!í˛¸ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆfl∫Fåy!öÓ≈y§ˆÏöÓ˚ ç#Óö ÷Ó˚& Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö–

Ü˛yÓ˚üyê˛yí ¸ Óï ≈üy Ïö é˛yí ¸á[˛ Ó˚y ÏçƒÓ˚ xhsà≈ï˛– ~áyöÜ˛yÓ˚ §yÑÄï˛y° x!ôÓy§#Ó˚y !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ÏÜ˛ •,òÎ˚ !ò ÏÎ˚ à •î

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öyü Ú{ŸªÓ˚Û Ü˛Ìy!ê˛Ó˚ xÌ≈Ä •Û° û˛àÓyö– !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚¢ ü#ñ §•çÙ§Ó˚° §yÑÄï˛y° ÏòÓ˚ á%Ó û˛y°Óy§ Ïï˛ö

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Wide Angle–25

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ã˛y•z Ï° !ï˛!ö !å˛ Ï°ö ü%_´•hflÏ– ï˛yÑÓ˚ òÎ˚y ~ÓÇ üüc ÏÓy ÏôÓ˚ x ÏöÜ˛ Ü˛y!•!ö xy Ïå˛– û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ !•§y ÏÓ §¡øyö•y!öÜ˛Ó˚

ˆÜ˛yö !Ü˛å %Ó˚ § ÏD !ï˛!ö ˆÜ˛yö!òö xy˛õ§ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ö!ö– !ï˛!ö !å˛ Ï°ö ~Ü˛çö à!Ó≈ï˛ Óyäy!°ñ ï˛ ÏÓ öÓçyàÓ˚ ÏîÓ˚

˛õ!ÌÜ ,Í !•§y ÏÓ ï˛yÑÓ˚ áƒy!ï˛ !å˛° û˛yÓ˚ï˛ Ïçyí ¸y– !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ §¡õ ÏÜ ≈ û˛yÓ˚ Ïï˛Ó˚ ˛õ%öÓ˚&ay ÏöÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ~Ü˛ ü•yöyÎ˚Ü˛

ü•ydy ày¶˛#Ó˚ í z!_´ñ ÚÚ˛õ,!ÌÓ# Ïï˛ !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ üï˛ üyö%£ á%Ó Ü˛ü•z çß√à •î Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ Ïå˛ö– Ó°y •Î˚ ˆÎ {ŸªÓ˚ã˛® Î!ò

•zí z ÏÓ˚y Ï õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yö ˆò Ï¢ çß√y Ïï˛öñ ï˛ ÏÓ !Ó !ê˛¢Ó˚y ˆÎüö ˆö°§ ÏöÓ˚ öy Ïü flø,!ï˛hflÏΩ à Ïí ¸ Ïå˛ñ ˆï˛ü!ö ï˛yÑÓ˚ öy ÏüÄ

àí ¸y •Ûï˛– ï˛ ÏÓ {ŸªÓ˚ã˛® «% ò ÙÓ,•Íñ ôö#Ùò!Ó˚ò !ö!Ó≈ Ï¢ Ï£ Óyäy!° •,ò ÏÎ˚ í zFã §¡øy ÏöÓ˚ xy§ Ïö ˛õ !ï˛!¤˛ï˛–ÛÛ

ï˛yÑÓ˚ §ü§yü!Î˚Ü˛ Óyäy!° §üyç !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ !ï˛ ˆÎ ò%Óƒ≈Ó•yÓ˚ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ Ïå˛ ï˛y ÏÜ˛ •z!Dï˛ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ 1895 §y Ï°Ó˚

~Ü˛ fløÓ˚î§û˛yÎ˚ Ó˚Ó#® öyÌ Ó Ï°!å˛ Ï°öñ !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ü•c ï˛yÑÓ˚ òÎ˚yÎ˚ öÎ˚ñ ï˛yÑÓ˚ !Óòƒy Ïï˛Ä öÎ˚ñ ï˛y !å˛° ˆÎ

!Ó Ï¢£ üyö!ÓÜ˛ ò,!‹Tû˛!D Ïï˛ !ï˛!ö öyÓ˚# ÏòÓ˚ ˆò Ïá!å˛ Ï°ö ˆ§•z ò,!‹Tû˛!D Ïï˛– ... – !öç ˆò Ï¢ !ï˛!ö !å˛ Ï°ö !öï˛yhs

~Ü˛yÜ˛#ñ ~áy Ïö ï˛yÑÓ˚ ˆÎö !ö ÏçÓ˚ üyö%£ Ó° Ïï˛ ˆÜ˛í z !å˛° öy– ~•z §üy Ïç ï˛yÑÓ˚ ç#Óö §% ÏáÓ˚ !å˛° öy– xyÓ˚ ~•z

ò%Ó≈°ñ «% ò ñ •,òÎ˚•#öñ Ü˛ü≈•#öñ òy!Ω˛Ü˛ñ ï˛y!Ü ≈Ü˛ çy!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ !ï˛ !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~Ü˛ §%àû˛#Ó˚ !ôE˛yÓ˚ !å˛° Ü˛yÓ˚î !ï˛!ö

!å˛ Ï°ö §Ó≈ !Ó£ ÏÎ˚•z •z•yÓ˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛–

1891 §y Ï°Ó˚ 29 Ï¢ ç%°y•z !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ñ Îï˛ò)Ó˚ çyöy ÎyÎ˚ñ ÎÜ , Ïï˛Ó˚ Ü˛ƒy™yÓ˚ ˆÓ˚y Ïà û % Ïà ï˛yÑÓ˚ í z_Ó˚ Ü˛°Ü˛yï˛yÓ˚

Óy§û˛Ó Ïö ˆ¢£ !öÉŸªy§ ï˛ƒyà Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ö– ÚÓ#Ó˚!§Ç Ï•Ó˚ !§Ç•!¢÷Ó˚Û !öû ≈#Ü˛ Ó!°¤˛ ã˛!Ó˚e !å˛° x˛õÓ˚y ÏçÎ˚ñ ï˛yÑÓ˚ !¢Ó˚

!å˛° !ã˛Ó˚Ùí zß¨ï˛ Ä §Ü˛° ï %Fåï˛yÓ˚ | Ïô≈– öƒyÎƒ §Çà y ÏüÓ˚ ˛õÌñ ï˛y Îï˛•z Ü˛rê˛Ü˛yÜ˛#î≈ ˆ•yÜ˛ñ !ï˛!ö Ü˛áöÄ ï˛ƒyà

Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ö !ö–

ï˛yÑÓ˚ ã˛!Ó˚ Ïe ˛õy![˛ï˛ƒ Ä üüc ÏÓy ÏôÓ˚ ~•z !ÓÓ˚° §üy ÏÓ¢ ï˛yÑÓ˚ Ó¶ % Ü˛!Ó üy•z ÏÜ˛° üô%§)òö ò_ üü≈flõ¢≈# û˛y£yÎ˚

˛õ Ü˛y¢ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚!å˛ Ï°öñ Ú!ÓòƒyÓ˚ §yàÓ˚ ï %!ü !Óáƒyï˛ û˛yÓ˚ Ïï˛† Ü˛Ó˚&îyÓ˚ !§¶ % ï %!ü ˆ§•z çy Ïö ü Ïö† ò#ö ˆÎñ ò# ÏöÓ˚

Ó¶ %–Û üô%§)òö !ö ÏçÄ !å˛ Ï°ö !Ó!û˛ß¨û˛y ÏÓ !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ü , õyôöƒñ ï˛y•z ï˛yÑÓ˚ ~•z ˛õ ¢!hflÏ !Ó Ï¢£û˛y ÏÓ xÌ≈Óy•#–

à“ xy Ïå˛ ˆÎ !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~Ü˛çö ~Ü˛!ö¤˛ û˛_´ ¢ # !ÓçÎ˚Ü ,£è ˆàyfl∫yü# §òƒÙ˛õ Î˚yï˛ !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ Úò¢≈öÛ

°yû˛ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ö– ¢ # ˆàyfl∫yü# !å˛ Ï°ö ~Ü˛çö §yô% õ%Ó˚&£ ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z §üÎ˚ !ï˛!ö ì˛yÜ˛y Ïï˛ !å˛ Ï°ö– •ë˛yÍ ~Ü˛!òö §¶˛ƒyÎ˚

˛õ!Ÿã˛ü xyÜ˛y Ï¢Ó˚ !ò ÏÜ˛ ï˛y!Ü˛ ÏÎ˚ ï˛yÑ ÏÜ˛ Ó° Ïï˛ ˆ¢yöy !à ÏÎ˚!å˛°ñ ÚÚxy•yñ !Ü˛ ü ÏöyÓ˚ü ò,¢ƒÊ ˆòÓò) Ïï˛Ó˚y !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ÏÜ˛

!â ÏÓ˚ Ó˚ ÏÎ˚ Ïå˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÑÓ˚ Ó˚Ì!ê˛ öyöyÓ˚ ÏäÓ˚ í zIμ° xy Ï°y ÏÜ˛ xy Ï°y!Ü˛ï˛– !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ xyÓ˚ xyüy ÏòÓ˚ ü Ïôƒ ˆö•z–

!ï˛!ö ˛õÓ˚ ÏüŸª ÏÓ˚Ó˚ í z Ïj Ï¢ƒ Îyey Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ Ïå˛ö–ÛÛ ˛õÓ˚!òö ì˛yÜ˛yÎ˚ áÓÓ˚ ~° ˆÎ xy ÏàÓ˚ !òö !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ Ü˛°Ü˛yï˛yÎ˚

ˆò•Ó˚«˛y Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ Ïå˛ö– ï˛yÑÓ˚ ˛õ Î˚yî!òÓ§ 29 Ï¢ ç%°y•z 1891–

à“!ê˛ !öÉ§ Ï® Ï• ~•z !•®% !ÓŸªy Ï§Ó˚ í z õÓ˚ ˛õ !ï˛!¤˛ï˛ ˆÎ ~Ü˛çö ˛õ ÏÓ˚y˛õÜ˛yÓ˚# û˛y°üyö%£ ï˛yÑÓ˚ §%Ü˛ Ïü≈Ó˚ çöƒ

§%®Ó˚ ˛õyÓ˚ Ï°Ô!Ü˛Ü˛ ç#Óö ˆû˛yà Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ö– ~!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ˆÜ˛yöÄ xö%Ó˚yà#Ó˚ ã˛ Ï«˛ !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ §%í zFã û˛yÓü)!ï≈ Ó˚

˛õ !ï˛ú˛°ö–

Wide Angle–26

Óí zÓyçyÓ˚ñ ˆày ÏÎ˚B˛y Ü˛ Ï°ç Ä !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ §ÇÓyò

xôƒy˛õÜ˛ ˆàyÓ˚yãÑ yò ü[˛°ñ ÓyÇ°y !Óû˛yà

{ŸªÓ˚ã˛w Ó Ï®ƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ ï˛òyö#hsˇö ‡à!° ˆç°yÓ˚ xyÓ˚yüÓyà ü•Ü% üyÓ˚ Ó#Ó˚!§Ç• @ˇÃy Ïü 12 xy!Ÿªö 1227 §ö

26 ˆ§ Ï≤Wz¡∫Ó˚ 1820 §y Ï° çß√@ˇÃ•î Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ö– 1850 §y Ï° ~•z @ˇÃyü §Ç°@¿ xMÈ˛°!ê˛ ˆü!òö#˛õ%Ó˚ ˆç°yÓ˚ öÓà!ë˛ï˛

âyê˛y° ü•Ü% üyÓ˚ § ÏD ç% Ïí ¸ ˆòÄÎ˚y •Î˚– 2002 §y Ï°Ó˚ 1 çyö%Î˚y!Ó˚ ~•z ˆç°yÓ˚ !Óû˛yç ÏöÓ˚ ú˛ Ï° Ó#Ó˚!§Ç•

Óï≈ üyö ˛õ!ÿ˛ü ˆü!òö#˛õ%Ó˚ ˆç°yÓ˚ xhsˇà≈ï˛–

{ŸªÓ˚ã˛ ÏwÓ˚ !˛õï˛y ë˛yÜ% Ó˚òy§ Ó Ï®ƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy ÏÓ˚Ó˚ òy!Ó˚ ÏoÓ˚ !öòyÓ˚&î ˆÜœ ¢ !öÓyÓ˚ ÏîÓ˚ çöƒ ˛õ Ïö ÏÓ˚yÈÙÈˆ£Ïy Ï°y

ÓÍ§Ó˚ ÓÎ˚ Ï§ Ü˛°Ü˛yï˛yÎ˚ xyàüö Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ö– ~áyöÜ˛yÓ˚ fliyö#Î˚ ÓƒyÓ§yòyÓ˚ ÏòÓ˚ Ü˛y ÏåÈ ≤ÃÌ Ïü üy!§Ü˛ 2 ê˛yÜ˛yñ ï˛yÓ˚ õÓ˚

ôy Ï õ ôy Ï õ 10 ê˛yÜ˛y ˛õÎ≈hsˇ ˆÓï˛ Ïö Ü˛yç Ü˛ ÏÓ˚!åÈ Ï°ö– !ï˛!ö ÌyÜ˛ Ïï˛ö Ó Ïí ¸yÓyçy ÏÓ˚Ó˚ 13 öÇ ò ÏÎ˚•yê˛y !fiê Δê˛ñ

Óï≈ üyö !òà¡∫Ó˚ ˜çö ˆê˛¡õ° ˆÓ˚y Ïí˛ Ü˛yÎ˚fli ç!üòyÓ˚ û˛yàÓï˛ã˛Ó˚î !§Ç Ï•Ó˚ Óy!í ¸ Ïï˛–

§yï˛ÈÙÈxyê˛ ÓÍ§Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ë˛yÜ% Ó˚òy§ ≤ÃÌü ˆò Ï¢ ˆú˛ ÏÓ˚ö– ˛õ%öÓ≈yÓ˚ Ü˛°Ü˛yï˛y xy§yÓ˚ §üÎ˚ !ï˛!ö ˆçƒ¤˛˛õ%e {ŸªÓ˚ã˛w ÏÜ˛

§ ÏD !ö ÏÎ˚ ~•z Óy!í ¸ Ïï˛ ~ Ï§ Ä Ïë˛ö– {ŸªÓ˚ã˛ ÏwÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§ ï˛áö xyê˛ ÓÍ§Ó˚ ò%üy§– åÈyeyÓfliyÓ˚ ˆ¢ Ï£ÏÓ˚ ~Ü˛!ê˛ ÓÍ§Ó˚

Óy Ïò Óy!Ü˛ §üÎ˚ ~áy Ïö•z Ü˛y!ê˛ ÏÎ˚!åÈ Ï°ö–

˛õ ÏÓ˚ ë˛yÜ% Ó˚òy§ ˆ§•z Óy!í ¸ ˆåÈ Ïí ¸ !ò ÏÎ˚ 1841 §y Ï°Ó˚ ü% Ïá Óí zÓyçy ÏÓ˚ 15öÇ !•òyÓ˚yü Óƒyöy!ç≈ ˆ° ÏöÓ˚

xyö®ã˛w ˆ§ ÏöÓ˚ Óy!í ¸ Ïï˛ Ó§Óy§ ÷Ó˚& Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ö– •z Ïï˛yü Ïôƒ xyÓ˚Ä ò%ÈÙÈ~Ü˛ §hsˇy ÏöÓ˚ Ü˛°Ü˛yï˛yÎ˚ xyàüö â Ïê˛ ÏåÈ–

ï˛y ÏòÓ˚ §Ü˛° ÏÜ˛ !ö ÏÎ˚ !˛õï˛y ~áy Ïö Ü˛ü ÏÓ!¢ ò%ÓÍ§Ó˚ Ü˛yê˛yö–

~•z Óy!í ¸ ˆåÈ Ïí ¸ !•òyÓ˚yü Óƒyöy!ç≈ xÌ≈yÍ ÎÑyÓ˚ öy Ïü ~•z Ó˚yhflÏyÓ˚ öyüÜ˛Ó˚î ˆ§•z •*òÎ˚Ó˚yü Ó Ï®ƒy˛õyôƒy ÏÎ˚Ó˚ 54

ö¡∫ ÏÓ˚Ó˚ !öçfl∫ Óy!í ¸ Ïï˛ ò% Ïê˛y âÓ˚ û˛yí ¸y ˆöö– !Ü˛å%È!òö ˛õ ÏÓ˚ !öã˛ï˛°yÓ˚ ˆàyê˛y ˜Óë˛Ü˛áyöy!ê˛ üy!§Ü˛ 8 ê˛yÜ˛yÎ˚ û˛yí ¸y

!ö ÏÎ˚ ˆöö–

!˛õï˛y ë˛yÜ% Ó˚òy§ !åÈ Ï°ö §Çfl,Òï˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˛õ Ï«˛– !ö Ïç ˛õ![˛ï˛ü¢y•z • ÏÎ˚ ˆê˛y°ÈÙÈã˛ï% ‹õyë˛# á% Ï° Ó§ÓyÓ˚ fl∫≤¿

ˆòá Ïï˛öñ !Ü˛v §yÇ§y!Ó˚Ü˛ x§FåÈ°ï˛yÓ˚ òÓ˚&î ˆÎ fl∫≤¿ ˆÌ ÏÜ˛ ˆà!åÈ Ï°y xôÓ˚yñ ï˛yÈÙÈ•z ˆÎö !ï˛!ö õ% ÏeÓ˚ üyôƒ Ïü ˛õ)Ó˚î

Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ ã˛y•z Ï°ö– ï˛y•z öÈÙÈÓÍ§ ÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ÏÜ˛ !ï˛!ö ˛õê˛°í˛yäyÓ˚ §Çfl,Òï˛ Ü˛ Ï° Ïç û˛!ï≈ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ˆòö 1829

§y Ï°Ó˚ 1 ç%ö–

{ŸªÓ˚ã˛w ÏÜ˛ §Ü˛y Ï° àDyÎ˚ flÿö ˆ§ ÏÓ˚ ˆú˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛õ ÏÌ ÓyçyÓ˚ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ xyö Ïï˛ •Î˚– Óy§yÎ˚ !ú˛ ÏÓ˚ ü¢°y Óyê˛yñ

üyåÈÈÙÈï˛!Ó˚ï˛Ó˚Ü˛y!Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yê˛yñ ~Ó˚ õÓ˚ í zö%ö ô!Ó˚ ÏÎ˚ Ó˚yßÿñ §ÓyÓ˚ áyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆ¢ Ï£Ï Óy§ö üyçy Ä Ó˚yßÿâÓ˚ ô% ÏÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚

Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ Ü˛ Ï°ç ÎyÄÎ˚y– Ó˚yßÿÓ˚ §üÎ˚ñ Ü˛ Ï°ç ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÌ ã˛° Ïï˛ ã˛° Ïï˛ ~ÓÇ Ü˛ Ï°ç ˆÌ ÏÜ˛ !ú˛ ÏÓ˚ Óy§yÓ˚ Ü˛yç ˆ§ ÏÓ˚

x ÏöÜ˛ Ó˚yï˛ ˛õÎ≈hsˇ ˆç Ïà Ü˛ Ï° ÏçÓ˚ ˛õí ¸yÓ˚ ã˛y˛õ §yüy° !ò Ïï˛ •Î˚– ï˛áöÜ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚yhflÏyÓ˚ àƒy Ï§Ó˚ xy Ï°yÎ˚ ã˛° Ïï˛y ïÑ yÓ˚

˛õí ¸y÷ Ïöy– !•òyÓ˚yü Óƒyöy!ç≈ ˆ° ÏöÓ˚ ˛õMÈ˛yööï˛°y ˆüy Ïí ¸ ÓÑyÜ˛ !ö ÏÎ˚ !¢Óü!®Ó˚ ˆ˛õ!Ó˚ ÏÎ˚ ò%Ü˛òü •Ñyê˛ Ï°•z ~áöÄ

~üö•z ~Ü˛!ê˛ Óy!ï˛hflÏˆÏΩ˛Ó˚ §¶˛yö ˆüˆÏ°– •Ñƒyñ §¶˛yö– Ü˛yÓ˚î Óy!ï˛Ó˚ á%Ñ!ê˛!ê˛ ˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ°hflÏyÓ˚yÎ˚ ì˛yÜ˛y

˛õ Ïí ¸ ÏåÈ– á%Ñ!ê˛Ó˚ üyÌyÓ˚ í z õ ÏÓ˚ Óy!ï˛ ˆé˛y°y ÏöyÓ˚ çyú˛!Ó˚ Ü˛yê˛y öyÜ˛ê˛y ~áöÄ ˛õ!ÿ˛ü!ò ÏÜ˛ ü%á Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ òÑy!í ¸ ÏÎ˚ xy ÏåÈ–

ï˛yÓ˚ xhsˇç≈!°ÎyeyÓ˚ á%Ó !Ó°¡∫ xy ÏåÈ Ó Ï° ü Ïö •Î˚ öy–

Óy ÏÓ˚y ÓÍ§Ó˚ ˛õÑyã˛ üy§ ˛õ ÏÓ˚ 4.12.1841 ÏÎ˚ {ŸªÓ˚ã˛w §Çfl,Òï˛ Ü˛ Ï° ÏçÓ˚ xôƒÎ˚ö ˆ¢£Ï Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ö– ~•z §ü ÏÎ˚•z

!ï˛!ö !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ í z õy!ô °yû˛ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ö– ~áö ˆÌ ÏÜ˛ xyüÓ˚y ïÑ y ÏÜ˛ !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ Ó Ï° í z ÏÕ‘á Ü˛Ó˚Ó–

!•òyÓ˚yü Óƒyöy!ç≈Ó˚ à!° ˆÌ ÏÜ˛ Óí zÓyçy ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õÌ ˆÓ ÏÎ˚ ˛õë˛ö˛õyë˛ ÏöÓ˚ Ü˛y° ˆÌ ÏÜ˛ §yÓ˚y ç#Ó ÏöÓ˚ çöƒ !ï˛!ö

~•z çö˛õ ÏòÓ˚ § ÏD !ü Ï°!ü Ï¢ ~Ü˛yÜ˛yÓ˚ • ÏÎ˚ ˆà ÏåÈö–

Wide Angle–27

ˆ°áy˛õí ¸yÓ˚ ˆ¢ Ï£Ï ~ÓyÓ˚ Ü˛ü≈ç#Ó Ïö ≤Ã ÏÓ¢ Ä ≤Ãfliy ÏöÓ˚ Ü˛Ìy– 29.12.1841 ÏÎ˚ üy!§Ü˛ 50 ê˛yÜ˛y ˆÓï˛ Ïö

ˆú˛yê≈ í z•z!°Î˚yü Ü˛ Ï° ÏçÓ˚ ÓyÇ°y !Óû˛y Ïà ˆ§ ÏÓ˚hflÏyòyÓ˚ Óy ≤Ãôyö ˛õ![˛ Ïï˛Ó˚ ˛õ Ïò ˆÎyà ˆòö– Ü˛yç Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ö 3.4.1846

˛õÎ≈hsˇ– ˆú˛yê≈ í z•z!°Î˚yü Ü˛ Ï°ç ˆÎ Óï≈ üyö Ó˚y•zê˛y§≈!Ó!”˛Ç§ ï˛yÓ˚ í z ÏÕ‘á Óy‡°ƒüye– fl∫ õyÜ˛ ˆû˛yçö ˆ§ ÏÓ˚ñ ~Ü˛ê%

‡Ñ ÏÜ˛y ˆê˛ Ïöñ !Ó¢y° ~Ü˛ åÈyï˛y üyÌyÎ˚ !ò ÏÎ˚ñ ï˛y°ï˛°yÓ˚ ÷Ñí ¸ ˆï˛y°y ã˛!ê˛Ó˚ xq$ï˛ xyÄÎ˚y Ïç ˛õyí ¸y ÜÑ y!˛õ ÏÎ˚ñ ˛õÓ˚ Ïö

Ìyö ô%!ï˛ Ä ày ÏÎ˚ ˆüyê˛y ã˛yòÓ˚ ç!í ¸ ÏÎ˚ Ü˛ü≈fli Ï° ïÑ yÓ˚ àï˛yÎ˚yï˛ !åÈ Ï°y Óí zÓyçy ÏÓ˚Ó˚ !§ Ïô Ó˚yhflÏy ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚–

ˆú˛yê≈ í z•z!°Î˚yü Ü˛ Ï° ÏçÓ˚ Ü˛yç ˆåÈ Ïí ¸ !ò ÏÎ˚ !ï˛!ö 16.8.1946È ÏÎ˚ §Çfl,Òï˛ Ü˛ Ï° ÏçÓ˚ §•Ü˛yÓ˚# §¡õyò ÏÜ˛Ó˚

˛õ Ïò !öÎ%_´ •ö– 16.7.1847 ÏÎ˚ Ä•z Ü˛y Ïç !ï˛!ö •zhflÏú˛y ˆòö– ï˛áö xÓ!ô Óí zÓyçy ÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ä•z Óy!í ¸ ˆåÈ Ïí ¸ ˆòö!ö–

ˆ§áy Ïö û˛y•z ÏÎ˚Ó˚yñ xyd#Î˚ÈÙÈ˛õ!Ó˚çö Ä Ü˛°Ü˛yï˛yÎ˚ xyàï˛ @ˇÃy ÏüÓ˚ ˆ°yÜ˛çö ÌyÜ˛ Ïï˛ö–

~Ó˚ ü Ïôƒ Ü% !í ¸ çö åÈy ÏeÓ˚ ÌyÜ˛yñ áyÄÎ˚yñ ˛õí ¸y Ä ˛õí ¸y ÏöyÓ˚ òy!Î˚c ˆöÄÎ˚yÎ˚ ˛õ%Ó˚ Ïöy û˛yí ¸yÓy!í ¸ Ïï˛ xyÓ˚

çyÎ˚àyÓ˚ §ÇÜ% °yö •!FåÈ Ï°y öy Ó Ï° !ï˛!ö !•òyÓ˚yü Óƒyöy!ç≈ ˆ° ÏöÓ˚ Ä•z Óy!í ¸Ó˚ § ÏD 63 öÇ xyü•yfiê≈ !fiê Δ Ïê˛Ó˚

ˆàyê˛y Óy!í ¸!ê˛Ä û˛yí ¸y !ö ÏÎ˚ ˆöö–

Ü˛ü≈•#ö ç#Óö !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ôy Ïï˛ §•zÓyÓ˚ Ü˛Ìy öÎ˚– ú˛ Ï° !ö ÏçÓ˚ñ üòö Ïüy•ö ï˛Ü≈ y°ÇÜ˛y ÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ä ˆú˛yê≈

í z•z!°Î˚yü Ü˛ Ï° ÏçÓ˚ ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yçö#Î˚ ˛õyë˛ƒ Ó•z ü%oî Ä !Ó˛õî ÏöÓ˚ çöƒ öï% ö û˛yí ¸yÓy!í ¸ Ïï˛ üòö Ïüy• ÏöÓ˚ í z Ïòƒy Ïà

§Çfl,Òï˛ ˆ≤Ã§ öy Ïü ~Ü˛!ê˛ åÈy˛õyáyöy Ä Ó•z !Ó!e´Ó˚ çöƒ ˆ≤Ã§ !í˛ Ï õy!çê˛y!Ó˚ Ó Ï° ~Ü˛!ê˛ ˆòyÜ˛yö á% Ï° ˆú˛ Ï°ö–

~•z ÓƒyÓ§yÎ˚ í zû˛ ÏÎ˚•z §üyö xÇ¢#òyÓ˚ !åÈ Ï°ö–

xÓ¢ƒ ~Ó˚ ≤Ã›!ï˛ !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ü ÏöÓ˚ ü Ïôƒ !åÈ Ï°y– Ü˛yÓ˚îñ ~ï˛Ü˛y° •y Ïï˛ Ï°áy ˛õy[% !°!˛õ !åÈ Ï°y ˛õí ¸y÷ ÏöyÓ˚

~Ü˛üye üyôƒü– !ï˛!ö Ó% Ïé˛!åÈ Ï°ö !¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã§yÓ˚ âê˛y Ïï˛ ã˛y•z x ÏöÜ˛ Ó•zñ Îy •y Ïï˛ !° Ïá §Ω˛Ó öÎ˚– ï˛y•z åÈy˛õyáyöy

!åÈ Ï°y !Óòƒy§à ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ç#Ó Ïö ü%!_´Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛#Ü˛– 1850 §y Ï° ~Ó˚ üy!°Ü˛yöyÓ˚ Óò° âê˛ Ï°Ä 1885 §y Ï°Ó˚ !í˛ Ï§¡∫Ó˚

üy§ ˛õÎ≈hsˇ Ä•z åÈy˛õyáyöy Ä Ó•z ÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆòyÜ˛y ÏöÓ˚ x!hflÏc !ê˛ ÏÜ˛ !åÈ Ï°y !Óòƒy§y ÏàÓ˚Ó˚ Óòyöƒï˛yÎ˚– 1886 §y Ï°Ó˚

çyö%Î˚y!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ~Ü˛Ü˛û˛yˆÏÓ §%!Ü˛Î˚y !fiê˛ΔˆÏê˛ !ò Ü˛ƒy°Ü˛yê˛y °y•zˆÏÓ !Ó˚ öyü !òˆÏÎ˚ ~Ü˛!ê˛ Ó•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆòyÜ˛yö

ˆáyˆÏ°ö–

!• Ï§Ó ˆüyï˛y ÏÓÜ˛ ˆÜ˛yöÄ §ÇÓyò˛õ ÏeÓ˚ üy!°Ü˛ Óy §¡õyòÜ˛ Ü˛áöÄ•z !åÈ Ï°ö öy !ï˛!ö– !Ü˛v ÓyhflÏ ÏÓ öyöy

§ü ÏÎ˚ !ï˛!ö ~•z í zû˛Î˚ û) !üÜ˛y•z ˛õy°ö Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ÏåÈö– ˆÎ ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ §ÇÓyò˛õ ÏeÓ˚ § ÏD !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ öyü ç!í ¸ï˛ !åÈ Ï°y

ˆ§=!°Ó˚ ü Ïôƒ §!Ó Ï¢£Ï í z ÏÕ‘áƒ Úˆ§yü≤ÃÜ˛y¢Û xÌ≈yÍ ˆ§yüÓy ÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ÇÓyò– 1858 §y Ï°Ó˚ 15 ö Ïû˛¡∫Ó˚ ˆ§yüÓyÓ˚

Óí zÓyçyÓ˚ §!ß¨!•ï˛ ãÑ y˛õyï˛°yÓ˚ 1 öÇ !§ Ïk˛ŸªÓ˚ ã˛w ˆ° ÏöÓ˚ Óy!í ¸ ˆÌ ÏÜ˛ myÓ˚Ü˛yöyÌ !Óòƒyû) £Ï ÏîÓ˚ §¡õyòöyÎ˚

Úˆ§yü≤ÃÜ˛y Ï¢Ó˚Û §)ã˛öy– ◊k˛yö® ˛õy ÏÜ≈ Ó˚ ˛õ!ÿ˛ ÏüÓ˚ ê Δyü°y•zö ˆÜ˛!wÜ˛ xMÈ˛°!ê˛ • Ï°y ãÑ y˛õyï˛°y– Óy§Ü˛ü≈# ÏòÓ˚ ü% Ïá

~áöÄ ãÑ y˛õyï˛°y fiê˛ Ï õÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛°ö xy ÏåÈ– çà ÏIƒy!ï˛ @ˇÃsiyày ÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yü Ïö ≤Ã!ï˛ÓÍ§Ó˚ xy ÏÎ˚y!çï˛ •Î˚ ãÑ y˛õyï˛°y

Óy ÏÓ˚yÎ˚y!Ó˚ ò% Ïà≈yÍ§Ó– §yÆy!•Ü˛ Úˆ§yü≤ÃÜ˛y Ï¢Ó˚Û §¡õyòöy Ä ≤ÃÜ˛y¢öyÎ˚ !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚•z !åÈ Ï°ö myÓ˚Ü˛yöy ÏÌÓ˚ ≤Ãôyö

xö%ˆÏ≤ÃÓ˚îy– x!ôÜ˛yÇ¢ ≤ÃÓ¶˛•z !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ !°áˆÏï˛ö– Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚y!ò •y!çÓ˚ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Úˆ§yü≤ÃÜ˛y¢Û Óyäy!°

§yÇÓy!òÜ˛ï˛yÎ˚ ~Ü˛!ê˛ öï% ö !òà ÏhsˇÓ˚ áyï˛ ˆÜ˛ Ïê˛ !ò ÏÎ˚!åÈ Ï°y– ˛õ!eÜ˛y!ê˛ ˆ§Ü˛y Ï° ÓyÇ°yû˛y£ÏyÎ˚ ˆ◊¤˛ §yü!Î˚Ü˛ ˛õ!eÜ˛y

!åÈ Ï°y– 1873 §y Ï° ï˛òyö#hsˇö Ó Ïí ¸y°yê˛ ÓD#Î˚ ü%oyÎsfÈ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ü˛ xy•zö !Ó!ôÓk˛ Ü˛Ó˚ Ï° !ï˛!ö ü%ã˛ Ï°Ü˛y !ò Ïï˛

xfl∫#Ü˛yÓ˚ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ˛õ!eÜ˛y!ê˛ Ó¶˛ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ˆòö– ˛õ ÏÓ˚ Ä•z xy•zö Ó˚ò • Ï° 9.4.1880 ˆï˛ ˛õ!eÜ˛y ˛õ%É≤ÃÜ˛y Ï¢Ó˚ Ó Ï®yÓhflÏ

Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚– ˆ§•zçöƒ Ó° Ïï˛ •Î˚ñ üy Ïé˛ü Ïôƒ Ó˚y!eÎy˛õö Óƒï˛#ï˛ • ÏÓ˚Ü˛ Ü˛y Ïç !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óí zÓyçy ÏÓ˚ Îyï˛yÎ˚yï˛

!åÈ Ï°y x!ÓÓ˚yü–

~ !Ó£Ï ÏÎ˚ xyÓ˚Ä §y«˛ƒ ˆòÄÎ˚y ˆÎ Ïï˛ ˛õy ÏÓ˚–

!¢«˛y ÏÜ˛ !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ !ö ÏÎ˚ ˆÎ Ïï˛ ã˛y•z ÏåÈö ~ ÏÜ˛Óy ÏÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚î üyö% Ï£ÏÓ˚ Ü˛y ÏåÈ– ˆ§áy Ïö §Çfl,Òï˛ ˆê˛y°ÈÙÈã˛ï% ‹õyë˛#Ó˚

ôü≈#Î˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ Óò Ï° öï% ö Î% ÏàÓ˚ öï% ö !¢«˛y ˆ˛õÑÔ ÏåÈ ˆòÄÎ˚y ïÑ yÓ˚ §%!ö!ò≈‹T °«˛ƒ– !Ü˛v fl∫ Ïò Ï¢Ó˚ Ó y·˛îñ ˛õ![˛ï˛

Wide Angle–28

Ä §üyç˛õ!ï˛ ÏòÓ˚ öyöyö §ÇflÒyÓ˚ Ä !¢«˛y!Ó!ô !ö ÏÎ˚ ïÑ yÓ˚ § ÏD ≤Ã!ï˛!öÎ˚ï˛ ï% ü%° !Ó ÏÓ˚yô ˆ° Ïà xy ÏåÈ– fl∫!hflÏ ˆö•z

§y Ï•Ó ÏòÓ˚ Ü˛yåÈ ˆÌ ÏÜ˛Ä– §Çfl,Òï˛ Ü˛ Ï° Ïç !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ü˛“öyÎ˚ ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ •hflÏ Ï«˛˛õ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ÏåÈ §yàÓ˚ õy ÏÓ˚Ó˚

!Ó Ïò!¢ §Ó˚Ü˛y ÏÓ˚Ó˚ !¢«˛yòÆÓ˚– ˆÜ˛yöÄ !Ü˛å%È•z Ü˛yÎ≈Ü˛Ó˚# Ü˛Ó˚y Î ÏãåÈ öy– ˆ¢£Ï õÎ≈hsˇ 3 ö Ïû˛¡∫Ó˚ 1858 Ïï˛ §Çfl,Òï˛

Ü˛ Ï° ÏçÓ˚ xôƒ«˛˛õ ÏòÓ˚ òy!Î˚cû˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ƒyà Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ !ö ÏçÓ˚ ç#Ó ÏöÓ˚ çöƒ Ó˚ã˛öy Ü˛Ó˚ Ï°ö ~Ü˛ fl∫yô#ö Ä ü%_´ xyÓ•–

÷Ó˚& • Ï°y !ö ÏçÓ˚ ü Ïï˛y Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ˆü Ïê Δy˛õ!°ö •z™!ê˛!ê˛í zê˛ öy Ïü ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ !¢«˛y ÏÜ˛w fliy˛õ ÏöÓ˚ í z ÏòƒyàÈÙÙÙÈ§Ó= Ï°y•z

Ü˛°Ü˛yï˛yÓ˚ Ó% ÏÜ˛– ~Ü˛§üÎ˚ !ï˛!ö ˆáÎ˚y° Ü˛Ó˚ Ï°öñ Óí zÓyçyÓ˚ •y•zfl%Ò° åÈyí ¸y xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ fl%Ò° ˆö•z ˆ§áy Ïö– § ÏD

§ ÏD !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ~áy Ïö fl%Ò° ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yÓ˚ !§k˛yhsˇ ˆöö– xMÈ˛°!ê˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÎÔÓ ÏöÓ˚ í z õÓö– ˆÜ˛yöÄ çyÎ˚ày !ü° ÏåÈ öy–

ú˛ Ï° Úˆ§yü≤ÃÜ˛y Ï¢Ó˚Û Ü˛yÎ≈y° ÏÎ˚Ó˚ à!° xÌ≈yÍ !§ Ïk˛ŸªÓ˚ ã˛w ˆ° ÏöÓ˚ 15 ö¡∫ ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆòyï˛°y Óy!í ¸!ê˛ û˛yí ¸y !ö ÏÎ˚

!Óòƒy°Î˚ á% Ï° ˆú˛° Ï°ö 1884 §y Ï°–

ˆü Ïê Δy˛õ!°ê˛ö •z™!ê˛!ê˛í zê˛ Óí zÓyçyÓ˚ ¢yáyÓ˚ Ó Ïí ¸y ˆàÔÓ˚ÓÈÙÙÙÈ!Óòƒy° ÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃÌü ≤Ãôyö !¢«˛Ü˛ ö ÏÓ˚wöyÌ ò_

ÄÓ˚ Ïú˛ !ÓŸª!Ó◊&ï˛ fl∫yü# !Ó ÏÓÜ˛yö®– Î!òÄ !•®% ˛õyÓ˚üy!Ì≈Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ Ä ≤Ã§y ÏÓ˚ Î ÏÌFåÈ ü Ïöy ÏÎy ÏàÓ˚ áÓÓ˚ ˆ˛õ ÏÎ˚

üy§ !ï˛öÈÙÈã˛y ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ü Ïôƒ !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ïÑ y ÏÜ˛ fl%Ò Ï° xy§ Ïï˛ üyöy Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ˆòö–

~Ó˚ ˛õ) ÏÓ≈ ˆü Ïê Δy˛õ!°ê˛ ÏöÓ˚ ¢ƒyü˛õ%Ü% Ó˚ ¢yáyÓ˚ ≤Ãôyö !¢«˛Ü˛ ü Ï•wöyÌ = ÏÆÓ˚ Ó˚yüÜ, £èyö%Ó˚y ÏàÓ˚ xy!ï˛¢Îƒ °«˛ƒ

Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ïÑ y ÏÜ˛Ä ÓÓ˚áyhflÏ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ˆòö– ü Ï•wöyÌ =Æ !åÈ Ï°ö ˛õÓ˚Óï≈ #Ü˛y Ï°Ó˚ Ú◊#◊#Ó˚yüÜ, £èÜ˛Ìyü,ï˛ÛÜ˛yÓ˚

◊#ü–

!Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ü,ï% ƒÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ !Óòƒy°Î˚!ê˛ 187 Óí zÓyçyÓ˚ !fiê Δ Ïê˛Ó˚ û˛yí ¸yÓy!í ¸ Ïï˛ í z Ïë˛È xy Ï§– ~Ó˚ õÓ˚ !Ó¢ ¢ï˛ ÏÜ˛Ó˚

≤ÃÌü ò¢ ÏÜ˛ Ä ÏÎ˚!°Çê˛ö ˆflÒyÎ˚y ÏÓ˚Ó˚ xhsˇï˛ !ï˛ö!ê˛ û˛yí ¸yÓy!í ¸ â% ÏÓ˚ 1943ÈÙÈ44 §y° öyàyò 39~ !e´Ü˛ ˆÓ˚y Ïí˛ fliyÎ˚#

xyhflÏyöy ˛õyÎ˚– ~•z !Óòƒy°Î˚ û˛Ó Ïö ~áö Óy!°Ü˛y !Óû˛yàÄ xy ÏåÈ–

~ÓyÓ˚ xyüÓ˚y !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Çfl,Òï˛ Ü˛ Ï°ç ˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ƒy ÏàÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈ xôƒyÎ˚!ê˛ ~Ü˛ê% !Ó ÏÓã˛öy Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ˆò Ïá ˆöÓ– 1857

§y° ˆ§ Ï≤Wz¡∫Ó˚ üy§– !§˛õy!• !Ó Ïoy Ï•Ó˚ Ü˛y Ï° Ü˛°Ü˛yï˛yÎ˚ xfliyÎ˚# ˆ§öy!öÓy§ !• Ï§ ÏÓ §Çfl,Òï˛ Ü˛ Ï°ç û˛Óö ˆåÈ Ïí ¸

ˆòÄÎ˚yÓ˚ !ö Ïò≈¢ xy Ï§ xôƒ Ï«˛Ó˚ Ü˛y ÏåÈ– ü Ïö Ó˚yá Ïï˛ • ÏÓñ §Çfl,Òï˛ Ü˛ Ï°ç ˆ§•z §üÎ˚ ˆ≤Ã!§ Ïí˛!™ Ü˛ Ï° ÏçÓ˚

ˆòy§Ó˚ • ÏÎ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ §Ó˚Ü˛y!Ó˚ !öÎ˚sfîyô# Ïö !åÈ Ï°y– ú˛°ï˛ !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ !§˛õy•z ÏòÓ˚ Ó§Óy Ï§Ó˚ çöƒ Ü˛ Ï°ç û˛Óö

ˆåÈ Ïí ¸ !ò Ïï˛ Óyôƒ •ö– ˆÜ˛Ó° ~•z âê˛öy öÎ˚ñ 1857 §y Ï° xyÓ˚Ä xhsˇï˛ ò%ÓyÓ˚ Ü˛ Ï°ç û˛Óö!ê˛ åÈyí ¸ Ïï˛ • ÏÎ˚!åÈ Ï°y

ÓÜ˛!Ó˚ò ~ÓÇ ü•Ó˚ü í z õ° Ï«˛ƒ ˛õ%!°¢ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yç Ïö–

!Ü˛v ~Ó˚ çöƒ åÈye ÏòÓ˚ ˛õë˛ö˛õyë˛ö ˆï˛y Ó¶˛ ÌyÜ˛ Ïï˛ ˛õy ÏÓ˚ öy– !ÓÜ˛“ ÓƒÓfliy !• Ï§ ÏÓ !ï˛!ö Ü˛ï,≈ ˛õ Ï«˛Ó˚ Ü˛yåÈ

ˆÌ ÏÜ˛ ê˛yÜ˛yÓ˚ xy ÏÎ˚yçö Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ Î ÏÌy!ã˛ï˛ û˛yí ¸yÓy!í ¸Ó˚ §¶˛y Ïö ˛õ ÏÌ öyü Ï°ö– xöƒ ˆÜ˛yÌyÄ ÎyÓyÓ˚ Ü˛Ìy ïÑ yÓ˚

û˛yÓöy Ïï˛Ä ~ Ï°y öy– xÜ) Ï°Ó˚ Ü) °ñ xà!ï˛Ó˚ à!ï˛ ïÑ yÓ˚ Óí zÓyçyÓ˚– ~áy Ïö ˆÎ ïÑ yÓ˚ !ÓhflÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛!ï˛ x§#ü

≤Ã!ï˛˛õ!_– §yü!Î˚Ü˛û˛y ÏÓ û˛yí ¸y ˆöÄÎ˚y •° 92 öÇ ~ÓÇ 110 öÇ Óy!í ¸– û˛yí ¸y ÎÌye´ Ïü üy!§Ü˛ 30 ê˛yÜ˛y Ä 75

ê˛yÜ˛y– ~•z ò%!ê˛ Óy!í ¸ Ïï˛ Ü˛ Ï° ÏçÓ˚ xyê˛!ê˛ Üœ y§ • Ïï˛y– §Çfl,Òï˛ Ü˛ Ï° Ïç ˆÎyàƒ !¢«˛Ü˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚ çöƒ ˆÎ öü≈y° xÌ≈yÍ

=Ó˚& ˆê Δ!öÇ fl%Ò° ã˛y°% Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ö ï˛y í z Ïë˛ xy Ï§ 131 öÇ Óí zÓyçy ÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óy!í ¸ Ïï˛– û˛yí ¸y üy Ï§ 140 ê˛yÜ˛y– ~áy Ïö

ˆê Δ!öÇ ÏÎ˚Ó˚ Üœ y§ åÈyí ¸y §Çfl,Òï˛ Ü˛ Ï° ÏçÓ˚ Óy!Ü˛ Üœ y§= Ï°yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfliy Ü˛Ó˚y • ÏÎ˚!åÈ Ï°y–

fl%Ò°ñ Ü˛ Ï°ç !Ü˛ÇÓy Ó Ïí ¸y Ó Ïí ¸y xRy!°Ü˛yñ •°âÓ˚ §yü!Î˚Ü˛û˛y ÏÓ x!ô@ˇÃ•î Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ §Ó˚Ü˛y ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ%!°¢ÈÙÈˆ§öy

Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ÄÎ˚yç ˆ§•z §üÎ˚ ˆÌ ÏÜ˛ ã˛y°% •Î˚– xyçÄ ˆ§•z ê Δƒy!í˛¢ö §üy Ïö ã˛° ÏåÈ–

Ü˛ Ï°çû˛Óö x!ô@ˇÃ• ÏîÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ~ ÏÜ˛Óy ÏÓ˚•z ˆü Ïö !ö Ïï˛ ˛õy ÏÓ˚ö!ö– fl∫yô#ö Ïã˛ï˛y ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚

!Ó Ïoy•# ÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §•yö%û) !ï˛•z !åÈ Ï°y– !Ü˛v ï˛y ≤ÃÜ˛y¢ Ü˛Ó˚y §Ω˛Ó !åÈ Ï°y öy– Ü˛çö•z Óy §üÌ≈ • ÏÎ˚!åÈ Ï°ö ü ÏöÓ˚

ˆ«˛yû˛ í zà ÏÓ˚ !ò Ïï˛⁄ ï˛Ó% Ó° Ïï˛ •Î˚ ˆÎ !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ xyÜ˛y ÏÓ˚ÈÙÈ•z!D Ïï˛ ïÑ yÓ˚ ü Ïöyû˛yÓ Óƒ_´ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ÏåÈöÈÙÙÙÈï˛yÓ˚•z

ú˛°◊&!ï˛ 1858 §y Ï°Ó˚ 5 xyàfiê˛ !¢«˛y x!ôÜ˛ï≈ yÓ˚ Ü˛y ÏåÈ ïÑ yÓ˚ ˛õòï˛ƒyà˛õe ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î– ï˛áö ïÑ yÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§ üye 38

Wide Angle–29

ÓÍ§Ó˚– §!Ó Ï¢£Ï í z ÏÕ‘áƒñ !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õòï˛ƒy ÏàÓ˚ §üÎ˚ §Çfl,Òï˛ Ü˛ Ï° ÏçÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛yöy ï˛áö Óí zÓyçyÓ˚ !fiê Δ Ïê˛Ó˚

°y•zö ô ÏÓ˚ !ï˛ö!ê˛ û˛yí ¸yÓy!í ¸–

ˆü Ïê Δy˛õ!°ê˛ö •z™!ê˛!ê˛í z¢ö ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ Óí zÓyçyÓ˚ ˆã˛ÔüyÌyÓ˚ ˆüy Ïí ¸Ó˚ xyÓ˚ ~Ü˛!ê˛ Ü˛ü≈Ü˛y Ï[˛ !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚

ã˛Ó˚ü í zÍ§y• Ä §!e´Î˚ í z Ïòƒy ÏàÓ˚ Ü˛Ìy û˛yÓ Ï° xyyü ÏòÓ˚ xÓ§ß¨ ü Ïö ï˛!í ¸ Ïï˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÓy• ˆá Ï° ÎyÎ˚– âê˛öyÓ˚

ã˛y°!ã˛ Ïe û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ !ÓK˛yö§û˛y Óy §y ÏÎ˚™ xƒy Ï§y!§ ÏÎ˚¢ö ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yÓ˚ xy ÏÎ˚yçö–

ÚÓ ÏD !ÓK˛yö≠ í z Ïß√£Ï ˛õÓ≈Û @ˇÃ Ïsi xy¢#£Ï °y!•í ¸# çy!ö ÏÎ˚ ÏåÈöñ ÚÚÜ˛ Ï°ç !fiê Δê˛ xyÓ˚ Óí zÓyçy ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆüy Ïí ¸ ~áö

ˆÎáy Ïö Úˆày ÏÎ˚B˛y Ü˛ Ï°ç xú˛ Ü˛üy§≈Ûñ ˆ§áy Ïö•z !åÈ° Ü˛y!Œê˛ Ïû˛¢ ÏöÓ˚ xy!òû˛Óö– x§yôyÓ˚î ~Ü˛ @ˇÃsiyàyÓ˚ à Ïí ¸

í˛zˆÏë˛!åÈ° ˆ§áyˆÏö– öyöy ˜ÓK˛y!öÜ˛ Îsf˛õy!ï˛ §ÇÓ!°ï˛ ~Ü˛ í˛zÍÜ,˛‹T °ƒyÓˆÏÓ˚ê˛!Ó˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– ÓyÇ°yÓ˚

!ÓK˛yˆÏö!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤ÃÌü Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ §Ó !òÜ‰˛˛õy°•z Ü˛áöÄ öy Ü˛áöÄ Ü˛yç Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö Ü˛y!Œê˛ˆÏû˛¢ˆÏö– çàò#¢ã˛wñ

≤Ãú% Õ‘ã˛wñ ≤ÃüÌöyÌ Ó§%ñ ö#°Ó˚ï˛ö §Ó˚Ü˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãü%áÓ˚ Ü˛Ìy §%!Ó!òï˛– ÎÑyÓ˚ Ü˛Ìy ~Ü˛ê% Ü˛ü xy Ï°y!ã˛ï˛ñ !ï˛!ö • Ï°ö

ü Ï•w°y Ï°Ó˚ Úxy!dÜ˛ ˛õ%eÛñ à!îï˛!Óò xy÷ Ïï˛y£Ï ü% Ïáy˛õyôƒyÎ˚–ÛÛ ~Ü˛ ° ÏÆ xyüÓ˚y ˆç Ïö ˆà°yü Ü˛ï˛¢ï˛ Ü˛#!ï≈ üy ÏöÓ˚

˛õòô)!°ôöƒ ~•z Ü˛ Ï°ç≤ÃyDîÊ ï˛yÓ˚ ü Ïôƒ ày!î!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õòyÌ≈!ÓK˛yö öy Ïü öï% ö ˛õyë˛e´ü ã˛y°% Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ 1887 ˆÌ ÏÜ˛ 89

§y° ˛õÎ≈hsˇ ê˛yöy xyí ¸y•zÈÙÈ!ï˛ö ÓÍ§Ó˚ !öÎ˚!üï˛ Üœ y§ !ö ÏÎ˚ ˆà ÏåÈö xy÷ Ïï˛y£Ï ü% Ïáy˛õyôƒyÎ˚– Ü˛°Ü˛yï˛y !ÓŸª!Óòƒy° ÏÎ˚Ó˚

ˆ§ Ïöê˛Ó˚ • ÏÎ˚ !ï˛!ö §y ÏÎ˚™ xƒy Ï§y!§ ÏÎ˚¢ö ˆåÈ Ïí ¸ ˆòö– ˆò Ï¢ ˆÜ˛yöÄ!òö Ó Ïí ¸y Óƒy!Ó˚fiê˛y ÏÓ˚Ó˚ xû˛yÓ • ÏÓ öyñ

í z õyã˛y ÏÎ≈Ó˚ çöƒÄ x ÏöÜ˛ ˆ°yÜ˛ !ü° ÏÓ !Ü˛v !ÓK˛yö≤Ã!ï˛û˛y⁄ x˛õây Ïï˛ xy÷ Ïï˛y Ï£ÏÓ˚ à!îï˛ Ä !ÓK˛yöã˛ã≈ yÓ˚ ~•z

x˛õã˛Î˚ !ö ÏÎ˚ ≤Ãú% Õ‘ã˛w xyüÓ˚î xy Ï«˛˛õ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ˆà ÏåÈö–

Ü˛°Ü˛yï˛y ˆü!í˛Ü˛ƒy° Ü˛ Ï°ç ˆÌ ÏÜ˛ 1863 §y Ï° ~ü!í˛ • ÏÎ˚ ü Ï•w°y° §Ó˚Ü˛yÓ˚ 1868 §y Ï°Ó˚ çyö%Î˚y!Ó˚ üy§

ˆÌ ÏÜ˛ Calcutta Journal of Medicine öy Ïü fl∫yfliƒ Ä !ã˛!Ü˛Í§y §Çeýhsˇ ~Ü˛ ˛õ!eÜ˛y ≤ÃÜ˛y¢ Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ xyÓ˚Ω˛

Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ö– ï˛y Ïï˛ 1869 §y Ï°Ó˚ xyàfiê˛ §ÇáƒyÎ˚ !ï˛!ö û˛yÓ˚ï˛Óy§# ÏòÓ˚ !ÓK˛yöã˛ã≈ yÓ˚ ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yçö !Ó£Ï ÏÎ˚ ≤ÃÓ¶˛ ˆ° Ïáö–

ˆ§áy Ïö !ï˛!ö §Ó≈≤ÃÌü û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ÏòÓ˚ !ÓK˛ ÏöÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ Ä à ÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ çöƒ xyô%!öÜ˛ ~Ü˛!ê˛ ã˛ã≈ y ÏÜ˛w ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃhflÏyÓ

ˆòö– 1876 §y Ï°Ó˚ çyö%Î˚y!Ó˚ üy Ï§ ÓyÇ°yÓ˚ ˆåÈy Ïê˛y°yê˛ §ƒyÓ˚ !Ó˚ã˛yí≈ ˆê˛¡õ Ï°Ó˚ §û˛y˛õ!ï˛ Ïc xö%!¤˛ï˛ §û˛yÎ˚

!ÓK˛yöã˛ã≈ y ÏÜ˛ ÏwÓ˚ öyü !fliÓ˚ •Î˚– §Ó˚Ü˛y ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ«˛ ˆÌ ÏÜ˛ Ü˛ Ï°ç !fiê Δê˛ Ä Óí zÓyçyÓ˚ !fiê Δ Ïê˛Ó˚ ˆüy Ïí ¸Ó˚ 210 ö¡∫ ÏÓ˚

x!ï˛ §yôyÓ˚î ~Ü˛!ê˛ Óy!í˛¸ ~•z Ü˛yˆÏçÓ˚ çöƒ ˛õyÄÎ˚y ˆàˆÏ°y– ˆ§•záyˆÏö 29.8.1876ˆÏÎ˚ ˆåÈyˆÏê˛y°yê˛ IndianAssociation for Cultivation of Science, §Ç Ï«˛ Ï õ §y ÏÎ˚™ xƒy Ï§y!§ ÏÎ˚¢ö Óy !ÓK˛yö§û˛yÓ˚ my ÏÓ˚yÂâyê˛ö

Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!åÈˆÏ°ö–

!¢«˛yö%Ó˚yà# !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ Ï•ö K˛yöï˛y˛õ Ï§Ó˚ § ÏD fl∫yû˛y!ÓÜ˛ Ü˛yÓ˚ Ïî•z ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ !åÈ Ï°y– ï˛yÓ˚ í z õ ÏÓ˚ ü Ï•w°y°

Óí zÓyçyÓ˚ °y ÏàyÎ˚y ¢Ñyáy!Ó˚ Ïê˛y°y ˆ° ÏöÓ˚ Óy!§®y •ÄÎ˚yÎ˚ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚Ü˛ ˆã˛öyçyöy e´ Ïü •*òƒï˛yÎ˚ ˆ˛õÑÔ ÏåÈ!åÈ Ï°y–

çö!¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆú˛!Ó˚ÄÎ˚y°y !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ï˛y•z ü Ï•w°y Ï°Ó˚ §• ÏÎyà# • ÏÎ˚ üyü%!° §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ˆé˛ Ïí ¸ ˆú˛ Ï° xyô%!öÜ˛

!ÓK˛yö!¢«˛y ≤ÃÓï≈ Ïö §Ó≈¢!_´ !ò ÏÎ˚ éÑ y!˛õ ÏÎ˚ ˛õ Ïí ¸!åÈ Ï°ö–

Óí zÓyçy ÏÓ˚Ó˚ xö%£Ï ÏD xyÓ˚ ~Ü˛!ê˛ Ü˛Ìy Ó Ï° ˆöÄÎ˚y ÎyÜ˛– Óí zÓyçy ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ò_ÓÇ Ï¢Ó˚ ÓyÓ% Ó˚y ÏçwöyÌ ò_

!Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ xhsˇÓ˚D Ó¶% !åÈ Ï°ö– !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚yü Ï¢≈ !ï˛!ö í˛y_ýÓ˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚!öÓ˚ Ü˛y ÏåÈ ˆ•y!üÄ˛õƒy!Ì !ã˛!Ü˛Í§y

xyÎ˚_ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ÓyÇ°yÎ˚ ≤ÃÌü ˆ•y!üÄ˛õƒy!Ì !ã˛!Ü˛Í§y ≤ÃÓï≈ ö Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ö– öyöy !Ó£Ï ÏÎ˚ xy@ˇÃ•# !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ !Ó Ïò!¢ Ó•z

üyÓ˚ú˛ï˛ xÓàï˛ • ÏÎ˚ ˆ•y!üÄ˛õƒy!Ì !ã˛!Ü˛Í§y ˛õk˛!ï˛Ó˚ ˆàÑyí ¸y §üÌ≈Ü˛ • ÏÎ˚ ˛õ Ïí ¸ö–

ˆ§ Î% ÏàÓ˚ §Ó≈ Ï◊¤˛ xƒy Ï°y˛õƒy!Ì !ã˛!Ü˛Í§Ü˛ ü Ï•w°y° §Ó˚Ü˛yÓ˚ !Óòƒy§y ÏàÓ˚ §ÄÎ˚y Ï°Ó˚ ˆçy ÏÓ˚ Ó˚y ÏçwöyÌ

ò Ï_Ó˚ Ü˛y ÏåÈ ˆ•y!üÄ˛õƒy!ÌÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ !ö ÏÎ˚ !ã˛Ó˚ï˛ ÏÓ˚ xƒy Ï°y˛õƒy!Ì ï˛ƒyà Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ˆ•y!üÄ˛õƒy!Ì !ã˛!Ü˛Í§y ÷Ó˚& Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ö ~ÓÇ

û˛yÓ˚ Ïï˛Ó˚ §Ó≈ Ï◊¤˛ ˆ•y!üÄ˛õƒy!Ì í˛y_ýÓ˚ • ÏÎ˚ Ä Ïë˛ö–

xyüy ÏòÓ˚ ü Ïï˛y à!Ó˚Ó ˆò Ï¢ fl∫“ Óƒ ÏÎ˚Ó˚ !ã˛!Ü˛Í§yÓ˚ çöƒ ˆ•y!üÄ˛õƒy!Ì ÏÜ˛•z §Ó Ïã˛ ÏÎ˚ í z õ ÏÎyà# Ó Ï° ïÑ yÓ˚

Wide Angle–30

!ÓŸªy§ ç Ïß√!åÈ Ï°y– xy§ Ï° çö!¢«˛yÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ~á Ïö !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ã˛hsˇyû˛yöyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ çöfl∫yfliƒ–

§y ÏÎ˚™ xƒy Ï§y!§ ÏÎ˚¢ ÏöÓ˚ çöƒ ≤ÃÌü !Î!ö xÌ≈òyï˛y ïÑ yÓ˚ öyü !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚– !ï˛!ö 1000 ê˛yÜ˛y ãÑ yòy !ò ÏÎ˚•z

«˛yhsˇ • Ï°ö öyñ ü Ï•w°y° ÏÜ˛ ï˛yàyòy !ò ÏÎ˚ ò%ç Ïö !ü Ï° ãÑ yòy ï% ° Ïï˛ ˆÓÓ˚ • Ï°ö– ~ !ö ÏÎ˚ ≤Ãáƒyï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒyö!Óò

˛õp◊# Îï˛#wˆÏüy•ö òˆÏ_Ó˚ Ó˚ã˛öy§ÇÜ˛°ö ÚÎü òˆÏ_Ó˚ í˛yÎ˚yÓ˚#Û öyüÜ˛ Ó•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ¢£Ï =ˆÏFåÈÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï ˆ°áy

Ú!Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ÈÙÈ≤Ã§ ÏDÛ Ïï˛ ~Ü˛ xöÓòƒ !ÓÓÓ˚î ˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ÚÚü Ï•w §Ó˚Ü˛yÓ˚ !Ü˛ Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y ãÑ yòy ˆï˛y°y ÎyÎ˚ !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚

ü•y¢ ÏÎ˚Ó˚ § ÏD ˛õÓ˚yü¢≈ Ü˛!Ó˚ Ï°ö– ˛§Ó≈≤ÃÌü ü•yÓ˚yç Ü˛y°#Ü, £è ë˛yÜ% ÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ü˛y ÏåÈ ÎyÄÎ˚y ••z°– !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ü•y¢Î˚

Ó!° Ï°ö ˆÎ ˆò Ï¢ !ÓK˛yöã˛ã≈ yÓ˚ á%Ó•z xû˛yÓó ü Ï•w xy˛õöy ÏÜ˛ §Ó Ó%é˛y•zÎ˚y Ó!° ÏÓö– ü Ï•w §Ó Ó%é˛y•zÎ˚y

Ó!°ˆÏ°ö– ü•yÓ˚yçy !çK˛y§y Ü˛!Ó˚ˆÏ°öñ xy˛õöyÓ˚y xyüyÓ˚ Ü˛yˆÏåÈ Ü˛ï˛ ê˛yÜ˛y xy¢y Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö⁄ !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ü•y¢Î˚

Ó!° Ï°öñ 10ñ000 ê˛yÜ˛yó Ü˛yÓ˚ Ü˛y ÏåÈ 1‰ † 2‰ ã˛y!• Ïï˛ Îy•zÓñ ï˛y•z §Ó≈≤ÃÌü xy˛õöyÓ˚ Ü˛y ÏåÈ xy!§Î˚y!åÈ– ü•yÓ˚yçy

Ó!° Ï°öñ 10 •yçyÓ˚ !ò Ïï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚Ó öy– 5 •yçyÓ˚ °í zöÈÙÙÙÈ˛õ ÏÓ˚ ˆò!á xyÓ˚Ä !Ü˛ !ò Ïï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– ü•yÓ˚yçy !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚

ü•y¢ ÏÎ˚Ó˚ •y Ïï˛ 5 •yçyÓ˚ ê˛yÜ˛y ï% !°Î˚y !ò Ï°ö–

˛õ ÏÌ ˆâyí ¸yÓ˚ ày!í ¸ Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y !ú˛!Ó˚ Ïï˛ !ú˛!Ó˚ Ïï˛ ü Ï•wÓyÓ% Ó!° Ï°ö ˆÎ xy!ü ü Ïö Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y!åÈ Ï°yyü 2 •yçyÓ˚ Óí ¸

ˆçyÓ˚ 5 •yçyÓ˚ ê˛yÜ˛y ã˛y!• ÏÓöÈÙÙÙÈxyÓ˚ xyüÓ˚y •yçyÓ˚ ò%•z ê˛yÜ˛y ˛õy•z Ïï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– í z_ ÏÓ˚ !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ü•y¢Î˚ Ó!° Ï°öñ

Úò)Ó˚ ˆÓê˛y ã˛y£Ïy Ïôy˛õyñ !û˛«˛yÓ˚ ï% •z !Ü˛ Ó%!é˛!Ó⁄ !û˛«˛y ••z Ïï˛ ÏåÈ xyüyÓ˚ çyï˛ÈÙÈÓƒÓ§y– 10 •yçyÓ˚ ã˛y!•°yüñ 5 •yçyÓ˚

˛õy•z°yü–Û ü Ï•wÓyÓ% •y!§ Ïï˛ °y!à Ï°ö–ÛÛ

x!ï˛ !Ó£Ïü ~Ü˛ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ ˆÎ !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ Ü˛Ìy Ó° Ïï˛ Ó° Ïï˛ ü Ï•w°y Ï°Ó˚ çyï˛ ï% Ï° ˆú˛ Ï° ÏåÈö– ü Ï•w°y°

!Ü˛v Ó˚&‹T • Ï°ö öy– •y!§ ˆò Ïá•z ˆÓyé˛y ÎyÎ˚ ü Ï•w°y° ˆ§!ê˛ ÏÜ˛ ïÑ yÓ˚ xy¢#Ó≈yò !• Ï§ ÏÓ üyöƒ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ÏåÈö– ≤Ã§Dï˛

çy!ö ÏÎ˚ Ó˚y!áñ ü Ï•w°y° §Ó˚Ü˛yÓ˚ çy!ï˛ Ïï˛ !åÈ Ï°ö §ò‰ Ïày˛õ– ˆày˛õ xÌ≈yÍ ˆàyÎ˚y°yÓ˚ Ó,!_ ˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ƒyà Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚y

˛õÓ˚Óï≈ #Ü˛y Ï° Ü, !£ÏÜ˛ Ïü≈Ó˚ ˆ˛õ¢y @ˇÃ•î Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y•z ~ Ó ÏD §ò‰ Ïày˛õ– !Ü˛v çy Ïï˛Ó˚ ~•z ˆáÑyê˛yÓ˚ üôƒ !ò ÏÎ˚ ˆ§!òö

!Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ˛õÿ˛yj,!‹Tñ x!û˛K˛ï˛y Ä í z õ°!∏˛çyï˛ ~Ü˛!ê˛ Ü˛Ìy çy!ö ÏÎ˚ ÏåÈöó ï˛y • Ï°yñ xyüy ÏòÓ˚ ˆò Ï¢ ≤Ãyã˛#ö

¢y ÏflfÓ˚ xö%¢#°öñ Ü˛yÓƒÈÙÈÓƒyÜ˛Ó˚ ÏîÓ˚ !ê˛Ü˛y§¡õyòöñ Ü) ê˛û˛y Ï£ÏÓ˚ !ê˛Ø!öÓ˚ã˛öyñ !¢“ÈÙÈ§Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ !Ó÷k˛ï˛yÓ˚ òá°òy!Ó˚

≤Ãò¢≈ ÏöÓ˚ § ÏD !û˛«˛yÓ˚ ü Ïï˛y xy!òü ˆ˛õ¢yÎ˚ Ó y·˛îÓ˚y xy=Î˚yö xyÓ˚ K˛yö!ÓK˛y ÏöÓ˚ à ÏÓ£Ïîyñ §üyçï˛ Ï_¥Ó˚ !öï˛ƒöï% ö

!Ó ÏŸ’£Ïîñ xyô%!ö ÏÜ˛Ó˚ xû˛ƒÌ≈öyÎ˚ !Ü˛ÇÓy !Ó≤’ ÏÓÓ˚ ÎyàÎ ÏK˛ ã˛y£Ïyû% Ï£ÏyòÓ˚ xy!ô˛õï˛ƒ–

Ó˚Ó#wöy ÏÌÓ˚ ÚöàÓ˚°-#Û Ü˛!Óï˛yÎ˚ ò%!û≈ Ï«˛Ó˚ Ü˛y Ï° !û˛«% î# §%!≤ÃÎ˚y Ó Ï° ÏåÈñ Ú!û˛«˛yÈÙÈx Ïß¨ ÓÑyã˛yÓ Ó§%ôyÛ– üyö!§Ü˛

§yÎ%çƒ !åÈ Ï°y Ó Ï°•z ˆï˛y Ó˚Ó#wöyÌ ˆÓÔk˛ÈÙÈxÓòy ÏöÓ˚ ~üö âê˛öy ïÑ yÓ˚ Ü˛!Óï˛yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !• Ï§ ÏÓ !öÓ≈yã˛ö Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ÏåÈö–

xÌã˛ !ÓK˛yö§û˛y ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yÓ˚ Óy•z¢ ÓÍ§Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ 1898 §y Ï° !ÓK˛yö§û˛yÓ˚ çöƒ ü Ï•w°y Ï°Ó˚ ˛õ)Ó≈ÓÍ öyöyû˛y ÏÓ

Ó˚yçmy ÏÓ˚ xy ÏÓòö Ä ãÑ yòyÓ˚ Ó•z !ö ÏÎ˚ !û˛«˛y≤ÃyÌ≈öyÓ˚ çöƒ Ó˚Ó#wöyÌ ïÑ yÓ˚ ï˛#Ó §üy Ï°yã˛öy Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ö– Ó˚Ó#wöy ÏÌÓ˚

x!û˛ ÏÎyà • Ï°yñ ~áy Ïö !ÓK˛yöã˛ã≈ yÎ˚ ÓyÇ°y û˛y£ÏyÓ˚ Óò Ï° •zÇ ÏÓ˚!çÓ˚ Ü˛í ¸y ˛õy•yÓ˚y ~ÓÇ fl∫ Ïò Ï¢Ó˚ Ü˛yåÈ ˆÌ ÏÜ˛

Úí z õÎ%_´ ˆáyÓ˚y!Ü˛Û öy ˛õyÄÎ˚yÎ˚ xü)°Ü˛ xy Ï«˛˛õ Ä xy Ïeý¢– xyÓ˚Ä Ó Ï° ÏåÈöñ Ú!ÓK˛yö§û˛yÓ˚ ü Ïï˛y Ü˛ü≈¢)öƒ §û˛y

xyüy ÏòÓ˚ çy!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ Ï«˛ °IyÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚– •z•y xyüy ÏòÓ˚ çy!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ Ï«˛ !öï˛ƒ Ü% ò,‹Tyhsˇ Ä !öÓ˚&Í§y Ï•Ó˚ Ü˛yÓ˚îÛ–

ü Ï•w°y Ï°Ó˚ °«˛ƒ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛Ó° ÓD Ïò¢ öÎ˚ñ öy Ïü•z üy°%ü ˆàyê˛y û˛yÓ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ !ÓK˛y ÏöÓ˚ ≤ÃÌyüy!ú˛Ü˛ !ê˛!ã˛ÇÈÙÈ°y!ö≈Ç

öÎ˚ñ !ÓK˛y ÏöÓ˚ í zFã˛ à ÏÓ£Ïîyñ Ó˚Ó#wöyÌ ˆ§ê˛y !ë˛Ü˛ Ó% Ïé˛ í zë˛ Ïï˛ ˛õy ÏÓ˚ö!ö– Ó%é˛ Ïï˛ ã˛yö!ö ˆÎ §Ó û˛y£Ïy Ïï˛ §Ó!Ü˛å%ÈÓ˚

í z õÓ˚ï˛°yÓ˚ öyày° ˆü Ï° öy– ˆÜ˛Ó° ÓyÇ°y ˆÜ˛öñ !•!®ÈÙÈï˛y!ü°ÈÙÈ=çÓ˚y!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yöÄ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ û˛y£Ïy Ïï˛ •z!u˛Î˚yö

ˆÜ˛yöÄ xƒy Ï§y!§ ÏÎ˚¢ ÏöÓ˚ Ü˛yç ã˛° ÏÓ öy– ˆÓy Ïé˛ö!ö ˆÎ öyã˛ Ïï˛ ˆö Ïü !Ó Ïò!¢ ¢y§ ÏÜ˛Ó˚ §yü Ïö ˆâyüê˛y ê˛yöyÓ˚

ˆÜ˛yöÄ üy Ïö ˆö•z– !û˛«˛yÓ˚ ÜÑ yí ¸yÈÙÈxÑyÜ˛yí ¸y §Ó ã˛y° ~Ü˛ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ !ü!¢ ÏÎ˚ !ö Ïï˛ •Î˚– ö•z Ï° !ï˛!ö ~ ÏÜ˛Óy ÏÓ˚

xÜ˛yÓ˚ Ïî xyÓ˚yÓ#!wÜ˛ • ÏÎ˚ í zë˛ Ïï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ Ïï˛ö öy– üyö# â ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆåÈ Ï° ˆfl¨•yflõò Ó˚Ó#wöyÌ §¡õ ÏÜ≈ ü Ï•w°y° Ü˛#ÈÙÈ•z

Óy Ó° Ïï˛ ˛õy ÏÓ˚öÊ Ó˚•z Ï°ö xyày Ïàyí ¸y !öÓ˚&_Ó˚ñ !öÿ% ˛õ–

Wide Angle–31

Ó˚Ó#wöy ÏÌÓ˚ ˆöy ÏÓ° !Ü˛ ÓyÇ°yÓ˚ã˛öy ˆÌ ÏÜ˛ ~ Ï§!åÈ Ï°y⁄ !ÓŸªû˛yÓ˚ï˛#Ó˚ çöƒ ïÑ y ÏÜ˛Ä !û˛«˛y ≤ÃyÌ≈öy Ä @ˇÃ•î

Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ • ÏÎ˚!åÈ Ï°y–

Ú!¢«˛yÛ ≤ÃÓ¶˛@ˇÃ ÏsiÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!¢ Ï‹TÓ˚ Ú≤Ã§DÜ˛ÌyÛ Ä Ú!ÓK˛yö§û˛yÛ öyüÜ˛ ˆ°áyò%!ê˛ Ïï˛ Ó˚Ó#wöy ÏÌÓ˚ Ä•z x≤Ã§ß¨ï˛y ÏÜ˛

û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ !ÓK˛ ÏöÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§ !öÿ˛Î˚ !Ó!FåÈß¨ ~Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚y !• Ï§ ÏÓ !Ó ÏÓã˛öy Ü˛Ó˚ ÏÓ–

~Î%ˆÏà ~áyˆÏö Ü˛üy!§≈Î˚y° •z™!ê˛!ê˛í˛zê˛ ˆòˆÏáÄ Ó˚Ó#wöyÌ á%!¢ •ˆÏï˛ö öy– Óy!îçƒ!Óòƒy Ó˚Ó#w!¢«˛yòˆÏ¢≈Ó˚

!Ó ÏÓ˚yô#– xhsˇï˛ ~üöê˛y•z çy!ö ÏÎ˚ ÏåÈö !ÓŸªû˛yÓ˚ï˛#Ó˚ ≤Ãy_´ö í z õyã˛yÎ≈ Ó˚çï˛Ü˛yhsˇ Ó˚yÎ˚–

§¡±!ï˛ 17.8.2019 ï˛y!Ó˚ ÏáÓ˚ Úˆò¢Û ˛õ!eÜ˛yÎ˚ Ú¢y!hsˇ!ö ÏÜ˛ï˛ö≠ ˆ§•z §üÎ˚ Ä xyüyÓ˚ ˆòáy Ü˛y°Û öyüÜ˛

ˆ°áyÎ˚ !ï˛!ö çy!ö ÏÎ˚ ÏåÈö ˆÎ xÓ!¢‹T Óï≈ üyö ˆáyÎ˚y•z §ÇÓ˚«˛îñ ¢y!hsˇ!ö ÏÜ˛ï˛öÈÙÈ!ÓŸªû˛yÓ˚ï˛#Ó˚ ç!üñ Óy!í ¸ Ä Ü˛#!ï≈

xÌ≈yÍ §ü@ˇÃ xy◊ü ~°yÜ˛yÓ˚ x ÏÓô òá° ≤Ã!ï˛ ÏÓ˚yô Ä ÎÌyÎÌ §#üyöy !öô≈yÓ˚ ÏîÓ˚ § ÏD xyÓ˚Ä x ÏöÜ˛ ê˛yflÒ !ò ÏÎ˚

2006ÈÙÈ11Ó˚ çöƒ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ §Ó˚Ü˛y ÏÓ˚Ó˚ •y•z ˆ° Ïû˛° Ü˛!ü!ê˛ ïÑ y ÏÜ˛ !ÓŸªû˛yÓ˚ï˛#Ó˚ òy!Î˚c ˆòö– í z õyã˛yÎ≈ ˆáÎ˚y° Ü˛ ÏÓ˚

ˆò Ïáö ˆÎ ˛õ) ÏÓ≈Ó˚ Ü˛ï,≈ ˛õ Ï«˛Ó˚ Ó‡ ˆfl∫FåÈyã˛y ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ü Ïôƒ ~üö ~Ü˛!ê˛ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y ã˛°!åÈ Ï°y Îy xyÓ˚Ä «˛!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚– ï˛y • Ï°y

ÚÓ ·˛!Óòƒy°Î˚ ~ÓÇ !ÓŸªû˛yÓ˚ï˛#Ó˚ xyò¢≈ «% ] Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ °ñ Ü˛üy§≈ñ üƒy Ïöç Ïürê˛ ~•z§Ó ÚxÓ˚yÓ#!wÜ˛Û !¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓï≈ öÛÛ–

!Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ xy Ïà•z ï Öy ÏÜ˛ çy!ö ÏÎ˚!åÈ Ï°ö ˛õ!ÿ˛üÓ ÏDÓ˚ Ó˚yçƒ˛õy° ~ÓÇ ˛õòy!ôÜ˛yÓ˚Ó Ï° !ÓŸªû˛yÓ˚ï˛#Ó˚ ˆÓ˚QÓ˚ ˆày˛õy°Ü, £è

ày!¶˛– Ó˚çï˛Ü˛yhsˇ Ó˚y ÏÎ˚Ó˚ !ÓÓ,!ï˛ xö%ÎyÎ˚# ÚïÑ yÓ˚ Sˆày˛õy°Ü, £è ày!¶˛V ü Ïö ˆ«˛yû˛ !åÈ° ˆÎñ !ÓŸªû˛yÓ˚ï˛# !Óàï˛ ò¢

ÓåÈ ÏÓ˚ xƒy Ï§y!§ ÏÎ˚ê˛ í z•zÇ öy Ïü ~Ü˛ Ü˛üy§≈ Ó ƒyMÈ˛ ~ÓÇ !ÓŸªû˛yÓ˚ï˛# ˆ§rê˛yÓ˚ ú˛Ó˚ üƒy Ïöç Ïürê˛ fiê˛y!í˛ç (VBCMS)öy Ïü ~Ü˛ üƒy Ïöç Ïürê˛ Ü˛ Ï°ç á% Ï° Sò%Û!ê˛•z Ü˛°Ü˛yï˛yÎ˚V =Ó˚& Ïò ÏÓÓ˚ !¢«˛yò¢≈ ˆÌ ÏÜ˛ § ÏÓ˚ ˆà ÏåÈÛ– •y•z ˆ° Ïû˛°

Ü˛!ü!ê˛Ó˚ ü Ïï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ü˛“öy ÓyhflÏÓyÎ˚ ÏöÓ˚ çöƒ ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yçö !ÓŸªû˛yÓ˚ï˛#Ó˚ û˛!Ó£Ïƒ Ïï˛Ó˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ Ü˛yÎ≈e´ü ≤ÃîÎ˚ö Ä ˆÜ˛y§≈

Ü˛y ÏÓ˚Ü˛¢ö– xÌ≈yÍ Ó˚Ó#w!¢«˛yò Ï¢≈Ó˚ !ö!Ó˚ Ïá §Ç Ï¢yôö Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ • ÏÓ xy ÏàÜ˛yÓ˚ û% °=!°– í z õyã˛yÎ≈ ï˛y•z ≤ÃÌ Ïü

xƒy Ï§y!§ ÏÎ˚ê˛ í z•zÇ xyÓ˚ !ÓŸªû˛yÓ˚ï˛#Ó˚ ˆ§rê˛yÓ˚ xú˛ üƒy Ïöç Ïürê˛ fiê˛y!í˛ç ï% Ï° !ò ÏÎ˚ §ÇflÒy ÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ü˛yç ÷Ó˚& Ü˛ ÏÓ˚

!òˆÏ°ö–

xyüy ÏòÓ˚ çyö Ïï˛ •z ÏFåÈ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ¢y!hsˇ!ö ÏÜ˛ï˛öÈÙÈ!ÓŸªû˛yÓ˚ï˛#Ó˚ !•§yÓÈÙÈ!öÜ˛y¢ Ü˛yÓ˚y Ó˚y Ïáö⁄ ˜òö!® ÏöÓ˚ ÓyçyÓ˚

§Ó˚Ü˛yÓ˚Ó˚y⁄ ˆÜ˛üö Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ö⁄ !•§y ÏÓÓ˚ Ü˛y Ïç ˆÜ˛yöÄ !í˛!§!≤’öñ ˆê Δ!öÇñ í zÍÜ˛ Ï£Ï≈Ó˚ ã˛ã≈ y xyçÄ Óy‡°ƒ üye⁄

Ó˚Ó#wöyÌ !åÈ Ï°ö ~Ü˛ xööƒ !¢«˛y!Óò– fl∫Î˚Ç§¡õ)î≈ï˛y xyÓ˚ §Ü˛ Ï°Ó˚ ü Ïï˛y ïÑ yÓ˚Ä §yÓ˚y ç#Ó ÏöÓ˚ §yôöy– !ï˛!ö

!Ü˛ §!ï˛ƒ•z !•§yÓ¢y ÏflfÓ˚ ≤Ã ÏÎ˚y!àÜ˛ ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yçö#Î˚ï˛y ÏÜ˛ ~ï˛ê˛y í z Ï õ«˛y Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ Ïï˛ö⁄ Ó Ïí ¸y ç!ê˛° ~•z çê˛

åÈyí ¸y ÏöyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ˛õsiy xyç xyÓ˚ xyüy ÏòÓ˚ •y Ïï˛ ˆö•z–

~ Óƒy˛õy ÏÓ˚ !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ü˛v ˆÜ˛yöÄ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ !åÈ Ï°y öy– !ö ÏçÓ˚ ˆü Ïê Δy˛õ!°ê˛ö Ü˛ Ï° Ïç 1844 §y Ï° !ï˛!ö

xy•zö ˆ◊!î ã˛y°% Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ö– !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ü,ï% ƒÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ïÑ yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ˆÜ˛yöÄ !Óòƒy°Î˚ ~ÓÇ ïÑ yÓ˚ öyüy!B˛ï˛

Ü˛ Ï°ç Ä !ÓŸª!òƒy° ÏÎ˚ ˆáy°y • ÏÎ˚ ÏåÈ Óy!îçƒ !Óû˛yàÈÙÙÙÈöyñ ï˛y !ö ÏÎ˚ !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ !¢«˛yò Ï¢≈Ó˚ !Óã% ƒ!ï˛ !ö ÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛í z

x!û˛ ÏÎyà í zay˛õö Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ö!ö–

~Ü˛!ê˛ Ü˛Ìy ü Ïö Ó˚yá Ïï˛ • ÏÓ ˆÎ xyüy ÏòÓ˚ ˆò Ï¢ í z!ö¢ ¢ï˛ ÏÜ˛ Óy!îçƒ!Óòƒy §¡õ ÏÜ≈ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ôƒyöôyÓ˚îy ã˛y°%

•Î˚!ö– ö•z Ï° !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ !ö Ïç•z ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õë˛ö˛õyë˛ ÏöÓ˚ Ó Ï®yÓhflÏ Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ö– !ï˛!ö ˆÎ Cerebral man–ˆÓy!ô§_¥

üyöÓ–

û˛yÓ˚ Ïï˛Ó˚ ˆ§•z §ü ÏÎ˚Ó˚ §Ó Ïã˛ ÏÎ˚ ò#!Æüyö ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï !Ó ÏÓÜ˛yö Ï®Ó˚Ä !ÓK˛yö§û˛y §¡õ ÏÜ≈ ˆÜ˛yöÄ í zÍ§y• !åÈ Ï°y

öy– 1898 §y Ï° !ï˛!ö ~Ü˛ÓyÓ˚•z üye Óí zÓyçyÓ˚ ˆüy Ïí ¸ ~áy Ïö â% ÏÓ˚ÈÙÈˆÓ!í ¸ ÏÎ˚ ˆà ÏåÈö– !Ü˛v ˆÜ˛yöÄ û˛y Ï°yü®

Ü˛Ìy ˆö•z ~•z §Çfliy !ö ÏÎ˚– xq$ï˛ ~Ü˛ ö#Ó˚Óï˛y– ~üö!ê˛ •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ Ü˛Ìy öÎ˚– ◊#Ó˚yüÜ, Ï£èÓ˚ñ ˆ§•z§ ÏD !Ó ÏÓÜ˛yö Ï®Ó˚Äñ

!ã˛!Ü˛Í§y Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ö ü• Ïw°y° §Ó˚Ü˛yÓ˚– ≤Ãy Ïã˛ƒÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ÏöÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ !Ó ÏÓÜ˛yö Ï®Ó˚ xy ÏÓàâö •*ò ÏÎ˚Ó˚ fl∫ï˛Éfl≥) ï≈

í zFå¥Èy§•z ˆï˛y xyyü ÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒy!¢ï˛–

Wide Angle–32

xyyü ÏòÓ˚ ü Ïö •Î˚ ~•z Î% ÏàÄ ïÑ yÓ˚ ü ÏöÓ˚ ü Ïôƒ û˛yÓ˚ï˛Ó Ï£Ï≈ üë˛ÈÙÈ!ü¢öÈÙÈ§Çâ ÏÜ˛!wÜ˛ ≤Ãyã˛#ö !•®% §û˛ƒï˛yÓ˚

x°#Ü˛ ~Ü˛ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ xyò¢≈ ≤Ã!ï˛fliy˛õ ÏöÓ˚ Óy§öy !åÈ Ï°y– Ó˚Ó#wöy ÏÌÓ˚ ˆÎüö !åÈ Ï°y xy◊ü Ä ï˛ Ï õyÓöÈÙÈû˛yÓ˚ Ïï˛Ó˚

≤Ã!ï˛ ò%Ó≈°ï˛y–

!ÓK˛yö§û˛yÓ˚ ü Ïôƒ üë˛ñ !ü¢ö !Ü˛ÇÓy xy◊ ÏüÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ û˛yÓ Ä xyò Ï¢≈Ó˚ !åÈ Ïê˛y ÏúÑ yê˛yÄ !åÈ Ï°y öy–

!˛õï˛yüˆÏ•Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y §yüy!çÜ˛ üÎ≈yòy Ó˚«˛yÎ˚ Ó˚Ó#wöyˆÏÌÓ˚ ê˛yö !åÈˆÏ°y ˆÓy§ •z™!ê˛!ê˛í˛zê˛ Ä fiê˛ƒy!ê˛!fiê˛Ü˛ƒy°

•z™!ê˛!ê˛í z Ïê˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xyÓ˚ !Ó !ê˛¢û˛_´ çyü Ï¢ò!ç ê˛yê˛yÓ˚ ˜òö!®ö ç#Ó ÏöÓ˚ öyöyö oÓƒ í zÍ˛õyò ÏöÓ˚ üyôƒ Ïü ˆÓ˚yçày ÏÓ˚Ó˚

í z õ ÏÎyà# !ÓK˛yö ã˛ã≈ y ÏÜ˛w Ä Ü˛yÓ˚áyöyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ˛õ«˛˛õyï˛ !åÈ Ï°y !Ó ÏÓÜ˛yö Ï®Ó˚–

ï˛Ó% Ó!°ñ !ÓK˛yö§û˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §•*òÎ˚ çàò#¢ã˛ ÏwÓ˚ 1896 §y Ï° ç#Óçv Ä í z!q ÏòÓ˚ §ü≤Ãyîï˛y !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ü˛

Î%àyhsˇÜ˛yÓ˚# à ÏÓ£Ïîy û˛yÓ˚ï˛Ó£Ï≈#Î˚ !ÓK˛yö§yôöyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚y ÏÜ˛ ˆÓàÓyö Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ 1914 §y Ï° û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ !ÓK˛yö Ü˛Ç Ï@ˇÃ§

≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yÎ˚ §y«˛yÍ xö% Ï≤ÃÓ˚îy • ÏÎ˚ í z Ïë˛!åÈ Ï°y– !Ó Ïò!¢ ÏòÓ˚ ~Ü˛FåÈe à!Ó˚üyÓ˚ § ÏD ï˛y° ë% ÏÜ˛ ˆ§•z í zj#˛õöyÎ˚ 1930

§y Ï° !§ !û˛ Ó˚üö Óí zÓyçy ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆüy Ïí ¸Ó˚ à ÏÓ£ÏîyàyÓ˚ ˆÌ ÏÜ˛ !åÈ!ö ÏÎ˚ xyö Ï°ö ˆöy ÏÓ° ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚– !ÓK˛y ÏöÓ˚ çà Ïï˛

û˛yÓ˚ï˛Ó Ï£Ï≈Ó˚ xyhsˇç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õò§MÈ˛yÓ˚ â Ïê˛!åÈ Ï°y ˆày ÏÎ˚B˛y Ü˛ Ï° ÏçÓ˚ !û˛ Ïê˛üy!ê˛ ˆÌ ÏÜ˛– ~ ï˛yÓ˚ Ü˛ü ˆàÔÓ˚ ÏÓÓ˚ Ü˛Ìy

öÎ˚–

xyÿ˛Î≈ ~Ü˛ §üy˛õï˛ö • Ï°y ~•z ˆÎ !ÓK˛yö§û˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y • ÏÎ˚!åÈ Ï°y 1876 §y Ï°Ó˚ xyàfiê˛ üy Ï§– !ë˛Ü˛ ~•z

§üˆÏÎ˚•z Óyò%í˛¸ÓyàyˆÏö ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏFåÈ !Óòƒy§yàˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !öçfl∫ ˆòyï˛°y Óy!í˛¸!ê˛– !öˆÏçÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ §ˆÏD !ÓK˛yö§û˛yÓ˚

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û˛Ó ÏöÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ °ƒyÓ ÏÓ˚ê˛!Ó˚ê˛y ÏÜ˛Ä ˆüyê˛yü%!ê˛ xyô%!öÜ˛ Ü˛Ó˚y Îy ÏÓ ˆï˛yÊ ~ ôyÓ˚îy xü)°Ü˛ öÎ˚ ˆÎ ü%•)ü%≈•) ï˛yÓ˚y

xy Ï°yã˛öy Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ã˛ Ï° ÏåÈö !ÓK˛yöû˛Óö !ö ÏÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z §%Óy Ïò ü Ï•w°y°ñ !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ Ä !•ï˛yÜ˛yA«˛#Ó˚y Ü˛ï˛ÓyÓ˚ ˆÎ

~•z 210 ö¡∫ ÏÓ˚ xy§yÈÙÈÎyÄÎ˚y Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ÏåÈö ï˛yÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛!ë˛Ü˛yöy ˆö•z– Ó‡ ü•y˛õ%Ó˚& Ï£ÏÓ˚ ˛õò˛õy Ïï˛ ~•z Ü˛ Ï° ÏçÓ˚ üy!ê˛ ï˛y•z

ˆ§yöyÓ˚ ˆã˛ ÏÎ˚Ä áÑy!ê˛–

xyÓ˚Ä ~Ü˛!ê˛ !Ó Ï¢£Ï Ü˛Ìy ~•z ˆÎ ˛õ)Ó≈ï˛ö Government Commercial Institute öyü ˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ƒyà Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ 1951

§y Ï° ï˛y Goenka College of Commerce öyü !ö ÏÎ˚ ~•z !ë˛Ü˛yöyÎ˚ !Ìï% •Î˚– 1954 §y Ï°Ó˚ çyö%Î˚y!Ó˚ üy Ï§

Indian Institute for Cultivation of Science ÎyòÓ˛õ% ÏÓ˚ Ó,•_Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚§ ÏÓ˚ !öçfl∫ û˛Ó Ïö fliyöyhsˇ!Ó˚ï˛ • ÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–

ú˛ Ï° ò% ˆÌ ÏÜ˛ xyí ¸y•z ÓåÈÓ˚ ô ÏÓ˚ ~•záy Ïö ~Ü˛!ò ÏÜ˛ ã˛ Ï° ÏåÈ !ÓK˛y ÏöÓ˚ ~Ü˛y@ˇÃ à ÏÓ£Ïîyñ xöƒ!ò ÏÜ˛ §òƒ fl∫yô#ö

ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ öï%˛ö Ü˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ ã˛y!•òy ˆüˆÏö ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ Óy!îçƒ!ÓòƒyÓ˚ í˛zFã˛üyˆÏà≈Ó˚ ˛õë˛ö˛õyë˛ö– üyö# !ÓK˛yö#ˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD

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•z!ï˛•y Ï§ Óƒ!ï˛e´ü# ~Ü˛!ê˛ fløÓ˚î#Î˚ xôƒyÎ˚–

~•z §Ó !Ó!û˛ß¨ âê˛öyÓ˚ âöâê˛yÓ˚ ˆç ÏÓ˚ û˛yÓ˚ï˛ §Ó˚Ü˛y ÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ÓK˛yö Ä ≤ÃÎ%!_´ ~ÓÇ û) !ÓK˛yö òÆÓ˚ •z!u˛Î˚yö

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ˆòö ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!°!˛õ ‡Ó‡ ï% Ï° ˆòÄÎ˚y • Ï°y≠

Wide Angle–33

Address of the Hon’ble Minister for Science andTechnology and Earth Sciences at the dedication ceremony

of the Hall of Scientific Fame at Goenka Collegeon

2nd January 2013Dr Ramasami, Dr S K Joshi, Dr Bhattacharya, office bearers, members of the council andexecutive committee of Indian Science Congress, staff and students of Indian Association ofCultivation of Sciences, Principal, faculty and students of Goenka college, officers from thestate and central Governments, representatives of the media, friends, guests, ladies andgentlemen, good evening to all of you.

1. 1 am delighted to be able to participate in this programme for several reasons. This is thefirst and hence a precursor of all the week-long science-related activities in the city as a partof the centenary of Indian Science Congress. Also this programme is truly a joint event of theState and Central Governments. I thank the Hon’ble Chief Minister of West Bengal for all hersupport. Finally, the Hall of Scientific Fame is being set up in a place where Sir C V Ramanmade history with his work and this year happens to coincide with his 125th birth anniversary.

2. As some one interested in the historical perspectives of creative human endeavours, thisprogramme is special to me. This location is of special significance to Indian Science. Thisis where Sir C V Raman carried out his Nobel Prize winning discovery. While discovery anddiscoverers are inseparable, location does play an important part in the discovery process.For a meaningful discovery to take place, the mind of the discoverer should be free andthoughts should flow without any constrains. The Indian Association of Cultivation ofSciences seems to have provided such an ambience that the ‘Master’ was able to discoverthe effect that is today famous as “Raman Effect”. It is significant to note that GurudevRavindranath Tagore, who won the Nobel Prize before Sir C. V. Raman, Mother Teresa andProf. Amartya Sen; all of them had strong links with Kolkata. This phenomenon makes thecity special: for it must have something that makes creative human activity to blossom.

3.1 have often wondered as to why in the past 82 years since C V Raman, we have not wona Nobel Prize for science for work done in Indian institutions. 1 believe that Indian scienceis no more and no less than a microcosm of our society, seen as representative of theaverage. Thus while we do have talented people and scientists, individual excellence inresearch arises only sporadically. Unleashing creativity seems a challenge in our social andscientific milieu and we need to create appropriate conditions for doing advanced scientificwork in Indian institutions. 1 would like to take this opportunity to say that we are determinedto create both the facilities and the atmosphere for this purpose.

4.1 would thus like to dedicate this facility to serve the cause of excellence in science. Onthis day when we dedicate this Hall of Scientific Fame at Kolkata, let us all strive to do ourbest to make India rise in the comity of leaders in science. Indian youth must strive to scalethe Minerva top in science. I hope that India would not have to wait for many more yearsfor winning a Nobel Prize in science. Let this Hall of Scientific Fame seed such aspirationsamong our young scientists.

Jai Hind

Wide Angle–34

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~Ü˛!ê˛ Ü˛ Ï° ÏçÓ˚ öyü–

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§Ü˛° ÜÑ yê˛y ôöƒ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ˆà ÏåÈö–

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Wide Angle–35

!m¢ï˛çß√Ó Ï£Ï≈ ~áyöÜ˛yÓ ≤ÃÓ#îÈÙÈöÓ#ö x!ôÓy§# ~ÓÇ ˆày ÏÎB˛y Ü˛ Ï° ÏçÓ ≤Ãy_´ö˛ Ä Óï≈ üyö åÈyeåÈye#Óy !Ü˛

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˛õMÈ˛yööï˛°yÎ˚ xö®ã˛w ˆ§ ÏöÓ˚ û˛yí ¸yÓy!í ¸ 2 ÓÍ§Ó˚

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Óƒyöy!ç≈Ó˚ û˛yí ¸yÓy!í ¸ 34 ÓÍ§Ó˚

çyö%Î˚y!Ó˚ 1877ÈÙÙÙÈ29.7. 1891 ü,ï% ƒ Óyò%í ¸Óyày ÏöÓ˚ !öçfl∫ Óy!í ¸ 14 ÓÍ§Ó˚ 6 üy§

!Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyÎ%‹Òy° 70 ÓÍ§Ó˚ 10 üy§ 3 !òö

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Ü˛– åÈyeyÓfliyÎ˚ Ó˚y!eÜ˛y°#ö ˛õyë˛yû˛ƒy Ï§Ó˚ §•yÎ˚ ˛õMÈ˛yööï˛°y ˆ° Ïö Ü˛°Ü˛yï˛yÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ïï˛ü àƒy§Óy!ï˛hflÏΩ˛

Wide Angle–36

á– 15 !•òyÓ˚yü Óƒyöy!ç≈ ˆ°ö

à– 54 !•òyÓ˚yü Óƒyöy!ç≈ ˆ°ö

Wide Angle–37

â– 1 !§ Ïk˛ŸªÓ˚ ã˛w ˆ°ö

Wide Angle–38

ä– 15 !§ Ïk˛ŸªÓ˚ ã˛w ˆ°ö

Wide Angle–39

ã˛– 63 xyü•yfiê≈ !fiê Δê˛ SÓï≈ üy Ïö Ó˚yçy Ó˚y Ïüy•ö §Ó˚!îV

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Wide Angle–40

!Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óyäy!° üôƒ!Ó_ !öü≈yî ≤ÃÜ˛“

í˛. •züyö%° •Ü˛

§• ÏÎyà# xôƒy˛õÜ˛ñ ÓyÇ°y !Óû˛yà

!Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ xy°% ˛õê˛° ˆÓ Ïã˛ áy ÏÓñ ü%!òÓ˚ ˆòyÜ˛yö Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ áy ÏÓñ !Ü˛v ˆÎ ã˛yÜ% !Ó˚ Ïï˛ §¡øyö ˆö•zñ ˆ§ ã˛yÜ% !Ó˚ Ü˛Ó˚ ÏÓ

öy– ÈÙÙÙÈ!Óòƒy§yàÓ˚

§yï˛ ˛õ%Ó˚& üy!ê˛ ï% Ï° öï% ö üyö% Ï£ÏÓ˚ ã˛y£Ï Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ • ÏÓ • ÏÓ– ÈÙÙÙÈ!Óòƒy§yàÓ˚

ˆï˛yüy ÏòÓ˚ xyÓ˚ í z õyÎ˚ ˆö•z– çD Ï° !à ÏÎ˚ ˛õŒê˛ö ˜ï˛!Ó˚ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚y–

S•zÇ ÏÓ˚ç !Ó ÏÓ˚yô# ï˛Ó˚&î ÏòÓ˚ í z Ïj Ï¢ !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚– §)e≠ û) Ï õwöyÌ ò_ñ !mï˛#Î˚ fl∫yô#öï˛y §Ç@ˇÃyüñ 2Î˚ á[˛ñ ˛õ,.

393V

ôü≈ ˆÎ Ü˛#ñ ï˛y•y üyö% Ï£ÏÓ˚ Óï≈ üyö xÓfliyÎ˚ K˛y ÏöÓ˚ xï˛#ï˛ ~ÓÇ •z•y çy!öÓyÓ˚Ä ˆÜ˛yöÄ ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yçö öy•z– ÈÙÙÙÈ!Óòƒy§yàÓ˚

!Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ Ü˛y Ï°Ó˚ ˆ°yÜ˛– Ü˛y°ôü≈•z !ï˛!ö ˛õy°ö Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y !àÎ˚y ÏåÈö– •z•y Ïï˛ !•®%Ó˚ x!ö‹T •zÎ˚y ÏåÈñ !•®%ô Ïü≈ xyâyï˛

°y!àÎ˚y ÏåÈ– ÈÙÙÙÈ!Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ç#Óö#Ü˛yÓ˚ !Ó•yÓ˚#°y° §Ó˚Ü˛yÓ˚

!Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ xyê˛ ÓåÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ Ï§ ò#â≈ õÌ ˆ•Ñ Ïê˛ ˆÎ Ïï˛ ˆÎ Ïï˛ •zÇ ÏÓ˚!ç öy Ïü ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ xyÓ˚!Ó §Çáƒy !¢ Ïá ÏåÈöñ 19 ÓåÈÓ˚

ÓÎ˚ Ï§ !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ í z õy!ô °yû˛ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ÏåÈöñ 26 ÓåÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ Ï§ ã˛yÜ˛!Ó˚ Ïï˛ ˆÎyà !ò ÏÎ˚ ÏåÈöñ §Çfl,Òï˛ Ü˛ Ï° Ïçñ §•Ü˛yÓ˚#

§¡õyòÜ˛ ˛õ Ïòñ §¡õyò ÏÜ˛Ó˚ § ÏD üï˛yhsˇ ÏÓ˚ 27 ÓåÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ Ï§ ã˛yÜ˛!Ó˚ ˆåÈ Ïí ¸ ÏåÈöñ ã˛yÜ˛!Ó˚ åÈyí ¸yÓ˚ xy Ïà ≤ÃÌü @ˇÃsi

≤ÃÜ˛y!¢ï˛ • ÏÎ˚ ÏåÈñ fliy˛õö Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ÏåÈö §Çfl,Òï˛ !í˛˛õ!çê˛!Ó˚ ˆ≤Ã§ñ Óyäy!° Ó%!k˛ç#Ó#Ó˚ x˛õåÈ Ï®Ó˚ Ü˛yç ÓƒÓ§yÎ˚ ˆö Ïü ÏåÈöñ

29 ÓåÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ Ï§ ˆÎyà !ò ÏÎ˚ ÏåÈö ˆú˛yê≈ í z•z!°Î˚yü Ü˛ Ï° Ïç ˆ•í˛ Ó˚y•zê˛yÓ˚ Ä ˆÜ˛y£Ïyôƒ«˛ ˛õ Ïòñ 30 ÓåÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ Ï§

§Çfl,Òï˛ Ü˛ Ï° Ïç xôƒy˛õÜ˛ñ 31 ÓåÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ Ï§ Ü˛ Ï° ÏçÓ˚ xôƒ«˛ xyÓ˚ üye 38 ÓåÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ Ï§ 1858 !á fiê˛y Ï∑ §Çfl,Òï˛

Ü˛ Ï° ÏçÓ˚ xôƒ«˛ Ä !¢«˛y !Óû˛y ÏÏàÓ˚ •zö ÏflõQÓ˚ ˛õ Ïò •zhflÏú˛y– ã˛yÜ˛!Ó˚ï˛ƒyà– ≤ÃyÎ˚ 500 ê˛yÜ˛y üy•z ÏöÓ˚ ã˛yÜ˛!Ó˚–

~Ó˚ üy Ïé˛ !° Ïá ÏåÈö ÚÓî≈ õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚Û §• 12!ê˛ Ó•z– ã˛y°% Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ÏåÈö !ÓôÓy !ÓÓy•ñ fliy˛õö Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ÏåÈö x ÏÓï˛!öÜ˛

!Óòƒy°Î˚ñ öy•zê˛ fl%Ò° Óy Ó˚yáy° fl%Ò°ñ Óy!°Ü˛y !Óòƒy°Î˚ñ òyï˛Óƒ !ã˛!Ü˛Í§y°Î˚– §Çfl,Òï˛ Ü˛ Ï° Ïç !ò ÏÎ˚ ÏåÈö Ó y·˛î åÈyí ¸y

˜Óòƒ Ä Ü˛yÎ˚fli ÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã ÏÓ¢y!ôÜ˛yÓ˚–

!Ü˛v §Ó Ïã˛ ÏÎ˚ Óí ¸ ˆÎ Ü˛yç Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ÏåÈöñ ï˛y xyüyÓ˚ ü Ïï˛ñ Óyäy!° §y•§# üôƒ!Ó Ï_Ó˚ !öü≈yî ≤Ã Ïã˛‹Ty– Î!òÄ ïÑ yÓ˚

!ö ÏçÓ˚ ü Ïï˛ Úü•_ü Ü˛yçÛ !ÓôÓy!ÓÓy• ≤ÃÓï≈ öñ Ó˚Ó#wöy ÏÌÓ˚ ü Ïï˛ ÚÓyÇ°y à ÏòƒÓ˚ ◊# Ä •…#Û òyö–

38 ÓåÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ Ï§Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Ä xçflÀ Ü˛yç ï ÑyÓ˚ ç#Ó Ïö– ï˛_¥ ÏÓy!ôö# S1839V Ä !•®% ˛õƒy!ê ΔÎ˚ê˛ S1861V ˛õ!eÜ˛y

§¡õyòöyñ !¢«˛y !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ü˛ !¢«˛îôyÓ˚yÓ˚ xyü)° ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛öñ !•®% ˆüˆÏê˛Δy˛õ!°ê˛ƒyö fl%Ò° S~áö !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ Ü˛ˆÏ°ç

1864V fliy˛õöñ °DÓ˚áyöy Ä !Óòƒy°Î˚ fliy˛õö Ó#Ó˚!§Ç• Ä §!ß¨!•ï˛ ~°yÜ˛yÎ˚ S1866Vñ Óô≈üy Ïö üƒy Ï°!Ó˚Î˚y ˆÓ˚yà

ï˛Ìy ÚÓô≈üyö !ú˛û˛y ÏÓ˚ÛÓ˚ !öÓ˚yü ÏÎ˚Ó˚ çöƒ !ã˛!Ü˛Í§y ÏÜ˛w fliy˛õö S1868ÈÙÈ69Vñ ˆ•y!üÄ˛õƒy!Ì !ã˛!Ü˛Í§yÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ Ä

≤Ã§yÓ˚ñ âyê˛y Ï° Óyäy!° ÓƒÓ§yÎ˚# ÏòÓ˚ Ä˛õÓ˚ xöƒyÎ˚ xyÎ˚Ü˛Ó˚ ã˛y˛õy ÏöyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Óyò Ä ≤Ã!ï˛!Óôyö S1868Vñ §ÑyÄï˛y° ÏòÓ˚

Ä˛õÓ˚ •zÇ ÏÓ˚ç ÏòÓ˚ xï˛ƒyã˛y ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ü˛yÓ˚Ü˛ Ï“ ~ÓÇ !ö ÏçÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚Ü˛ Ä üyö!§Ü˛ fl∫yfliƒÓ˚«˛yÓ˚ çöƒ Ü˛yü≈yê˛y ÏÓ˚ Óy!í ¸

Ä !Óòƒy°Î˚ !öü≈yî S1871Vñ ˛õ%e öyÓ˚yÎ˚îã˛wˆÏÜ˛ ï˛ƒyçƒ˛õ%e ˆây£Ïîy S1875Vñ ˆüˆÏê˛Δy˛õ!°ê˛yö Ü˛ˆÏ°ˆÏç !Ó.~

˛õí ¸y Ïöy ÷Ó˚& ~ÓÇ Ó‡!ÓÓy• !Ó ÏÓ˚yô# ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚– ï˛ ÏÓ §ÓyÓ˚ í z õ ÏÓ˚ ˆã˛ ÏÎ˚!åÈ Ï°öñ üyö%£Ï !öü≈yî Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ñ Ú§yï˛ ˛õ%Ó˚& üy!ê˛

ï% Ï°Û öï% ö üyö% Ï£ÏÓ˚ ã˛y£Ï Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛– Óyäy!° öï% ö üôƒ!Ó_ !öü≈yî Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ ˆ§•z !ö ÏÎ˚•z §yüyöƒ !Ü˛å%È Ü˛Ìy–

Wide Angle–41

!Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ˆ§•z !ÓÓ˚° üyö%£Ï !Î!ö x Ïã˛öy ˆÓ˚yà#Ó˚ ü°ü)e !ö Ïç ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ÏåÈöñ !•®%ÈÙÈü%§!°ü öy ˆò Ïá

üƒy Ï°!Ó˚Î˚y ˆÓ˚yà#Ó˚ ˆ§Óy Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ÏåÈöñ ≤ÃÜ˛y¢ƒ Óy x≤ÃÜ˛y Ï¢ƒ ôü≈ã˛ã˛y Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ö !öñ àyÎ˚e# üsf ˛õÎ≈hsˇ ç Ï õö !öÈÙÙÙÈ~ ÏÜ˛Óy ÏÓ˚

xöƒÓ˚Ü˛ü üyö%£Ï– Îy xyçÄ üôƒ!Ó_ §üy Ïç !ÓÓ˚°–

!Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ÓyÇ°y à ÏòƒÓ˚ xhsˇÉ¢#°y åÈ® ÏÜ˛ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ö– àòƒ ÏÜ˛ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y Ï°ö °y!°ï˛ƒüÎ˚ Ä ˛õ!Ó˚¢#!°ï˛–

à ÏòƒÓ˚ Ü˛ Ïë˛yÓ˚ Ü˛!ë˛ö é˛B˛yÓ˚ ˆ°y ÏÜ˛Ó˚ Ü˛y Ïö Óy Ïçñ !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆã˛y Ïá ôÓ˚y ˛õ Ïí ¸!åÈ°ÈÙÙÙÈ~Ó˚ §Ó˚§ fl∫yò% ˆüô%Ó˚ üô%Ó˚

≤ÃÓîï˛y– ˆÎ ≤ÃÓîï˛yñ ï˛yÓ˚ ã˛!Ó˚ ÏeÓ˚ xhsˇ!ö≈!•ï˛ ¢!_´–

ˆ§•z ¢!_´ öç ÏÓ˚ ~ Ï§ ÏåÈ ≤ÃÌü üô%§)òöñ ˛õ ÏÓ˚ Ó˚Ó#wöy ÏÌÓ˚ ò,!‹T Ïï˛Ä–

xyüy ÏòÓ˚ öç ÏÓ˚ xy§y çÓ˚&!Ó˚ òy¢≈!öÜ˛ !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚– §üyç Ä §yüy!çÜ˛ Ü˛ü≈# àë˛ö≤ÃÎ˚y§# !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚*˛õ–

!Î!ö ã˛yÜ˛Ó˚ ööñ Ü˛ü≈# ã˛yö– üyö%£Ï ã˛yöÈÙÙÙÈüyö%£Ï–

ˆÎ üyö%£Ï §Í §y•§# Ä !öû≈ #Ü˛– ~ÓÇ ÎÌy§Ω˛Ó §#üyÓk˛ï˛yÓ˚ ü ÏôƒÄ !ö Ïç ÏÜ˛ !ÓÜ˛y¢ ≤ÃÎ˚y§#– ï˛y•z !ï˛!ö

ÚˆÓ˚ Ïû˛y!°í z¢yöÛ ¢ Ï∑Ó˚ ÓyÇ°y ˛õ!Ó˚û˛y£Ïy !öü≈yî Ü˛ ÏÓ˚öÈÙÙÙÈÓ˚yç !Ó≤’Ó– ÚÜ˛ Ï°y!öÎ˚y°Û ¢ Ï∑Ó˚ xÌ≈ Å˛õ!ö ÏÓ!¢Ü˛–

~ÓÇ !ö Ïç Îy • Ïï˛ ˆã˛ ÏÎ˚!åÈ Ï°öÈÙÙÙÈˆ§•z Ú•zí z!öû≈ y!§!ê˛ÛÓ˚ ÓyÇ°y Ü˛ ÏÓ˚öÈÙÙÙÈ!ÓŸª!Óòƒy°Î˚–

1

Óy!î!çƒÜ˛ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ Ä !¢«˛yàï˛ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ÈÙÙÙÈò%•z ÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆü°Ó¶˛ Ïö à Ïí ¸ í z Ïë˛ ÏåÈ Óyäy!° üôƒ!Ó_ ˆ◊!ö– ˆ§•z

üôƒ!Ó_ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ !ö¡¨ï˛ü hflÏ ÏÓ˚ çß√ !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚– xy!Ì≈Ü˛ !Óã˛y ÏÓ˚ !˛õï˛y ë˛yÜ% Ó˚òy§ !ö¡¨üôƒ!Ó_ öö– üyö!§Ü˛ï˛yÎ˚–

Óí ¸Óyçy ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~Ü˛çö §yüyöƒ Ü˛ü≈ã˛yÓ˚#– ö%ö xyö Ïï˛ ˛õyöï˛y ú% Ó˚yÎ˚ ò¢y– !ë˛Ü˛ü Ïï˛y xy•yÓ˚ ˆçy Ïê˛ öy– !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚

!«˛ Ïò ˆüê˛y ÏFåÈö ˆày˛õy Ï°Ó˚ üyÈÙÙÙÈ~Ü˛ !ÓôÓy ˆfl¨•¢#°y– ≤Ãò# Ï õÓ˚ xy Ï°y ˆÜ˛öyÓ˚ ˛õÎ˚§y ˆö•z– Ó˚yhflÏyÓ˚ àƒy Ï§Ó˚

xy Ï°yÎ˚ ˛õí ¸y Ï¢yöy– !ï˛!ö í z_#î≈ • Ï°ö xy!Ì≈Ü˛ !Óã˛y ÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÌ Ïü üôƒ!Ó_ñ ˛õ ÏÓ˚ í zFã˛üôƒ!Ó_ ˆ◊!ö Ïï˛–

!Ü˛v üôƒ!Ó Ï_Ó˚ öƒyÜ˛y!üñ ˜Ó£èÓ#Î˚ !ÓöÎ˚ñ ã˛ï% Ó˚y!°ñ ô)ï≈ y!üñ {£Ï≈y Ü˛yï˛Ó˚ï˛yñ x§)Î˚yñ !Ó Ïm£Ï ˆÌ ÏÜ˛ !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚

!ö Ïç ÏÜ˛ ü%_´ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ Ó˚yá Ïï˛ ˆ˛õ ÏÓ˚!åÈ Ï°ö–

üôƒ!Ó_˛ ˆ§!òö ~ÓÇ xyçÄ ü)°ï˛ •Î˚ ã˛yÜ˛!Ó˚ !öû≈ Ó˚ öÎ˚ Ó˚yç Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ §Çàë˛ö !öû≈ Ó˚ó xÌÓy Ü, !£Ï Óy ÓƒÓ§y

ï˛yÓ˚ ç#Óö!û˛!_– ~ÓÇ ˆ°áÜ˛ §¡±òyÎ˚ x!ï˛ x!ï˛ Óƒ!ï˛e´ü Óyò !ò Ï° ã˛yÜ˛!Ó˚ !öû≈ Ó˚– ˆ§áy Ïö !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ã˛yÜ˛!Ó˚

ˆåÈ Ïí ¸ !ò Ï°ö xöyÎ˚y Ï§– ˆ≤Ã!§ Ïí˛!™ Ü˛ Ï° Ïç ã˛yÜ˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ≤ÃhflÏyÓ ~ Ï§!åÈ°ñ ï˛áö xöê˛ö ïÑ yÓ˚– Ü˛Ó˚ Ï°ö öy– Ü˛yÓ˚î

•zÇ ÏÓ˚ç ÏòÓ˚ ü Ïï˛y 200 ê˛yÜ˛y ˆÓï˛ö öÎ˚ñ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ÏòÓ˚ ü Ïï˛y 100 ê˛yÜ˛y ˆÓï˛ö–

öy ˆá ÏÎ˚ üÓ˚ ÏÓöÈÙÙÙÈï˛Ó% üyÌy öï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ ÏÓö öyÈÙÙÙÈ~•z • Ï°ö !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚–

2

!ÓöÎ˚ ˆây£Ï ÚÓyÇ°yÓ˚ !ÓmÍ§üyç Ä Óyäy°# Ó%!k˛ç#Ó#Û @ˇÃ Ïsi !° Ïá ÏåÈöÈÙÙÙÈÚxyô%!öÜ˛ Î% ÏàÓ˚ xÌ≈ Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ Ä §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛

ˆ«˛ Ïe öï% ö ˆÎ §Ó ¢!_´¢y°# ˆ◊!öÓ˚ xy!Óû≈ yÓ •°ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ü Ïôƒ üôƒ!Ó_ ˆ◊!ö xöƒï˛ü– §üy Ïç üôƒ Ï◊!ö

xy ÏàÄ ˆÎ !åÈ° ï˛y öÎ˚ñ !Ü˛v ï˛yÓ˚ Ó˚*˛õ !åÈ° xöƒÓ˚Ü˛ü– §üy Ïç ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y Ïöy fl∫yô#ö à!ï˛¢#° ˆ◊!öàï˛ fl∫yï˛sfƒ

Ä §_y !åÈ° öy– öï% ö üôƒ!Ó_ ˆ◊!ö ˆ§•z fl∫yï˛sfƒ Ä fl∫yô#ö§_y !ö ÏÎ˚ ~ Ï°y– §üy Ïç ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãû˛yÓ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õ!_ Î ÏÌ‹T

Óyí˛¸ˆÏ°yÛ–

SÓyÇ°yÓ˚ !ÓmÍ§üyç Ä Óyäy°# Ó%!k˛ç#Ó#ÈÙÙÙÈ˛õ,. 57V

!Ü˛v §!ï˛ƒ•z !Ü˛ üôƒ!Ó_ ˆ◊!ö fl∫yô#ö !åÈ° í z!ö¢ ¢ï˛ ÏÜ˛⁄ Óy ~üö!Ü˛ xyçÄ⁄ ã˛yÜ˛!Ó˚Ó˚ !¢Ü˛°ñ Ó˚y Ï‹T…Ó˚

º*Ü% !ê˛Ó˚ {£ÏÍ Ü˛¡õöÄ !Ü˛ ï˛y ÏÜ˛ û˛#ï˛ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ öy⁄ Ó˚Ó#wöyÌ ç!üòyÓ˚ ÓÇ¢#Î˚– ïÑ yÓ˚ ã˛yÜ% !Ó˚ öy•z– !ï˛!ö x ÏöÜ˛ê˛y•z

fl∫yô#ö– !Ü˛v ˆ§ ˆï˛y ˛õ ÏÓ˚Ó˚ Î%à– Ó!B˛ü fl∫yô#öï˛y ˆã˛ ÏÎ˚ ÏåÈö– ˛õyö !ö– xyhsˇ!Ó˚Ü˛û˛y ÏÓ ã˛yö !ö⁄ öy!Ü˛ í z õyÎ˚ !åÈ°

öy– òyòy §O#Óã˛w ã˛ ÏRy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ x!ï˛ §y•§ ˆò!á ÏÎ˚ ã˛yÜ˛!Ó˚ ˛õyÜ˛y Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ ˛õy ÏÓ˚ö !ö– Ó!B˛ü ï˛y•z é%Ñ !Ü˛ !ö Ï°ö öy–

Wide Angle–42

ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ñ xy Ï«˛˛õ Ü˛Ó˚ Ï°öÈÙÙÙÈã˛yÜ% !Ó˚ xyüyÓ˚ ç#Ó ÏöÓ˚ x!û˛¢y˛õ– xyÓyÓ˚ ~ê˛yÄ !ë˛Ü˛ñ ã˛yÜ˛!Ó˚ öy Ü˛Ó˚ Ï° Ó‡ í z õöƒy Ï§Ó˚

≤’ê˛ ˆ˛õ Ïï˛ö öy– •zÇ ÏÓ˚ç ÏòÓ˚ Ü˛yåÈ ˆÌ ÏÜ˛ öy ˆòá Ï° •zÇ ÏÓ˚!çÎ˚yöyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ â,îy çß√y Ïï˛y öy– !Ü˛v ç!üòy!Ó˚ ≤ÃÌy ÏÜ˛

ÓƒD Ü˛ ÏÓ˚Ä ï˛ƒyà Ü˛Ó˚y ÏöyÓ˚ ü Ïï˛y §y•§ xç≈ö Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ö !ö– Ú§yüƒÛ !° Ïá ≤Ãï˛ƒy•yÓ˚ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ÏåÈö– !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ˆ§•z Î% Ïà

!ÓÓ˚° Óƒ!ï˛e´ü#– Óyäy!° ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ üôƒ!Ó Ï_ Ä üôƒÓ, Ï_ !ï˛!ö xyfliy•#ö–

˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ˆây£Ïîyñ Ú§yï˛˛õ%Ó˚& üy!ê˛ ï% Ï° öï% ö üyö% Ï£ÏÓ˚ ã˛y£Ï Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ • ÏÓ–Û

3

öï% ö üyö% Ï£ÏÓ˚ ã˛y£Ï Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹TyÄ !ï˛!ö Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ö– ˆã˛‹Ty Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ö xyò¢≈ Óyäy!° !öü≈y ÏîÓ˚– Úˆày˛õy° x!ï˛ §% ÏÓyô

Óy°Ü˛ÛÈÙÙÙÈˆÜ˛ö öyÈÙÙÙÈˆ§ ˛õí ¸ Ïï˛ û˛y Ï°yÓy Ï§– ˆ§ Ó•z •yÓ˚yÎ˚ öy– !ö ÏçÓ˚ Ü˛ Ïü≈ Ó ï˛#– ˆá°yÓ˚ §ü ÏÎ˚ ˆá Ï°ñ ˛õí ¸yÓ˚

§üÎ˚ ˛õ Ïí ¸– àí ¸ Óyäy!°Ó˚ ≤Ãôyö §ü§ƒy §üÎ˚K˛yö– xyüÓ˚y ≤ÃyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛í z•z §üÎ˚ ˆü Ïö ã˛!° öy– Ü˛Ìy !ò ÏÎ˚ Ü˛Ìy

Ó˚yá Ïï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ öy– !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ~§Ó !Ó£Ï ÏÎ˚ !åÈ Ï°ö xyò¢≈– ï˛y•z x Ïö ÏÜ˛Ó˚•z ü Ïö •Î˚ñ !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ó˚Ó#wöyÌ

Óyäy!° !åÈ Ï°ö öy–

Ó˚Ó#wöyÌ ã˛yÜ˛!Ó˚ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ö !ö– Ó˚yü Ïüy•öñ !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ñ Ó!B˛ü §Óy•z ã˛yÜ˛!Ó˚ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ÏåÈö– Ó!B˛ü Óy ÏÓ˚Óy ÏÓ˚ Úã˛yÜ% !Ó˚

xyüyÓ˚ ç#Ó ÏöÓ˚ x!û˛¢y˛õÛ Ó Ï° 55 ÓåÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ Ï§ ã˛yÜ˛!Ó˚ ï˛ƒyà Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ÏåÈö– !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚Ä üye 38 ÓåÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ Ï§

1858 !á fiê˛y Ï∑ ã˛yÜ˛!Ó˚ ï˛ƒy Ïà §üÌ≈– ˆÎ ˆ§ ã˛yÜ˛!Ó˚ öÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ§Ó !ü!° ÏÎ˚ 500 ê˛yÜ˛y ˆÓï˛ ÏöÓ˚ ã˛yÜ˛!Ó˚– û˛yÓy ÎyÎ˚ñ

xyç ÏÜ˛Ó˚ !ò Ïö ≤ÃyÎ˚ 5 °yá ê˛yÜ˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ üy!§Ü˛ ˆÓï˛ö– ˆÜ˛ö öyñ ü Ïï˛ ˆü Ï°!ö– ò%ÛÓyÓ˚ §Çfl,Òï˛ Ü˛ Ï° ÏçÓ˚

§Ó˚Ü˛y!Ó˚ ã˛yÜ˛!Ó˚ ï˛ƒyà Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ö !ï˛!ö– ~Ü˛ÓyÓ˚ §Çfl,Òï˛ Ü˛ Ï° ÏçÓ˚ §¡õyòÜ˛ Ó˚§üÎ˚ ò Ï_Ó˚ § ÏD üï˛!Ó ÏÓ˚y Ïô– 1847

!á fiê˛y Ï∑ ï˛áö !ï˛!ö §Çfl,Òï˛ Ü˛ Ï° ÏçÓ˚ §•Ü˛yÓ˚# xôƒy˛õÜ˛– ˆÓï˛ö 50 ê˛yÜ˛y– ÓÎ˚§ 38 !mï˛#Î˚ÓyÓ˚ ï˛ƒyà Ü˛Ó˚ Ï°ö

§Çfl,Òï˛ Ü˛ Ï° ÏçÓ˚ xôƒ«˛˛õò– •zÇ ÏÓ˚ç §Ó˚Ü˛yÓ˚ Îáö §Çfl,Òï˛ Ü˛ Ï° Ïç !¢«˛y˛õk˛!ï˛ !Ó£Ï ÏÎ˚ ïÑ yÓ˚ üï˛ öy ˆü Ïö

Óƒy Ï°rê˛y•z ÏöÓ˚ üï˛ §!ë˛Ü˛ Ó Ï° çyöy Ï°öÈ– ˆ§!ê˛ 1858 !á fiê˛y Ï∑Ó˚ âê˛öy– •zÇ ÏÓ˚ç §Ó˚Ü˛y ÏÓ˚Ó˚ !¢«˛y§Ç§ò ühsˇÓƒ

Ü˛Ó˚ Ï°öñ ÚïÑ yÓ˚y S!¢«˛y §Ç§òV xy¢y Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ö !ï˛!ö S!Óòƒy§yàÓ˚V Óƒy Ï°rê˛y•z ÏöÓ˚ ˆ°áy Ó•z=!° !¢«˛yÓ˚ Ü˛y Ïç Î ÏÌ‹T

˛õ!Ó˚üy Ïî ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çöƒ Ü% !Z˛ï˛ • ÏÓö öy– ïÑ yÓ˚ S!Óòƒy§yàÓ˚V !ö ÏçÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ Ü˛y Ïç ~ÓÇ ïÑ yÓ˚ xöƒyöƒ

!¢«˛Ü˛ ÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ Óƒy˛õy ÏÓ˚ Óy°yrê˛y•z ÏöÓ˚ Ó•z=!° á%Ó•z Ü˛y ÏçÓ˚ • ÏÓ Ó Ï° xyüy ÏòÓ˚ !ÓŸªy§– Óƒy Ï°rê˛y•z ÏöÓ˚

Ó•z=!° ˛õyë˛ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ åÈyeÓ˚y ˆÎ í z õÜ, ï˛ • ÏÓ ï˛y Ïï˛ ˆÜ˛y Ïöy § Ï®• ˆö•z–Û S!ÓöÎ˚ ˆây£Ïñ ˛˛õ,. 181V

~•z !ã˛!ë˛ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yöÄ xydüÎ≈yòy§¡õß¨ !¢!«˛ï˛ Óƒ!_´Ó˚ ˛õ Ï«˛ •çü Ü˛Ó˚y Ü˛!ë˛ö– Î!òÄ û˛yÓ˚§yüƒ Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty

!åÈ° ~•z ˛õÇ!_´=!° Ïï˛ÈÙÙÙÈ

ÚÜ˛. xôƒ Ï«˛Ó˚ !ö ÏçÓ˚ í zò‰ ÏÎyà Ä «˛üï˛y §¡∫ Ï¶˛ §Ç§ ÏòÓ˚ àû˛#Ó˚ !ÓŸªy§ xy ÏåÈ–

á. §Ç§ ÏòÓ˚ ~Ü˛yhsˇ •zFåÈyñ ÓyÓ˚yî§#Ó˚ Ä Ü˛°Ü˛yï˛yÓ˚ ~•z ò%!ê˛ !¢«˛y≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ÏöÓ˚ xôƒ Ï«˛Ó˚ ü Ïôƒ !¢«˛y§Çeýhsˇ

≤Ã Ïï˛ƒÜ˛ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ Óƒy˛õy ÏÓ˚ üï˛yü Ïï˛Ó˚ xyòyö≤Ãòyö ˆ•yÜ˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ú˛ Ï° í zû˛ ÏÎ˚Ó˚•z e´ Ïüyß¨!ï˛ ˆ•yÜ˛–Û S!ÓöÎ˚

ˆây£Ïñ ˛õ,. 181V–

!ÓöÎ˚ ˆây£Ï !° Ïá ÏåÈö≠ Ú!Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ !Óã˛!°ï˛ «% ∏˛ ~ÓÇ e% k˛ • Ï°ö– ïÑ yÓ˚ çÓyÓ !ò Ï°ö ~Ü˛ ÚxyôyÈÙÈ§Ó˚Ü˛y!Ó˚

!ã˛!ë˛ Ïï˛Û– !¢«˛y§Ç§ ÏòÓ˚ §!ã˛Ó í˛. ü ÏÎ˚ê˛ ÏÜ˛ !°á Ï°ö≠ Úí˛. Óƒy Ï°rê˛y•z ÏöÓ˚ !Ó˚ Ï õyê≈ §¡õ ÏÜ≈ !¢«˛y§Ç§ ÏòÓ˚ !ö Ïò≈¢

xy!ü ô#Ó˚û˛yˆÏÓ !ÓˆÏÓã˛öy Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏá!åÈ– Î!ò ~•z !öˆÏò≈¢=!° xyüyˆÏÜ˛ ÓˆÏî≈ÈÙÈÓˆÏî≈ ˛õy°ö Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ°

§Ç§ ÏòÓ˚ §¡ø!ï˛e´ Ïü §¡±!ï˛ xy!ü !ö ÏçÓ˚ ˆÎ ˛õyë˛ƒ§)!ã˛ Ü˛ Ï°ç ã˛y°% Ü˛ ÏÓ˚!åÈñ ï˛y Ïï˛ •hflÏ Ï«˛˛õ Ü˛Ó˚y • ÏÓ Ó Ï°

xyüyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy– ï˛yÓ˚ ú˛ Ï° Ü˛ Ï° Ïç xyüyÓ˚ !ö ÏçÓ˚ üÎ≈yòy•z ˆÎ «% ] • ÏÓ ï˛y öÎ˚ñ xyüyÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ Ü˛y Ïç Óƒyâƒyï˛

âê˛ ÏÓ ~ÓÇ !¢«˛y≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ÏöÓ˚ í z õ ÏÎy!àï˛yÄ x ÏöÜ˛áy!ö Ü˛ Ïü Îy ÏÓ–Û

~åÈyí ¸yÄ !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ §y•§û˛ ÏÓ˚ xydüÎ≈yòyÓ˚ fl∫y ÏÌ≈ !°á ÏåÈö≠

Wide Angle–43

ÚxyüyÓ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ !ã˛hsˇy≤Ã§)ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ü˛“öy §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ xÌÓy !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ åÈyeˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ í˛zß¨!ï˛ÈÙÈxÓö!ï˛ xy!ü

xöƒ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ÏöÓ˚ ~Ü˛çö §ü˛õòfli xôƒ Ï«˛Ó˚ § ÏD üï˛yüï˛ !Ó!öüÎ˚ Ü˛Ó˚Ó !Ü˛öyñ ~üö ˆÜ˛y Ïöy ¢ï≈ ˆü Ïö ˆÜ˛y Ïöy

xydüÎ≈yòy§¡õß¨ Óƒ!_´Ó˚ ˛õ Ï«˛ !Ü˛ Ü˛yç Ü˛Ó˚y §Ω˛Ó⁄Û

à. Óƒy Ï°fiê˛y•z ÏöÓ˚ !¢«˛yö#!ï˛ ˆÎ §¡õ)î≈ û% ° ï˛y çyöy Ïï˛ !môy Ü˛Ó˚ Ï°ö öy !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚– ïÑ yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ ˆï˛y !¢!«˛ï˛

Óyäy!° üôƒ!Ó_ !öü≈yî– ÎÑyÓ˚y x¶˛ û˛yÓy ÏÓ Ïà ã˛° ÏÓ öy– !ÓŸªy§# öÎ˚ñ Î%!_´Óyò# • ÏÓ–

ï˛y•z xy Ïà !° Ïá!åÈ Ï°ö≠

çö§yôyÓ˚ ÏîÓ˚ ü Ïôƒ !¢«˛y!ÓhflÏyÓ˚ xyüy ÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yçö–

Ó° Ï°öñ xyüy ÏòÓ˚ Ü˛ï˛Ü˛=!° ÓyÇ°y fl%Ò° fliy˛õö Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ • ÏÓ– ˆÜ˛ö⁄ Óƒyáƒy !ò ÏÎ˚ ÏåÈö !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ

Ü˛. ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yçö#Î˚ Ä !¢«˛î#Î˚ !Ó£Ï ÏÎ˚ ˛õyë˛ƒ˛õ%hflÏÜ˛ Ó˚ã˛öy

á. !¢«˛ ÏÜ˛Ó˚ òy!Î˚c Ä Ü˛ï≈ Óƒ ˛õy°ö Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ ˛õy ÏÓ˚ñ ~üö ~Ü˛ò° ˆ°yÜ˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ • ÏÓñ ï˛y• Ï°•z xyüy ÏòÓ˚

í z Ïj¢ƒ §ú˛° • ÏÓ–

à. !¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ƒ˛õ%hflÏÜ˛ Ó˚ã˛öyñ òy!Î˚c Ä Ü˛ï≈˛Óƒ ˛õy°ˆÏöÓ˚ =î ÌyÜ˛yÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ òy!Î˚c ïÑ˛yÓ˚y

!ö Ïç ÏòÓ˚ û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ §%!¢!«˛ï˛ • ÏÓöñ !Ó!û˛ß¨ !Ó£Ï ÏÎ˚ Î ÏÌ‹T K˛yö xç≈ö Ü˛Ó˚ ÏÓö ~ÓÇ ˆò Ï¢Ó˚ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ Ü% §ÇflÒyÓ˚

ˆÌ ÏÜ˛ Îï˛ò)Ó˚ §Ω˛Ó ü%_´ ÌyÜ˛ ÏÓö–

â. !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ xy Ïà•z Ó Ï°!åÈñ Óyäy!° òy!Î˚c¢#° üôƒ!Ó_ !öü≈yî ïÑ yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ– ï˛y•z !°á ÏåÈö≠ ~•z ôÓ˚ ÏöÓ˚

!¢«˛Ü˛ à Ïí ¸ ˆï˛y°y•z xyüyÓ˚ ç#Ó ÏöÓ˚ °«˛ƒ ~ÓÇ §Çfl,Òï˛ Ü˛ Ï° ÏçÓ˚ !¢«˛y§ÇflÒy ÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óƒy˛õy ÏÓ˚ xy!ü xyüyÓ˚ §ühflÏ

í zòƒü ÏÜ˛ ~•z í z Ïj Ï¢ƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ ã˛y•z–

ˆò Ï¢Ó˚ ü Ïôƒ Ü˛yÓ˚y !¢!«˛ï˛ ˆ°yÜ˛ Ó Ï° àîƒÈÙÙÙÈïÑ yÓ˚ ~Ü˛ê˛y Ó˚*˛õ ÏÓ˚áy !öü≈yî Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ !ò ÏFåÈö !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚–

~Ü˛. !ö ÏçÓ˚ üyï, û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ §%!¢!«˛ï˛

ò%•z. •zÇ ÏÓ˚!ç û˛y£ÏyÄ çyö ÏÓö– K˛yö !ÓK˛yö xy•Ó˚î Ü˛Ó˚ ÏÓö–

!ï˛ö. ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ Ü% §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ü%_´ • ÏÓö–

§Çfl,Òï˛ Ü˛ Ï°çÈÙÙÙÈ!ï˛!ö ˆã˛ ÏÎ˚!åÈ Ï°öñ Ú§Çfl,Òï˛ Ü˛ Ï°ç ˆÜ˛Ó° ˆÎ !Ó÷k˛ §Çfl,Òï˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ xyò¢≈ ˛õ#ë˛fliyö • ÏÓ

ï˛y•z öÎ˚ñ üyï, û˛y£Ïy ã˛ã≈ yÓ˚Ä ≤Ãôyö ˆÜ˛w • ÏÎ˚ í zë˛ ÏÓ– ~üö ~Ü˛ò° û˛!Ó£Ïƒ Ïï˛Ó˚ !¢«˛Ü˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ • ÏÓ ~áyö ˆÌ ÏÜ˛

ÎÑyÓ˚y ˆò Ï¢Ó˚ çö§yôyÓ˚ ÏîÓ˚ ü Ïôƒ ÓyÇ°y û˛y£Ïy Ä §y!• Ïï˛ƒÓ˚ ≤Ã§y ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õÌ §%àü Ü˛Ó˚ ÏÓöÛ–

4

!Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ˆã˛ ÏÎ˚!åÈ Ï°öñ §Çfl,Òï˛ Ü˛ Ï° ÏçÓ˚ åÈyeÓ˚y §Çfl,Ò Ïï˛Ó˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ •zÇ ÏÓ˚!ç !¢ Ïá ÓyÇ°y û˛y£Ïy §Çfl,Ò Ïï˛Ó˚

!ÓÜ˛y Ï¢ §•yÎ˚Ü˛ • ÏÓö– ÷ô% •zÇ ÏÓ˚!ç çyöyÓ˚y û˛y Ï°y ÓyÇ°y !°á Ïï˛ x«˛ü– xyÓyÓ˚ ÷ô% §Çfl,Òï˛ ¢yflf ˛õí ¸ Ï° ü ÏöÓ˚

≤Ã§yÓ˚ï˛y •Î˚ öy–

!Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ çyö Ïï˛öñ §Çfl,Ò Ïï˛ à!îï˛ã˛ã≈ y •Î˚ öy ˆ§û˛y ÏÓ–

xyçÜ˛y° ~Ü˛ò° Ó° ÏåÈöñ xï˛# Ïï˛Ó˚ §Ó û˛y Ï°y– à Ïî Ï¢Ó˚ ≤’ƒy!fiê˛Ü˛ §yç≈y!Ó˚ • ÏÎ˚!åÈ°ñ ˆò Ï¢ !Óüyö !åÈ°ñ ˆê˛fiê˛

!ê˛í zÓ ˆÓ!Ó ü•yû˛yÓ˚ Ïï˛ xy ÏåÈñ ˛õÓ˚üyî% ˆÓyüy öy!Ü˛ ˛õ%Ó˚y Ïî xy ÏåÈñ !Óüy ÏöÓ˚ xy Ïà !åÈ° ˛õ%‹õÜ˛ Ó˚ÌÈÙÙÙÈ~§Ó öyöy

àÑyçyá%!Ó˚ Ü˛Ìy–

ˆ§ §üÎ˚ !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ü˛Ìy á%Ó•z ≤Ãy§!DÜ˛– !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ !ö Ïç §Çfl,Òï˛ à!îï˛ ˛õ Ïí ¸ ÏåÈö– ≤Ãã% Ó˚ ö¡∫Ó˚ ˆ˛õ ÏÎ˚ ÏåÈö–

˛õ Ïí ¸ Ó% Ïé˛ ÏåÈöñ ~ï˛ xyÓ˚ Îy•z ˆ•yÜ˛ xÇÜ˛ ˆ¢áy •Î˚ öy– ç#Ó Ïö ˆï˛üö Ü˛y ÏçÄ °y Ïà öy– ï˛y•z §Çfl,Òï˛ Ä §Çfl,Ò Ïï˛

à!îï˛ !¢«˛y öy ˆòÄÎ˚y•z ÓyN˛ö#Î˚– 12öÇ §% õy!Ó˚¢ !åÈ° ~ê˛y– 13öÇ ˛õÓ˚yü¢≈≠

Ú~ ˆÌ ÏÜ˛ ~Ü˛Ìy Ó%é˛ Ï° û% ° • ÏÓ ˆÎñ xy!ü !¢«˛yÓ˚ Óƒy˛õy ÏÓ˚ à!îï˛!ÓòƒyÓ˚ ÎÌyÎÌ =Ó˚&c !ò•z öyñ ï˛y xy ÏòÔ

Wide Angle–44

!ë˛Ü˛ öÎ˚– xy!ü ÷ô% Ó° Ïï˛ ã˛y•z ˆÎñ §Çfl,Ò Ïï˛Ó˚ Óò Ï° •zÇ ÏÓ˚!çÓ˚ üyôƒ Ïü à!îï˛!ÓòƒyÓ˚ !¢«˛y ˆòÄÎ˚y í z!ã˛ï˛ñ Ü˛yÓ˚î

ï˛y Ïï˛ åÈyeÓ˚y x Ïô≈Ü˛ §ü ÏÎ˚ !m=î !¢á Ïï ˛õyÓ˚ ÏÓ–Û

xy ÏàÄ Ó Ï°!åÈñ xyÓyÓ˚Ä Ó°!åÈñ !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ °«˛ƒ Óyäy!° çy!ï˛Ó˚ öÓ!öü≈yî– ï˛y•z •zÇ ÏÓ˚!çÓ˚ üyôƒ Ïü à!îï˛

!¢«˛y !ò Ïï˛ ã˛yö– Îy Ïï˛ åÈyeÓ˚y Ü˛ü §ü ÏÎ˚ Ü˛yÎ≈Ü˛Ó˚û˛y ÏÓ !¢á Ïï˛ ˛õy ÏÓ˚–

û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ í˛z˛õü•yˆÏòˆÏ¢ û˛yÓ˚ï˛ñ ˛õy!Ü˛hflÏyöñ ÓyÇ°yˆÏòˆÏ¢ xyçÜ˛y° ôü≈#Î˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ á%Ó Óyí˛¸Óyí˛¸hsˇ– ~Ü˛ò°

Ó° ÏåÈÈÙÙÙÈˆüâöyò §y•yÓ˚ û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ñ §Ó Óƒy Ïò xy ÏåÈñ xöƒò Ï°Ó˚ xyÄÎ˚yçñ ˆÜ˛yÓ˚y Ïî §Ó ˆü Ï°ÈÙÙÙÈˆ§ §üÎ˚ !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚

!¢«˛y!ã˛hsˇy fløÓ˚î Ó˚yáy á%Ó çÓ˚&!Ó˚– !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ !•®%ò¢≈ ÏöÓ˚ åÈÎ˚!ê˛ ¢yáyÓ˚ !Ó£Ï ÏÎ˚ ïÑ yÓ˚ §yú˛ Ü˛ÌyÈÙÙÙÈöƒyÎ˚ñ ˜Ó Ï¢!£ÏÜ˛ñ

§yÇáƒñ ˛õï˛O°ñ ˆÓòyhsˇ Ä ü#üyÇ§yÈÙÙÙÈ S15öÇ ˛õ ÏÎ˚rê˛V≠ Ü˛ Ï°ç ˛õyë˛ƒ ~•z§Ó !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yçö#Î˚ !Ü˛ öyñ ˆ§ §¡∫ Ï¶˛

16 !í˛ Ï§¡∫Ó˚ 1860 xy!ü xyüyÓ˚ !Ó˚ Ï õyê≈ üï˛ Óƒ_´ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚!åÈ–

!ï˛!ö ˛õ ÏÓ˚ flõ‹T xyÜ˛y ÏÓ˚ Ó Ï°öñ Ú§yÇáƒ Ä ˆÓòyhsˇ ˆÎ ºyhsˇò¢≈öñ ˆ§ §¡∫ Ï¶˛ ~áö ï˛yÓ˚ !Ó Ï¢£Ï üï˛ Ïû˛ò ˆö•zÛ–

Óƒy Ï°rê˛y•z ÏöÓ˚ ü Ïï˛Ó˚ ˆÎ !ï˛!ö ï˛#Ó !Ó ÏÓ˚y!ôï˛y Ü˛ ÏÓ˚öñ ~ÓÇ ~üö!Ü˛ §Çfl,Ò Ïï˛Ó˚ Ü˛ Ï° ÏçÓ˚ xôƒ Ï«˛Ó˚ ˆ°yû˛ö#Î˚

ˆÓï˛ ÏöÓ˚ ˛õò ˛õÎ≈hsˇ ˆåÈ Ïí ¸ ˆòöÈÙÙÙÈï˛yÓ˚ Ü˛yÓ˚î ˆï˛y ü)°ï˛ !ï˛ö!ê˛≠

~Ü˛. §üüÎ≈yòyÓ˚ üyö% Ï£ÏÓ˚ Óyí ¸!ï˛ xy!ô˛õï˛ƒ

ò%•z. ˛õyÿ˛yï˛ƒ !ÓK˛yö Ä !•®% ò¢≈ ÏöÓ˚ !ü° ˆòáy Ïöy §Ω˛Ó öÎ˚– Óƒy Ï°rê˛y•zö Îy ü Ïö Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ö–

!ï˛ö. ˛õ![˛ï˛ ÏòÓ˚ ˆï˛y£Ïî Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ Ü˛yÓ˚î ˆö•z– ïÑ y ÏòÓ˚ ˆï˛y£Ïî Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty • Ï° ˜ÓK˛y!öÜ˛ û˛yÓöy !ã˛hsˇyÓ˚

«˛!ï˛– Óƒy Ï°fiê˛y•z ÏöÓ˚ !¢«˛yö#!ï˛ ï˛y•z Ü˛Ó˚ ÏåÈ–

§Çfl,Ò Ïï˛ Ü˛ Ï° Ïç Óƒy Ï°rê˛y•z ÏöÓ˚ üï˛ ˆü Ïö !¢«˛y !ò Ï° °y Ïû˛Ó˚ ˆã˛ ÏÎ˚ !¢«˛yò Ï¢≈Ó˚ «˛!ï˛ Ó% Ïé˛ !ï˛!ö § ÏÓ˚

~ˆÏ°ö–

!¢«˛yö#!ï˛Ó˚ çÎ˚ ã˛y•zÈÙÙÙÈ˛õ ÏòÓ˚ ˆï˛yÎ˚yE˛y öy Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈxyçÜ˛y° ˆÜ˛yöÄ xôƒ«˛ ò) ÏÓ˚ ÌyÜ˛ÈÙÙÙÈí z õyã˛yÎ≈Ó˚yÄ Ó° Ïï˛

˛õyÓ˚ ÏÓö öy– ~ §y•§ ~áö x°#Ü˛ Ü˛“öy– ˛õò §Ó– ö#!ï˛ ï% FåÈ–

≤Ã§Dï˛ñ !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ˛õ ÏÓ˚ ˆú˛yê≈ í z•z!°Î˚ü Ü˛ Ï° Ïç ˆÎyà ˆòöñ ≤ÃÌ Ïü §Çfl,Òï˛ Ü˛ Ï° Ïç ã˛yÜ˛!Ó˚ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ö–

§Çfl,Òï˛ Ü˛ Ï° Ïç ò%!ê˛ ˛õÓ≈ÈÙÙÙÈ

~Ü˛. 1846ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ~!≤Ã° ˆÌ ÏÜ˛ 1847ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ç%°y•z– ~Ü˛ ÓåÈÓ˚ !ï˛ö üy§

ò%•z. xôƒ«˛ ˛õ Ïò ã˛yÜ˛!Ó˚ 1851ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ çyö%Î˚y!Ó˚ ˆÌ ÏÜ˛ 1858ñ 3 ö Ïû˛¡∫Ó˚– §yï˛ ÓåÈÓ˚ öÛüy§–

üy Ïé˛ ˆú˛yê≈ í z•z!°Î˚yü Ü˛ Ï° Ïç !Ü˛å%È!òö xôƒy˛õöy–

ã˛yÜ˛!Ó˚ åÈyí ¸yÓ˚ ˛õ ÏÓ˚ xy!Ì≈Ü˛ xöê˛ Ïö xyÓyÓ˚ ã˛yÜ˛!Ó˚ Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ ã˛yö– •zÇ ÏÓ˚çÓ˚y !ò Ïï˛ ã˛y•z Ï°ö ˆ≤Ã!§ Ïí˛!™ Ü˛ Ï° Ïç–

~ÓÇ ≤ÃÌy xö%ÎyÎ˚# •zÇ ÏÓ˚ç !¢«˛Ü˛ ÏòÓ˚ x Ïô≈Ü˛ ˆÓï˛ö– 100 ê˛yÜ˛y– !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒyáƒyö Ü˛Ó˚ Ï°ö–

ïÑ yÓ˚ ö#!ï˛ §üÜ˛yç §ü ÏÓï˛ö §üüÎ≈yòy–

x ÏÌ≈Ó˚ çöƒ xydüÎ≈yòy «% ] Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ öy–

5

Óyäy!° §yôöy flø,!ï˛¢!_´Ó˚ §yôöy– !Óã˛yÓ˚ !Ó ÏŸ’£Ï ÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y Ü˛ü– §üyç!ÓK˛yö ã˛ã≈ yÎ˚ ˆâyÓ˚ï˛Ó˚ xöy@ˇÃ•–

ôü≈#Î˚ñ Óy ò°#Î˚ Óy ˆày¤˛#àï˛ !Ó Ïm£ÏÈÙÙÙÈïÑ y ÏòÓ˚ ˆÓÑ Ïã˛ ÌyÜ˛yÓ˚ xhsˇÉˆ≤ÃÓ˚îy– fliyÎ˚# !öü≈y Ïî xöy@ˇÃ•– ü ÏòÓ˚ ˆà°y Ï§Ó˚

ü Ïï˛y ç#Ó ÏöÓ˚ Ó%m% ÏòÄ x!ï˛ xy§_´– ú˛ Ï° Óyäy!°Ó˚ !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ã˛ã≈ yÄ x ÏöÜ˛ §üÎ˚ àï˛yö%à!ï˛Ü˛ñ ≤ÃÌyÓk˛ñ

ˆÜ˛y Ïê˛¢ö Óy ï˛Ìƒ!öû≈ Ó˚– §üyç !Ó ÏŸ’£Ïîôü≈# öÎ˚–

6

!Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ Ä ˆò ÏÓwöyÌ ë˛yÜ% Ó˚ ˆÓÌ%ö ˆ§y§y•z!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yÓ˚ í z Ïòƒyà ˆöö– 1851 !á fiê˛y Ï∑ ~!ê˛ fliy!˛õï˛ •Î˚–

Wide Angle–45

ˆ§áy Ïö ôü≈ Ä Ó˚yçö#!ï˛ÈÙÙÙÈxyçÄ ˆ§!ò ÏöÓ˚ Óyäy!°Ó˚ Îy !≤ÃÎ˚ï˛Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈï˛y xy Ï°yã˛öy !ö!£Ïk˛ !åÈ°–

!ÓöÎ˚ ˆây£Ï !°á ÏåÈö≠ §ÇÎü Ä §üß∫Î˚ÈÙÈ§yôö !åÈ° §û˛yÓ˚ xöƒï˛ü ö#!ï˛– SÓyÇ°yÓ˚ !ÓmÍ§û˛y Ä Ó%!k˛ç#Ó#

§üyçñ ˛õ,. 96V–

ˆÓÌ%ö ˆ§y§y•z!ê˛ Ïï˛ ˆÓ˚û˛y ÏÓ˚u˛ Ü, £è Ïüy•ö Ó Ï®ƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ñ Ó˚yü Ïày˛õy° ˆây£Ïñ ò!«˛îyÓ˚Oö ü% Ïáy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ ≤Ãü%á

•zÎ˚Ç ÏÓD Ï°Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ö!ôÓ˚yÄ !åÈ Ï°ö ~ÓÇ ˆüyÎ˚yê˛ Ä ˛õyò!Ó˚ ° ÏäÓ˚ ü Ïï˛y !Ó Ïò!¢ !Ó ÏòƒyÍ§y•#Ó˚yÄ !åÈ Ï°ö S˛õ) ÏÓ≈y_´ñ

˛õ,. 96V–

~•z ˆÓÌ%ö ˆ§y§y•z!ê˛ Ïï˛ û˛y£Ïy!Ó£Ï ÏÎ˚ Î ÏÌ‹T í zòyÓ˚ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ !ò ÏÎ˚!åÈ Ï°ö !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ Ä ˆò ÏÓwöyÌ ë˛yÜ% Ó˚–

•zÇ ÏÓ˚!çñ ÓyÇ°yñ í zò%≈ û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ xy Ï°yã˛öy Ü˛Ó˚y Îy ÏÓ– ö#!ï˛üy°yÓ˚ ˛õMÈ˛ü !öÎ˚ Ïü Ó°y •Î˚ÈÙÙÙÈ

Discourses (written or verbal) in English, Bengali, or Urdu, on Literature or ScientificSubjects, may be delivered at the Society’s meeting, but none treating of religion or politics.

xyç ÏÜ˛Ó˚ í z õü•y Ïò Ï¢ ˆï˛y §Ó xy Ï°yã˛öyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ Ïw ôü≈ Ä Ó˚yçö#!ï˛– !ÓK˛yö Ä §y!•ï˛ƒ !ö ÏÎ˚ xy Ï°yã˛öy Ü˛ü–

ˆÜ˛ö Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ ã˛yö!ö ôü≈ Ä Ó˚yçö#!ï˛ xy Ï°yã˛öy⁄ ïÑ y ÏòÓ˚ ü Ïö • ÏÎ˚!åÈ° Ú~ Ïï˛ xy§° í z Ïj¢ƒ ÓƒÌ≈ • ÏÓ ~ÓÇ

xÜ˛yÓ˚ Ïî §û˛ƒ ÏòÓ˚ ü Ïôƒ !Ó Ïm£Ïû˛yÓ çy!à ÏÎ˚ ˆï˛y°y • ÏÓ–Û

xyçÜ˛y° ˆï˛y ˆò Ïá÷ Ïö ü Ïö •Î˚ñ !Ó Ïm£Ïû˛yÓ çyày Ïöy•z ü)° °«˛ƒ–

ï˛y Ïï˛•z ˆÎö §Ü˛° !ÓÜ˛y¢–

!Óöy Ï¢Ó˚ Ó˚yhflÏy ˛õ!Ó˚•yÓ˚ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ÏåÈö !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚Ó˚y– ï˛y•z ï˛y ÏòÓ˚ xö%§Ó˚ Ïî ì˛yÜ˛y ¢• ÏÓ˚Ä ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚ÈÙÙÙÈòƒ Ó yMÈ˛

ˆÓÌ%ö ˆ§y§y•z!ê˛ xú˛ ì˛yÜ˛yó ≤ÃÌü ˛ÓåÈ ÏÓ˚ Ü˛°Ü˛yï˛yÎ˚ ˆüyê˛ §ò§ƒ •ö 131 çö– ~Ó˚ ü Ïôƒ °«˛ƒî#Î˚ 105 çö

Óyäy!°– §ò§ƒ §Çáƒy Óyí ¸ Ïï˛•z Ìy ÏÜ˛– 1853ÈÙÈˆï˛ !åÈ Ï°ö 140 çö– 1857ÈÙÈˆï˛ !à ÏÎ˚ §ò§ƒ §Çáƒy òÑyí ¸y° 345

çö– ˆÓÌ%ö ˆ§y§y•z!ê˛Ó˚ Óyäy!° §üy ÏçÓ˚ § ÏD •zí z ÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚ §üy ÏçÓ˚ ˆÎyà §yôö !åÈ° °«˛ƒ–

7

!Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ñ ˛õyë˛Ü˛ ˆáÎ˚y° Ü˛Ó˚ ÏÓö ïÑ yÓ˚ Úã˛!Ó˚ï˛yÓ°#ÛÈÙÈˆï˛ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ôü≈=Ó˚&Ó˚ ç#Óö# öy•z– û) !üÜ˛yÎ˚ !° Ïá!åÈ Ï°öñ

§Ç Ï«˛ Ï õñ §Ó˚° û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ñ Ü˛ï˛Ü˛=!° ü•yö%û˛ ÏÓÓ˚ Ó,_yhsˇ §B˛!°ï˛ ••z°– ˆÜ˛ö ~•z §ÇÜ˛°ö⁄ !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Ç!«˛Æ

xÌã˛ ò,ì ¸ ÓƒyáƒyÈÙÙÙÈ

ÚˆÎ §Ü˛° Ó,_yhsˇ xÓàï˛ ••z Ï°ñ Óy°Ü˛!ò ÏàÓ˚ ˆ°áy˛õí ¸yÎ˚ xö%Ó˚yà ç!ß√ Ïï˛ Ä í zÍ§y• Ó,!k˛ ••z Ïï˛ ˛õy ÏÓ˚ñ ~•z

˛õ%hflÏ ÏÜ˛ ï˛o*˛õ Ó,hsˇyhsˇ üye §B˛!°ï˛ ••zÎ˚y ÏåÈ–Û

xy ÏåÈ í% Óy Ï°Ó˚ ç#Óö#– ˆÎ í% Óy° ú˛Ó˚y!§ ò!Ó˚o Ü, £Ï ÏÜ˛Ó˚ §hsˇyö– !˛õï˛yÓ˚ ü,ï% ƒÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ !öÓ˚&˛õyÎ˚ • ÏÎ˚ ˆò¢ï˛ƒyà

Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ˆ°y ÏÓ˚ Ïö ã˛° Ï°ö– ˛õ ÏÌ ˆ§Ü˛y Ï° Ü˛y°yhsˇÜ˛ Ó§hsˇ ÏÓ˚y Ïà xyeýhsˇ • Ï°öñ ~Ü˛ Ü, £ÏÜ˛ ïÑ yÓ˚ !ã˛!Ü˛Í§y Ü˛!Ó˚ ÏÎ˚

˛õÌƒ !ò ÏÎ˚ ≤ÃyîÓ˚«˛y Ü˛Ó˚ Ï°ö– í% Óy° ˛õ ÏÓ˚ ~Ü˛ ˆü£Ï õy° ÏÜ˛Ó˚ Ü˛yç ˆ˛õ Ï°ö– Ü˛yç Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ ~Ü˛!òö ~Ü˛

Óy° ÏÜ˛Ó˚ •y Ïï˛ ~Ü˛!ê˛ Ó•z ˆòá Ï°ö– Ó•z ÏÎ˚ ˛õ÷˛õy!áÓ˚ åÈ!Ó xy ÏåÈ– !Ü˛v ~Ü˛Óî≈ ˆ°áyÄ Ó%é˛ Ïï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ Ï°ö öy– Ü˛yÓ˚î

í% Óy° !öÓ˚«˛Ó˚– x ÏöÜ˛ xö%öÎ˚ !ÓöÎ˚ Ü˛Ó˚ Ï°ö Ä•z Óy°Ü˛ ÏÜ˛– ˛õí ¸ Ïï˛ !°á Ïï˛ ˆ¢áyÄ– Óy°Ü˛ Ó˚y!ç •° öy– ~ ÏÜ˛

~ ÏÜ˛ Ó‡ Óy°Ü˛ ÏÜ˛ xö% ÏÓ˚yô– !Ü˛v §yüyöƒ ˆû˛í ¸y ã˛Ó˚y Ïöy Ó˚yáy° Óy°Ü˛ ÏÜ˛ ˆÜ˛ ˛õy_y ˆòÎ˚⁄ ï˛y•z ˛õí ¸y Ï°áy ˆ¢áy

•° öy– !Ü˛v ò,ì ¸≤Ã!ï˛K˛ í% Óy° !ë˛Ü˛ Ü˛Ó˚ Ï°ö ˆ°áy˛õí ¸y !¢á ÏÓö•z–

!Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ !° Ïá ÏåÈö≠

Ú!ï˛!ö Sí% Óy°V !fliÓ˚ Ü˛!Ó˚ Ï°öñ Ó˚yáy!° Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y Îy•y !Ü˛å%È ˛õy•zÓñ ï˛y•y xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ !Ó£Ï ÏÎ˚ ÓƒÎ˚ Ü˛!Ó˚Ó öyó ˆÎ

§Ü˛° Óy°Ü˛ ˆ°áy˛õí ¸y çy Ïöñ ï˛y•y !òÎ˚y §v‹T Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚yñ ï˛y•y ÏòÓ˚ !öÜ˛ê˛ !¢«˛y Ü˛!Ó˚ï˛–Û

í% Óy° ~•zû˛y ÏÓ ˛õí ¸y Ï°áy !¢á Ï°ö– Ó•z ˛˛õí ¸yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ° xy@ˇÃ•– Ó•z ˛õy ÏÓö Ü˛# Ü˛ ÏÓ˚⁄ ˛õ÷!¢Ü˛yÓ˚ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ï˛y ÏòÓ˚

Wide Angle–46

ã˛yüí ¸y ˆÓ Ïã˛ ê˛yÜ˛y ˆçyàyí ¸ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ Ó•z ˛õí ¸ Ïï˛ö– üy Ïë˛ ˆÎ Ïï˛ö ˆû˛í ¸y !ö ÏÎ˚– ˆû˛í ¸y ˆåÈ Ïí ¸ ã˛° Ïï˛y ˛õí ¸y Ï¢yöy–

˛õy!°üö öy Ïü ~Ü˛ ï˛˛õfl∫#Ó˚ xy◊ Ïü ëÑ y•z •°– ˆ§áy Ïö ˛õí ¸yÓ˚ §% ÏÎyà !ü Ï°!åÈ°– xöƒ ÏòÓ˚ {£Ï≈yÎ˚ ˆ§ Ü˛ü≈ ˆà°–

˛õy!°üö ï˛áö ~Ü˛ xy◊ Ïü ˛õyë˛y Ï°ö– ˆ§áy Ïö ï˛˛õfl∫# ÏòÓ˚ !Óòƒy Ü˛ü– !Ü˛v x ÏöÜ˛ Ó•z !åÈ°– ï˛y ˛õ Ïí ¸ö– !Ü˛v

ï˛y Ïï˛Ä K˛y ÏöÓ˚ !á Ïò ˆü Ïê˛öy– ï˛y•z ˛õ÷!¢Ü˛yÓ˚– ~Ü˛!òö ü)°ƒÓyö ˆ§yöyÓ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ~Ü˛ !§° ˆ˛õ Ï°ö– ï˛y xyd§yÍ

öy Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ xy◊ Ïü çyöy Ï°öñ üy!°Ü˛ Î!ò !ö ÏÎ˚ Îyö– ˆ§yöyÓ˚ !§° ˆ˛õ ÏÎ˚ üy!°Ü˛ á%!¢– í% Óy Ï°Ó˚ ˛õí ¸yÓ˚ xy@ˇÃ• ˆç Ïö

ïÑ y ÏÜ˛ Ó° Ï°öñ ï% !ü xyüyÓ˚ Ü˛y ÏåÈ üy Ïé˛ü Ïôƒ ~ Ï§y– í% Óy° ˆà Ï° ïÑ y ÏÜ˛ ~Ü˛ê˛y Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ê˛yÜ˛y !ò Ïï˛ö– ˆ§•z ê˛yÜ˛yÎ˚

í% Óy° Ó•z !Ü˛ö Ïï˛ö– xyÓ˚ ˆû˛í ¸y ã˛Ó˚y Ïï˛ !à ÏÎ˚ ày ÏåÈÓ˚ ï˛°yÎ˚ Ó Ï§ Ó•z ˛õí ¸ Ïï˛ö– ~Ü˛!òö ~Ü˛ò° Ó˚yç˛õ%e ü,àÎ˚y

Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ ~ Ï°ö Ó Ïö– ˆòá Ï°öñ ày ÏåÈÓ˚ ï˛°yÎ˚ ~Ü˛ Ó˚yáy° Óy°Ü˛ Ó•z ˛õy Ïë˛ !öü@¿– Ó˚yç˛õ% ÏeÓ˚y !Ó!fløï˛– !à ÏÎ˚

í% Óy° ÏÜ˛ ˛õí ¸y !ç ÏK˛§ Ü˛Ó˚ Ï°ö– Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ xyÓ˚Ä ã˛üÍÜ, ï˛– Óí ¸ Ó˚yç˛õ%e !ö ÏçÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ !ò ÏÎ˚ Ó° Ï°öñ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ àÓ˚&

ã˛!Ó˚ ÏÎ˚ Ü˛yç ˆö•z– xyüyÓ˚ § ÏD ã˛ Ï°y– í zFã˛˛õò ˆòÓ–

í% Óy° x§¡øï˛– Ü˛yÓ˚îñ !ï˛!ö ˆÜ˛yöÄ Ó•z ÏÎ˚ ˛õ Ïí ¸!åÈ Ï°öñ Ó˚yç §Ó˚Ü˛y ÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ü˛yç Ü˛Ó˚ Ï° ã˛!Ó˚e ö‹T •Î˚– ï˛y•z

í% Óy° Ó° Ï°öñ xy!ü Ó˚yçÜ˛ü≈ ã˛y•z öy– Ó Ïö ˆàyÓ˚& ã˛!Ó˚ ÏÎ˚ §% Ïá xy!åÈ– ÷ô% Ó•z ˛õí ¸ Ïï˛ û˛y Ï°yÓy!§– Î!ò ü Ïöyü Ïï˛y

Ó•z ˛õí ¸yÓ˚ §%!Óôy Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ˆòöñ Óy!ôï˛ ••z–

Óí ¸ Ó˚yçÜ% üyÓ˚ ~•z í z_Ó˚ ÷ Ïö xyÓ˚Ä §v‹T • Ï°ö– ïÑ y ÏÜ˛ ˆçyÓ˚ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ !ö ÏÎ˚ ˆà Ï°ö– û˛y Ï°y xôƒy˛õ ÏÜ˛Ó˚

Ü˛y ÏåÈ û˛!ï≈ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ !ò Ï°ö– í% Óy° x!Ó° Ï¡∫ !Ómyö Ä !Óã˛«˛î Óƒ!_´ Ó Ï° ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ • Ï°ö– í% Óy° ÏÜ˛ Ó˚yçy @ˇÃsiyày ÏÓ˚Ó˚

xôƒ«˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õ%Ó˚yï˛_¥ã˛ã≈ yÓ˚ ≤Ãôyö !öÎ%_´ Ü˛Ó˚ Ï°ö– í% Óy° Ü˛y°e´ Ïü ≤Ãã% Ó˚ ôö§MÈ˛Î˚ Ü˛Ó˚ Ï°öñ !Ü˛v ~§Ó ˆ«˛ Ïe Îy

•Î˚ñ üyÌy â% ÏÓ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ï˛y ˆà° öy– !ï˛!ö xy ÏàÓ˚ ü Ïï˛y•z !öÓ˚•B˛yÓ˚ Ä !ÓöÎ˚# Ó˚•z Ï°ö– ~•z !ÓöÎ˚#ñ !¢!«˛ï˛ Ó˚&!ã˛¢#°

üyö%£Ï ÏòÓ˚ Ü˛Ìy åÈí ¸y Ïöy !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ°áyÎ˚– !ÓöÎ˚# !Ü˛v öƒyÜ˛y öÎ˚ñ xydüÎ≈yòy !Ó§ç≈ö !ò ÏÎ˚ !Ü˛å%È Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ö öy

ïÑ yÓ˚y– í z•z!°Î˚yü Ó˚y ÏflÒyñ •zí z ÏÓ˚y Ï õÓ˚ §y:!ö ≤Ã Ïò Ï¢Ó˚ !¢ü!öç öà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ §hsˇyö •#öñ flÒê˛°ƒy Ïu˛Ó˚ •rê˛Ó˚ñ •zÇ° Ïu˛Ó˚

í˛y!Ó≈Ó˚ •rê˛öñ Äà°!û˛ñ !°í˛öñ Ü˛y!ú Ó˚yç˛õ%e ˆçö!Ü˛™ó í z•z!°Î˚ü !à Ïú˛yí≈ ñ í z•z!B˛°§öñ í z•z!°Î˚ü ˛õ Ïfiê˛°§ñ

~!í» Î˚öñ !≤Ã Ïû˛yñ í˛y_ýÓ˚ ~í˛yüñ °üö§ú˛ñ ˆüí˛:ñ ° ÏDyü Ïrê˛ö§ñ ˆÓ˚ü Ï§Ó˚ Ü˛Ìy !° Ïá ÏåÈö Úã˛!Ó˚ï˛yÓ°#ÛÈÙÈˆï˛–

8

!Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ü)°Ü˛Ìy≠ Îy•yÓ˚y ü Ïö Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ñ ò%É Ïá ˛õ!í ¸ Ï° ˆ°áy˛õí ¸y •Î˚ öyó xÌÓy Îy•yÓ˚y ò%É Ïá ˛õ!í ¸Î˚y

ˆ°áy˛õí ¸y åÈy!í ¸Î˚y ˆòÎ˚ó ï˛y•y ÏòÓ˚ ˛õ Ï«˛ñ üö !òÎ˚yñ ˆç!B˛ Ï§Ó˚ Ó,_yhsˇ ˛õyë˛ Ü˛Ó˚y xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛–

ˆç!B˛§Ó˚y !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îy– û˛yÓ# ≤Ãç Ïß√Ó˚Ä–

°«˛ƒî#Î˚ !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ Úã˛!Ó˚ï˛yÓ°#ÛÈÙÈˆï˛ ˆÜ˛yöÄ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ öyü öy•z– ï˛ÌyÜ˛!Ìï˛ xyÎ≈y!üÓ˚ ˛õ Ï«˛ ööñ !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚–

í zjy°Ü˛ñ xyÓ˚&!îñ ˆŸªï˛ ÏÜ˛ï% ÏòÓ˚ à ÏØy àyåÈy !ï˛!ö úÑ y Ïòö !ö– Úç#Óöã˛!Ó˚ï˛Û @ˇÃ ÏsiÄ ˆòá ÏÓö öy ÏüÓ˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛y!ê˛ÈÙÙÙÈ

!ö ÏÜ˛y°y§ ˆÜ˛y˛õy!ö≈Ü˛ SˆÜ˛y˛õy!ö≈Ü˛y§V

àƒy!°!°Î˚

§ƒÓ˚ xy•zçyÜ˛ !öí zê˛ö

§Ó˚ S§ƒyÓ˚V í z•z!°Î˚ü • Ï¢≈°

ˆ@ˇÃy¢ƒ§

!°!öÎ˚§

Ó°!rê˛ö çy!ü ÏÓ˚ í% Óy°– í% Óy Ï°Ó˚ Ü˛Ìy xy ÏåÈ Úã˛!Ó˚ï˛yÓ°#Û Ïï˛Ä–

ï˛yü§ ˆç!B˛™

§Ó˚ S§ƒyÓ˚V í z•z!°Î˚ü ˆçy™ÈÙÙÙÈ

Wide Angle–47

~áy ÏöÄ Ü˛îyòñ xyÎ≈û˛Rñ ˛õy!î!öñ ã˛Ó˚Ü˛ÈÙÙÙÈˆÜ˛í z ˆö•z–

˛õyÿ˛yï˛ƒ !ÓK˛yö Ä ò¢≈ö ïÑ yÓ˚ x!ß∫‹T–

9

Ü˛ ÏÎ˚Ü˛!ê˛ x!û˛ ÏÎyà≠

Ü˛–– ˆü!Ó˚ Ü˛y Ï õ≈rê˛y ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ü!•°y !¢!«˛Ü˛y à Ïí ¸ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ çöƒ öü≈y° fl%Ò° fliy˛õ Ïö x§• ÏÎy!àï˛y– ~ §¡õ ÏÜ≈

!ÓöÎ˚ ˆây£Ï ühsˇÓƒ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ÏåÈö–

Úflf#ÈÙÈöü≈y° !Óòƒy°Î˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yÎ˚ !Óòƒy§yày ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ö#!ï˛àï˛ ˆÜ˛y Ïöy xy˛õ!_ öy ÌyÜ˛ Ï°Ä §yüy!çÜ˛ Ü˛yÓ˚ Ïî xy˛õ!_

!åÈ°– Î!òÄ ~•z xy˛õ!_ §üÌ≈ö ˆÎyàƒ öÎ˚–Û ~Ü˛ÌyÓ˚ çÓyÓ ˛õ ÏÓ˚y Ï«˛ Ä ≤Ãï˛ƒ Ï«˛ !ÓöÎ˚ ˆây£Ï S˛õ,. 232V !ò ÏÎ˚ ÏåÈö

Ú!Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ Ä Óyäy°#§üyçÛ @ˇÃ Ïsi 233 ˛õyï˛yÎ˚–

Úç#Ó Ïö !ï˛!ö !åÈ Ï°ö Ü˛ Ïë˛yÓ˚ ÓyhflÏÓ˛õsi#ñ ï˛y•z Óí ¸ Óí ¸ Ü˛Ìy Ä ˛õ!Ó˚Ü˛“öyÓ˚ ˆã˛ ÏÎ˚ ˆåÈy Ïê˛yáy Ïê˛y Ü˛yç•z •y Ïï˛ÈÙÈöy Ïï˛

Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ !ï˛!ö û˛y°Óy§ Ïï˛ö– !öü≈ü x!û˛K˛ï˛yÓ˚ xy Ï°y ÏÜ˛•z flf#ÈÙÈöü≈y° !Óòy° ÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ü˛“öy ÏÜ˛ !Óã˛yÓ˚ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚!åÈ Ï°ö

ˆ§!òö– !Ü˛v öü≈y° fl%Ò° ï˛Ìy ~ Ïò¢#Î˚ !¢!«˛Ü˛y à Ïí ¸ ˆöÄÎ˚yÓ˚ fl%Ò° fliy!˛õï˛ •°– !ï˛ö ÓåÈÓ˚ ô ÏÓ˚ ~Ü˛çö •zÇ ÏÓ˚ç

ü!•°y !ü Ï§§ !Ó ê˛ Ï¢yÈÙÈˆÜ˛ 300 ê˛yÜ˛y üy!§Ü˛ ˆÓï˛ Ïö !ö ÏÎ˚yà Ü˛Ó˚y •°– !ï˛ö ÓåÈÓ˚ • ÏÎ˚ ˆà°– !Ü˛v ˆÜ˛yöÄ åÈye#

ç%ê˛° öy– !•®% í zFã˛Ó Ïî≈Ó˚ Ü% §ÇflÒyÓ˚ Ä x ÏÓÓ˚yô≤ÃÌyÓ˚ Ü˛yÓ˚ Ïî åÈye# ç%ê˛° öy–

2 üyã≈ 1869 ˆÌ ÏÜ˛ 1872 ~Ó˚ 31 çyö%Î˚y!Ó˚ ˛õÎ≈hsˇ ˆüÎ˚yò •° fl%Ò Ï°Ó˚– !Ü˛v åÈye#•#ö– ~•z fl%Ò° fliy˛õ ÏöÓ˚

Ü˛yÓ˚ Ïî ˆÓÌ%ö fl%Ò° Ü˛!ü!ê˛Ó˚ § ÏD üï˛!Ó ÏÓ˚yô •Î˚ §Ó˚Ü˛y ÏÓ˚Ó˚– ˆÓÌ%ö fl%Ò° Ü˛!ü!ê˛Ó˚ §¡õyòÜ˛ !åÈ Ï°ö !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚–

~•z fl%Ò° Ü˛!ü!ê˛ §Ó˚Ü˛yÓ˚ ˆû˛ Ïä ˆòÎ˚– ÓyÇ°y §Ó˚Ü˛yÓ˚ fl%Ò° Ü˛!ü!ê˛Ó˚ í z õÓ˚ ¢ï≈ ã˛y!˛õ ÏÎ˚!åÈ° ~•zû˛y ÏÓÈÙÙÙÈ

ÚˆåÈyê˛°yê˛ ü Ïö Ü˛ ÏÓ˚öñ flf# !¢«˛y !ÓhflÏy ÏÓ˚Ó˚ çöƒ Óï≈ üyö ÓƒÓfliyÎ˚ Îy Ü˛Ó˚y • ÏFåÈñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛ ÏÎ˚ x ÏöÜ˛ û˛y Ï°y

í z õy ÏÎ˚ ~•z x ÏÌ≈Ó˚ §mƒÓ•yÓ˚ Ü˛Ó˚y ˆÎ Ïï˛ ˛õy ÏÓ˚– fl%Ò° xyÓ˚Ä ˆåÈyê˛ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ § ÏD !¢«˛!Î˚e# ÏòÓ˚ çöƒ ~Ü˛!ê˛ öü≈y°

fl%Ò° ˆÎyà Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ !ò Ï° ˆ§•z ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yçö !üê˛ Ïï˛ ˛õy ÏÓ˚ Ó Ï° ˆåÈyê˛°yê˛ ü Ïö Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ö– ï˛y•z Ü˛Ó˚y•z Î!ò §yÓƒhflÏ •Î˚ñ ï˛y• Ï°

§ü@ˇÃ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yö!ê˛ ÏÜ˛ !¢«˛y!Óû˛y ÏàÓ˚ xyÓ˚Ä â!ö¤˛ §ÇflÀ ÏÓ xyöyÓ˚ ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yçö • ÏÓ– ~ï˛!òö ˛õÎ≈hsˇ ~Ü˛çö •zÇ ÏÓ˚ ÏçÓ˚

§û˛y˛õ!ï˛ Ï_¥ Ü˛ ÏÎ˚Ü˛çö ~ Ïò¢#Î˚ ˆ°y ÏÜ˛Ó˚ ~Ü˛!ê˛ Ü˛!ü!ê˛ ˆÓÌ%öÈÙÈ!Óòƒy°Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°öy Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ~ Ï§ ÏåÈö– !Ü˛v ~áö

~•z Ü˛!ü!ê˛Ó˚ §ò§ƒÓ˚yñ öï% ö ÓƒÓfliy xö%§y ÏÓ˚ñ !Óû˛yà#Î˚ fl%Ò° •zö ÏflõQ ÏÓ˚Ó˚ §• ÏÎy!àï˛yÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚yü¢≈§û˛yÓ˚ §û˛ƒÓ˚* Ï õ

Ü˛yç Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ §¡øï˛ xy ÏåÈö !Ü˛öy ˆåÈyê˛°yê˛ çyö Ïï˛ ã˛yö–Û

Ó°yÓy‡°ƒ !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ xydüÎ≈òy§¡õß¨ !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ Ó˚y!ç •ö!ö– 1869 !á fiê˛y Ï∑ 23 ˆú˛Ó &Î˚y!Ó˚ ˆÓÌ%ö fl%Ò Ï°Ó˚

§Ó Ü˛yàç˛õe Ó%!é˛ ÏÎ˚ !ò Ï°ö fl%Ò° •z™ Ï õQÓ˚ í z Ïí» y §y Ï•Ó ÏÜ˛–

x!û˛ ÏÎyà á–– !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ û˛yÓ˚ Ïï˛Ó˚ fl∫yô#öï˛y ˛õ Ï«˛ òÑyí ¸yö !ö– ~Ü˛Ìy §ï˛ƒ !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ

§û˛y§!ü Ïï˛ ˆÎyà ˆòö!ö– !Ü˛v !ï˛!ö !åÈ Ï°ö •zÇ ÏÓ˚ç !Ó ÏÓ˚yô#– •zÇ ÏÓ˚!çÎ˚yöyÓ˚ !Ó ÏÓ˚yô#– ˛õyÿ˛yï˛ƒ ˆ˛õy¢y ÏÜ˛Ó˚

xy!ï˛¢ ÏÎƒÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚& Ïk˛ ô%!ï˛ í zí ¸!ö ã˛!ê˛•z ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãüyî– ˛õ!Óe §Ó˚Ü˛y ÏÓ˚Ó˚ !§k˛yhsˇñ ü•ydy ày!¶˛Ó˚ ˆ˛õy¢yÜ˛ !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚

xö%§Ó˚î–

!Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ï˛#Ó •zÇ ÏÓ˚ç !Ó ÏÓ˚y!ôï˛yÓ˚ ~Ü˛!ê˛ öü%öy ˆ˛õ¢ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ÏåÈö !Ó ÏÓÜ˛yö Ï®Ó˚ û˛y•z üyÜ≈ §Óyò# û) Ï õwöyÌ

ò_– û) Ï õwöyÌ ò Ï_Ó˚ § ÏD ˆü!òö#˛õ% ÏÓ˚ §y«˛yÍ •Î˚ x!ï˛Ó,k˛ ˛õ![˛ï˛ K˛y ÏöwöyÌ Ó§%Ó˚– K˛y Ïöwöy ÏÌÓ˚ ü% Ïá

û) Ï õwöyÌ ˆ¢y Ïööñ !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ •zÇ ÏÓ˚ç !Ó ÏÓ˚yô#È =Æ§!ü!ï˛ à Ïí ¸ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ ˛õ Ï«˛ !åÈ Ï°ö– û) Ï õwöyÌ Ú!mï˛#Î˚

fl∫yô#öï˛y §Ç@ˇÃyüÛ Ó•z ÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃÌü á Ï[˛ !° Ïá ÏåÈöÈÙÙÙÈ

!ï˛!ö SK˛y ÏöwöyÌV Ó!°Î˚y!åÈ Ï°öñ !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ü•y¢Î˚ Ó¶% ÏòÓ˚ Ü˛y ÏåÈ Ó!° Ïï˛öñ ˆï˛yüy ÏòÓ˚ xyÓ˚ í z õyÎ˚ ˆö•z–

çD Ï° !àÎ˚y ˛õŒê˛ö ˜ï˛!Ó˚ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚y– !ï˛!ö §üÎ˚ §üÎ˚ ~ï˛ àÓ˚ü àÓ˚ü Ü˛Ìy Ó!° Ïï˛ö ˆÎ Ó¶% Ó˚y ïÑ y•yÓ˚ â ÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ü˛˛õyê˛

Ó¶˛ Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y !ò Ïï˛ö– S˛õ,. 93V–

Wide Angle–48

ï, ï˛#Î˚ x!û˛ ÏÎyà≠ §Çfl,Òï˛ Ü˛ Ï° Ïç !§˛õy•z !Ó Ïoy Ï•Ó˚ §üÎ˚ ˆ§öy Ó˚yá Ïï˛ !ò ÏÎ˚!åÈ Ï°ö ˆÜ˛ö⁄

~!ê˛ ~Ü˛ê% û% ° í z Ïj¢ƒ≤Ã Ïîy!òï˛ x!û˛ ÏÎyà– !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˜§öƒ ÏòÓ˚ §Çfl,Òï˛ Ü˛ Ï° Ïç Ó˚yáyÓ˚ !Ó ÏÓ˚y!ôï˛y Ü˛ ÏÓ˚

~Ü˛y!ôÜ˛ !ã˛!ë˛ ˆòö– Ü˛ˆÏ°ç Ó¶˛ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ã˛yö!ö– !Ü˛v ¢y§ˆÏÜ˛Ó˚ !öˆÏò≈¢– ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï !ÓÜ˛“ ÓƒÓfliy Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ •zÇˆÏÓ˚ç

Ü˛ï,≈ ˛õ«˛– §Çfl,Òï˛ Ü˛ Ï° ÏçÓ˚ åÈye ÏòÓ˚ çöƒ xy°yòy çyÎ˚ày û˛yí ¸y Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚–

!Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ Ä üô%§)òö ˆ§•z ò%çö üyö%£Ï ÎÑyÓ˚y !§˛õy•z !Ó Ïoy• òü ÏöÓ˚ çöƒ !Ó !ê˛¢ ÏòÓ˚ x!û˛ö®ö çyöy Ïï˛ í˛yÜ˛y

§û˛yÎ˚ ê˛yí zö • Ï° Îyö !ö–

xyç ~üö §y•§ ~Ü˛çö í z õyã˛yÎ≈ xôƒ«˛ xôƒy˛õÜ˛ ˆòáy Ïï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ ÏÓö⁄

ˆçy ‡ç%Ó˚ ˆï˛y x ÏöÜ˛ ã˛yÓ˚ õy Ï¢–

~•z ˆçy ‡ç%Ó˚•#ö üyö!§Ü˛ï˛yüÎ˚ üôƒ!Ó_ !åÈ° !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ °«˛ƒ–

fl∫yô#öñ Î%!_´Óyò#ñ ˆò¢ Ä üyï, û˛y£ÏyüöflÒ ò!Ó˚o Ï≤Ãü#ñ §üyçÜ˛ü≈#–

!Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü Îy Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ÏåÈöÈÙÙÙÈ

ÓyÇ°y à Ïòƒ §% õ!Ó˚Ü˛!“ï˛ Î!ï˛ !ã˛•´ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚

ÓyÇ°y !¢÷!¢«˛y @ˇÃsi ÚÓî≈ õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚Û Ó˚ã˛öy

ÓyÇ°y à Ïòƒ ◊# Ä •…# òyö– ˆÜ˛í z ˆÜ˛í z ïÑ y ÏÜ˛ ÚÓyÇ°y à ÏòƒÓ˚ çöÜ˛ÛÄ Ó Ï° Ìy ÏÜ˛ö

Óy°ƒ!ÓÓy• Ä Ó‡!ÓÓy• Ó˚ ÏòÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty

û˛yÓ˚ Ïï˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÌü üƒy Ï°!Ó˚Î˚y !ã˛!Ü˛Í§y ÏÜ˛w fliy˛õö

xy!òÓy§# ÏòÓ˚ ü Ïôƒ ˆfl∫FåÈyÎ˚ Ü˛yç Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ ÎyÄÎ˚y ≤ÃÌü Óyäy!° Ó%!k˛ç#Ó#

•zÇ ÏÓ˚ç §Ó˚Ü˛y ÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ü˛ü≈ï˛ƒyà# ≤ÃÌü Óyäy!° !¢!«˛ï˛ ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï

ˆÜ˛yöÄ ôü≈#Î˚ ˆày¤˛# Ïï˛ ˆÎyà öy ˆòÄÎ˚y Ó%!k˛ç#Ó# ÏòÓ˚ xöƒï˛ü

!§˛õy!• !Ó Ïoy• òü ÏöÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ !Ó !ê˛¢ ÏòÓ˚ §ÇÓô≈öy ˆòÄÎ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ xy ÏÎ˚y!çï˛ §û˛yÎ˚ ˆÎyà öy ˆòÄÎ˚y Sê˛yí zö

•ˆÏ°V

•zÇ ÏÓ˚ç ˜§öƒ §Çfl,Òï˛ Ü˛ Ï° Ïç Ó˚yá Ïï˛ xy˛õ!_ ≤ÃÜ˛y¢

xyã˛Ó˚ Ïî Ä K˛y Ïö •zí z ÏÓ˚y!˛õÎ˚yöñ ˆ˛õy¢y ÏÜ˛ §¡õ)î≈ Óyäy!°

§Çfl,Ò Ïï˛ x§yüyöƒ ˛õ![˛ï˛ !Ü˛v •zÇ ÏÓ˚!ç Ïï˛ à!îï˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˛õ Ï«˛

ÓyÇ°yÎ˚ ˆ•y!üÄ˛õƒy!Ì !ã˛!Ü˛Í§yÓ˚ x@ˇÃàîƒ ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï–

ˆåÈÑyÎ˚yå%È!Î˚ öy ˆü Ïö ï˛ÌyÜ˛!Ìï˛ Ú!ö¡¨ÛÓî≈ Ä ü%§!°ü ÏòÓ˚ fl∫• ÏhflÏ !ã˛!Ü˛Í§y Ü˛Ó˚y–

ö#!ï˛àï˛ Ü˛yÓ˚ Ïî üyñ flf# Ä ˛õ% ÏeÓ˚ § ÏD §¡õÜ≈ ï˛ƒyà–

ã˛yÜ˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ÓƒÓ§yÎ˚ xy@ˇÃ•# ≤ÃÌü Óyäy!° Ó%!k˛ç#Ó#–

!Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ~Ü˛Ü˛ xööƒ Ä !ã˛Ó˚ x@ˇÃî#–

Óyäy!° üôƒ!Ó Ï_Ó˚ ˆÜ˛üö •ÄÎ˚y í z!ã˛ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ xyò¢≈ Úü Ïí˛°–Û

Wide Angle–49

!Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ Ä ôü≈!ÓŸªy§

üô%!üï˛y ï% Ç

xôƒy!˛õÜ˛yñ ÓyÇ°y !Óû˛yà

!Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ôü≈!ÓŸªy§ !ö ÏÎ˚ Ó° Ïï˛ !à ÏÎ˚ ~•z ≤Ã§ ÏD ÓyÇ°y Ïò Ï¢Ó˚ !Óáƒyï˛ üö#£Ï# xôƒy˛õÜ˛ xy•üò ¢Ó˚#ú˛

!Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ §¡õ ÏÜ≈ Ó Ï° ÏåÈöñ ÚÚÓyäy!°Ó˚ Ä•z ~Ü˛!ê˛ Ú{ŸªÓ˚Û • Ï°•z ã˛° ÏÓ– xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ {Ÿª ÏÓ˚Ó˚ òÓ˚Ü˛yÓ˚ ˆö•zÛÈÛÙÙÙÈÎy

Óï≈ üy Ïö §üÎ˚ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ Ïï˛ á%Ó•z @ˇÃ•î#Î˚– §üÎ˚Ü˛y°#ö §ü ÏÎ˚ òÑy!í ¸ ÏÎ˚ Îáö ô Ïü≈Ó˚ öy Ïü Î% Ïk˛Ó˚ ~•z òyüyüy ˆÓ Ïç

ã˛ Ï° ÏåÈ Óy Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ÓyçÓyÓ˚ í z õe´ü • ÏÎ˚ í z Ïë˛ ÏåÈ ï˛áö Ú{ŸªÓ˚Û S~áy Ïö Ú{ŸªÓ˚Û Ó° Ïï˛ {ŸªÓ˚ã˛w !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚

Ü˛Ìy Ó°y • ÏÎ˚ ÏåÈV !ö ÏÎ˚ xyüy ÏòÓ˚ @ˇÃ•î ˆÎyàƒï˛yÓ˚ §)e=!° ~Ü˛ÓyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y Ü˛Ó˚y òÓ˚Ü˛yÓ˚–

xyüy ÏòÓ˚ Ó‡ xy Ï°y!ã˛ï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ôü≈!ÓŸªy§ !ö ÏÎ˚ öyöy ü• Ï° öyöyö üï˛yüï˛ Ó˚ ÏÎ˚ ÏåÈ– !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ÏÜ˛

ˆÜ˛í z Óy agnosticÈÙÙÙÈxÌ≈yÍ ÎÑyÓ˚y !ÓŸªy§ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ö ˆÎ üyö%£Ï {Ÿª ÏÓ˚Ó˚ x!hflÏc Óy xö!hflÏc §¡∫ Ï¶˛ !Ü˛å%È•z çyö Ïï˛ ˛õy ÏÓ˚

öyñ ≤ÃüyîÄ Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ ˛õy ÏÓ˚ öy– !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ç#Óö#Ü˛yÓ˚ ÏòÓ˚ ü Ïôƒ ˆÓ¢ Ü˛ ÏÎ˚Ü˛çö !Ó Ï¢£Ïï˛ ü Ï•wöyÌ =Æñ

!Ó•yÓ˚#°y° §Ó˚Ü˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãü%á Óƒ!_´àî ˆÜ˛í z•z ïÑ y ÏÜ˛ ˛õ% ÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ {ŸªÓ˚!ÓŸªy§# Ó Ï° òy!Ó Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ö!ö– ~ Óƒy˛õy ÏÓ˚ {ŸªÓ˚ã˛w

!ö Ïç•z Ó Ï°!åÈ Ï°ö ÚïÑ y ÏÜ˛ ˆï˛y çyöÓyÓ˚ ˆçy öy•z–Û xyÓyÓ˚ ï˛ÍÜ˛y°#ö §üÎ˚Ü˛y Ï° òÑy!í ¸ ÏÎ˚ ˆ§•z §üÎ˚Ü˛yÓ˚ §üyç˛õ!ï˛Ó˚y

ïÑ˛yˆÏÜ˛ !á fiê˛yö ÓˆÏ°Ä !ôE˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏï˛ö– Ó°yÓy‡°ƒ Ú!á fiê˛yöÛ Ü˛Ìy!ê˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚ öy!hflÏˆÏÜ˛Ó˚•z §üyÌ≈Ü˛– xÌ≈yÍ öy!hflÏÜ˛ñ

§Ç¢Î˚Óyò# ~Ü˛ !á fiê˛yöÈÙÙÙÈ~•z !ï˛ö !¢ ÏÓ˚y˛õy•z !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ §¡õ ÏÜ≈ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ !åÈ°–

~ Ïï˛y ˆà° !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ôü≈!ÓŸªy§ !ö ÏÎ˚ öyöyö ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ ôyÓ˚îy– ï˛ ÏÓ ïÑ yÓ˚ ôü≈!ÓŸªy§ !ö ÏÎ˚ xyÓ˚ ~Ü˛ê%

xy Ï°yÜ˛˛õyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ Ï° ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ !ï˛!ö í z õÓ#ï˛ ôyÓ˚î Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ö S~ày ÏÓ˚y ÓåÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ Ï§ ïÑ yÓ˚ í z õöÎ˚ö • ÏÎ˚!åÈ°Vñ

!ï˛!ö !ö ÏçÓ˚ öy ÏüÓ˚ ˆ¢ Ï£Ï Ú¢¡ø≈yÛ Óy Ú¢¡ø≈îÉÛ !°á Ïï˛öñ ~üö!Ü˛ !ã˛!ë˛ Ïï˛Ä Ú◊#◊#•!Ó˚¢Ó˚îü‰Û Ä Ú◊#ò%à≈y¢Ó˚îü‰Û

!°á Ïï˛ö– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ !•®%ô Ïü≈Ó˚ !Ü˛å%È !Ü˛å%È !öÎ˚ü !ï˛!ö ˛õy°ö Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ö– ï˛ ÏÓ !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ !•®%ôü≈ ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚

Ü˛áö•z Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ö!ö– xÓ¢ƒ ïÑ yÓ˚ !•®%ôü≈ !ÓŸªy§ öy üyöyÓ˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˆö•yï˛ Ü˛ü öÎ˚ñ !ï˛!ö !e§¶˛ƒy àyÎ˚e#üsf ç˛õ

Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ö öy Sxhsˇï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ ÓÎ˚ Ï§V– ïÑ yÓ˚ ü%Ó˚y!Ó˚ õ%Ü% ÏÓ˚Ó˚ à, Ï• ˆÜ˛yöÄ ˆòÓï˛yÓ˚ ü)!ï≈ Óy åÈ!ÓÓ˚ Ü˛Ìy ˆÜ˛í z Ó Ï°ö!öñ

Ó Ï° ÏåÈö üy ÏÎ˚Ó˚ åÈ!ÓÓ˚ Ü˛Ìyñ !ï˛!ö Ü˛áö•z ü!®Ó˚ ò¢≈ö Óy ï˛#Ì≈Îyey Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ö!ö– xÓ¢ƒ ~ Óƒy˛õy ÏÓ˚ ˜ÓôÓƒ ≤ÃÌyÓ˚

!ÓÓ˚& Ïk˛ ïÑ yÓ˚ °í ¸y•z !ã˛Ó˚fløÓ˚î#Î˚ • ÏÎ˚ xy ÏåÈ– !ï˛!ö §ühflÏ !•®% §üy ÏçÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚& Ïk˛ òÑy!í ¸ ÏÎ˚ ˆÎ í zòyÓ˚ Ïã˛ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãüyî

!ò ÏÎ˚ ÏåÈö ï˛yÓ˚ çöƒ xyüÓ˚y ï˛yÓ˚ Ü˛y ÏåÈ Î%à Î%à ô ÏÓ˚ Ü, ï˛K˛– xÓ¢ƒ ~ ˛õÌ ü§,î !åÈ° öy Ü˛áö•z– !•®% §üy ÏçÓ˚

öyöy !ê˛!Ü˛ôyÓ˚# ˛õ![˛ï˛à ÏîÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&k˛yã˛yÓ˚î Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ • ÏÎ˚ ÏåÈ !ÓòƒyÓ˚§yàÓ˚ ÏÜ˛– ÎyÓ˚ ú˛°fl∫Ó˚*˛õ ˜ÓôÓƒ ≤ÃÌyÓ˚ !ã˛Ó˚ü%!_´–

!Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ çyï˛˛õyï˛ Ü˛áö•z üyö Ïï˛ö öy– ~ !ö ÏÎ˚ ~Ü˛!ê˛ à“ xy ÏåÈ– ~Ü˛ÓyÓ˚ ˆá Ïï˛ Ó Ï§ ˆÜ˛Ôï% ÏÜ˛yFåÈ Ï° ˛õy Ï¢

Ó§y çy Ïï˛ Ü˛yÎ˚fli xü,ï˛°y° !ü ÏeÓ˚ ˛õy Ïï˛Ó˚ üy ÏåÈÓ˚ ü% Ïí ¸y !ï˛!ö ï% Ï° !ö ÏÎ˚ ˆá ÏÎ˚!åÈ Ï°ö– ~ !ö ÏÎ˚ Î!òÄ á%Ó

§üy Ï°yã˛öyÓ˚ ˆì˛í z í z Ïë˛!åÈ°ñ Ü˛yÓ˚î !ï˛!ö Ó y·˛î • ÏÎ˚ Ü˛y ÏÎ˚ Ïï˛Ó˚ ˛õyï˛ ˆÌ ÏÜ˛ áyÓyÓ˚ ï% Ï° ˆá ÏÎ˚ ÏåÈö– ~ Ïï˛y ~Ü˛

≤ÃÜ˛yÓ˚ xöyã˛yÓ˚– ïÑ yÓ˚ xyÓ˚Ä ~Ü˛ ôü≈!öÓ˚ Ï õ«˛ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ ˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ§Çfl,Òï˛ Ü˛ Ï° Ïç xôƒ«˛ ÌyÜ˛yÓ˚ §ü ÏÎ˚

!ï˛!ö ~•z Ü˛ Ï° Ïç ˛õí ¸y ÏöyÓ˚ x!ôÜ˛yÓ˚ Ú¢)oÛ Ü˛yÎ˚fli ÏòÓ˚ çöƒ ≤Ã§y!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ ˆ˛õ ÏÓ˚!åÈ Ï°ö–

!Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ {ŸªÓ˚ §¡∫ Ï¶˛ ôyÓ˚îy !ò ÏÎ˚!åÈ Ï°ö ÷ô% ~Ü˛ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ñ ï˛yÄ !mï˛#Î˚ !ã˛hsˇy Óy after thought !• Ï§ ÏÓ–

!ï˛!ö Ó Ï°!åÈ Ï°öÈÙÙÙÈÚ{ŸªÓ˚ !Ü˛ ˆã˛ï˛ö !Ü˛ xÓ Ïã˛ï˛ö !Ü˛ í z!qòÈÙÙÙÈ§ühflÏ ˛õòy ÏÌ≈Ó˚ §,!‹T Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y ÏåÈö– ~ !ö!ü_ {ŸªÓ˚ ÏÜ˛

§,!‹TÜ˛ï≈ y Ó Ï°...–ÛÈÙÙÙÈ~•z x!ï˛ §Ç!«˛Æ Ó_´Óƒ!ê˛ !Ó ÏŸ’£Ïî Ü˛Ó˚ Ï° ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ {ŸªÓ˚ ÏÜ˛ Ú§,!‹TÜ˛ï≈ yÛ !• Ï§ ÏÓ !ï˛!ö

çy!ö ÏÎ˚ ÏåÈöñ !Ü˛v ïÑ yÓ˚ ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yà ˜öÓ≈ƒ!_´Ü˛ÈÙÙÙÈÚ{ŸªÓ˚ ÏÜ˛ §,!‹TÜ˛ï≈ y Ó Ï°–Û !ï˛!ö Ü˛áö•z Ó° ÏåÈö öy ˆÎ xy!ü Ó!°

Ú{ŸªÓ˚Û ÏÜ˛ §,!‹T Ü˛ï≈ y Ó Ï° çyö ÏÓ–

Wide Angle–50

!Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ {ŸªÓ˚ !ÓŸªy§# !åÈ Ï°ö öy!Ü˛ x!ÓŸªy§# !åÈ Ï°ö ï˛y !ö ÏÎ˚ öyöy !Óï˛Ü≈ xy ÏåÈ ~ÓÇ ï˛y ÌyÜ˛ ÏÓÄ–

xyüy ÏòÓ˚ ü Ïï˛y x“ !Ü˛å%È ˆ°yÜ˛ñ ÎÑyÓ˚y {ŸªÓ˚!ÓŸªy§#ñ ôü≈yã˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÌ ÏÜ˛ í zò‰ày!Ó˚ï˛ ˆò¢yã˛yÓ˚ §¡∫ Ï¶˛ x!ÓŸªy§

ˆ˛õy£Ïî Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ÏÜ˛ ò Ï° ˆ˛õ Ï° Ó Ïï≈ ÎyÎ˚– xyÓyÓ˚ xyüÓ˚y ~üö Ü˛ÌyÄ Ó° Ïï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚öy ˆÎ öy!hflÏÜ˛

üy Ïö•z û˛y Ï°y xyÓ˚ ôy!ü≈Ü˛ üy Ïö•z áyÓ˚y˛õ– ≤ÃÜ, ï˛ ÓyhflÏÓ •° ~•z ò%•z ÏÎ˚Ó˚ ü Ïôƒ•z áyÓ˚y˛õ ~ÓÇ û˛y Ï°y ò%ÈÙÈôÓ˚ ÏöÓ˚

üyö%£Ïçö xy ÏåÈö– xy§° Ü˛Ìy •° x@ˇÃy!ôÜ˛yÓ˚ñ üyö%£Ï • ÏÎ˚ Ü˛yç Ü˛Ó˚yñ üyö% Ï£ÏÓ˚ çöƒ Ü˛yç Ü˛Ó˚yÈÙÙÙÈ~ê˛y•z üyö% Ï£ÏÓ˚

~Ü˛üye ôü≈ •ÄÎ˚y í z!ã˛ï˛ xyÓ˚ ~•z ô Ïü≈•z ò#!«˛ï˛ !åÈ Ï°ö !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚–

{ŸªÓ˚ã˛w !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚

fl∫Ó˚*˛õy ôÓ˚

!Ó.Ü˛üñ ï, ï˛#Î˚ £Ïß√y§

{ŸªÓ˚ã˛w !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚– òÎ˚yÓ˚ §yàÓ˚– !ÓòƒyÓ˚Ä §yàÓ˚– Ó˚yüÜ, £è ïÑ y ÏÜ˛ ˆòá Ïï˛ ~ Ï§!åÈ Ï°ö– ˆòá Ïï˛ ~ Ï§!åÈ Ï°ö

x§Ω˛Ó !Ómyöñ ˛õ![˛ï˛ñ ˆï˛!ç ~Ü˛!ê˛ üyö%£Ï ÏÜ˛ ˆòá Ïï˛– ~Ü˛!ò Ïö !ï˛!ö !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ •ö !ö– x§Ω˛Ó òy!Ó˚ ÏoƒÓ˚ § ÏD

°í ¸y•z Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ Óí ¸ • ÏÎ˚ ÏåÈö– °ƒy¡õ ˆ˛õy Ïfiê˛Ó˚ xy Ï°yÎ˚ ˛õ Ïí ¸ ÏåÈö–

~Ü˛ òÎ˚yÓï˛# öyÓ˚#Ó˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛y !ï˛!ö §yÓ˚yç#Óö ˆû˛y Ï°ö !ö– !ÓôÓy !ÓÓy• ≤ÃÓï≈ öñ öyÓ˚#!¢«˛y ≤Ã§yÓ˚ §• Ó‡

§yüy!çÜ˛ Ü˛y ÏÎ≈ !ï˛!ö Ó ï˛# •ö– !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ !ÓK˛yö !ã˛hsˇy ≤Ã§y ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ Ï«˛– Ü˛!Ó üô%§)òö ÏÜ˛ !ï˛!ö ≤Ãû) ï˛ §y•yÎƒ

Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö–

ïÑ yÓ˚ !¢«˛yñ §y•§ Ä ˆï˛ ÏçÓ˚ çöƒ ïÑ y ÏÜ˛ xyç#Óö Óyäy!° ü Ïö Ó˚yá ÏÓ–

Ó˚Ó#® öyÌ ë˛yÜ %Ó˚ !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ §¡õ ÏÜ ≈ xï˛ƒhs §!ë˛Ü˛û˛y ÏÓ !° Ïá!å˛ Ï°öÈÙÙÙÈ

Úˆ§•zçöƒ !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ~•z ÓD Ïò Ï¢ ~Ü˛Ü˛ !å˛ Ï°ö– ~áy Ïö ˆÎö ï˛yÑ•yÓ˚ fl∫çy!ï˛Ùˆ§yòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛• !å˛° öy– ~ ˆò Ï¢

!ï˛!ö ï˛yÑ•yÓ˚ §ü ÏÎyàƒ §• ÏÎyà#Ó˚ xû˛y ÏÓ xyü,ï˛ƒ%Ü˛y° !öÓ≈y§ö ˆû˛yà Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y !àÎ˚y Ïå˛ö– !ï˛!ö §%á# !å˛ Ï°ö öy–

!ï˛!ö !ö ÏçÓ˚ ü Ïôƒ ˆÎ ~Ü˛ xÜ ,!eü üö%£ƒc §Ó≈òy•z xö%û˛Ó Ü˛!Ó˚ Ïï˛ö ã˛y!Ó˚ !ò ÏÜ˛Ó˚ çöü[˛°#Ó˚ ü Ïôƒ ï˛y•yÓ˚ xû˛y§

ˆò!á Ïï˛ ˛õyö öy•z– !ï˛!ö íz ˛õÜ˛yÓ˚ Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y Ü ,ï˛â¯ï˛y ˛õy•zÎ˚y Ïå˛öñ Ü˛yÎ≈Ü˛y Ï° §•yÎ˚ï˛y ˛õ yÆ •ö öy•z– !ï˛!ö ˛õ !ï˛!òö

ˆò!áÎ˚y Ïå˛öñ xyüÓ˚y xyÓ˚Ω Ü˛!Ó˚ñ ˆ¢£ Ü˛!Ó˚ öyó xyí ¸¡∫Ó˚ Ü˛!Ó˚ñ Ü˛yç Ü˛!Ó˚ öyó Îy•y xö%¤˛yö Ü˛!Ó˚ ï˛y•y !ÓŸªy§ Ü˛!Ó˚

öyó Îy•y !ÓŸªy§ Ü˛!Ó˚ ï˛y•y ˛õy°ö Ü˛!Ó˚ öyó û )!Ó˚ õ!Ó˚üyî ÓyÜ˛ƒÓ˚ã˛öy Ü˛!Ó˚ Ïï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ñ !ï˛°˛õ!Ó˚üyî xydï˛ƒyà Ü˛!Ó˚ Ïï˛

˛õy!Ó˚ öyó xyüÓ˚y x•ÇÜ˛yÓ˚ ˆòáy•zÎ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ï ,Æ Ìy!Ü˛ñ ˆÎyàƒï˛y°y Ïû˛Ó˚ ˆã˛‹Ty Ü˛!Ó˚ öyó xyüÓ˚y §Ü˛° Ü˛y Ïç•z ˛õ ÏÓ˚Ó˚

˛õ ï˛ƒy¢y Ü˛!Ó˚ñ xÌã˛ ˛õ ÏÓ˚Ó˚ e&!ê˛ °•zÎ˚y xyÜ˛y¢ !Óò#î≈ Ü˛!Ó˚ Ïï˛ Ìy!Ü˛ó ˛õ ÏÓ˚Ó˚ xö%Ü˛Ó˚ Ïî xyüy ÏòÓ˚ àÓ≈ñ ˛õ ÏÓ˚Ó˚

xö%à Ï• xyüy ÏòÓ˚ §¡øyöñ ˛õ ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ã˛ Ï«˛ ô)!°!ö Ï«˛˛õ Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y xyüy ÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!°!ê˛Ü˛§‰ñ ~ÓÇ !ö ÏçÓ˚ ÓyÜ ‰ã˛yï % ÏÎ≈ !ö ÏçÓ˚

˛õ !ï˛ û˛!_´!Ó•¥° ••zÎ˚y íz ë˛y•z xyüy ÏòÓ˚ ç#Ó ÏöÓ˚ ˛õ ôyö íz Ïj¢ƒ– ~•z ò%Ó≈°ñ « %ò ñ •,òÎ˚•#öñ Ü˛ü≈•#öñ òy!Ω˛Ü˛ñ ï˛y!Ü ≈Ü˛

çy!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ !ï˛ !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~Ü˛ §%àû˛#Ó˚ !ôE˛yÓ˚ !å˛°– Ü˛yÓ˚îñ !ï˛!ö §Ó≈!Ó£ ÏÎ˚•z •z•y ÏòÓ˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ !å˛ Ï°ö– Ó,•Í

Óöflõ!ï˛ ˆÎüö « %ò ÓöçD Ï°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ ÏÓ‹Tö ••z Ïï˛ e´ Ïü•z ¢)öƒ xyÜ˛y Ï¢ ühflÏÜ˛ ï %!°Î˚y íz Ïë˛ !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ˆ§•zÓ˚*˛õ

ÓˆÏÎ˚yÓ,!k˛Ù§•Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ ÓD§üyˆÏçÓ˚ §ühflÏ xfl∫yfliƒÜ˛Ó˚ «˛%ò ï˛yçy° ••zˆÏï˛ e´ü¢•z ¢∑•#ö §%ò)Ó˚ !öç≈ˆÏö íz˛ayö

Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y!å Ï°öñ ˆ§áyö ••z Ïï˛ !ï˛!ö ï˛y!˛õï˛ ÏÜ˛ å˛yÎ˚y ~ÓÇ « %!ôï˛ ÏÜ˛ ú˛° òyö Ü˛!Ó˚ Ïï˛öñ !Ü˛v xyüy ÏòÓ˚ ¢ï˛§•§

«˛îç#Ó# §û˛y§!ü!ï˛Ó˚ !é˛!Õ‘é˛ÇÜ˛yÓ˚ ••z Ïï˛ §¡õ)î≈ fl∫ï˛sf !å˛ Ï°ö–Û

!Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ fløÓ˚ Ïî ˆÎö Ü˛Ìyê˛y xyüÓ˚y ü Ïö Ó˚y!á–

Wide Angle–51

!Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ Ä öyÓ˚#§üyç

x!˛õ≈ï˛y Ü˛y•y°#

!Óû˛yàÈÙÈÜ˛ñ !Ó.Ü˛üñ ï, ï˛#Î˚ £Ïß√y§

Óï≈ üy ÏöÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛õ Ïê˛ òÑy!í ¸ ÏÎ˚ xyüÓ˚y ÚöyÓ˚#Û ¢∑ê˛yÓ˚ !Ó ÏŸ’£Ïî Ü˛Ó˚ Ï° ~Ü˛Ü˛ÌyÎ˚ Ó%!é˛ñ ˛õ%Ó˚& Ï£ÏÓ˚ §y ÏÌ ÜÑ y Ïô ÜÑ yô

!ü!° ÏÎ˚ ã˛°y §üyö x!ôÜ˛yÓ˚ Ä §¡øy Ïö û) !£Ïï˛ fl∫yô#ö öyÓ˚#§üyç– !Ü˛v |ö!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑# Ïï˛ |£Ïy° Ï@¿ òÑy!í ¸ ÏÎ˚

öyÓ˚#Ó˚ §yüy!çÜ˛ xÓfliy ˛õ!Ó˚Ü˛“öy Ü˛Ó˚ Ï° xyüÓ˚y Ó%é˛ Ïï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ ÏÓy §üy Ïç ï˛y ÏòÓ˚ xÓfliy ˛õ% ÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ í z ÏŒê˛y–

öyÓ˚#§üy ÏçÓ˚ í zß¨!ï˛Ó˚ •z!ï˛•y§ âÑyê˛ Ï° xyüÓ˚y x ÏöÜ˛ ü•y˛õ%Ó˚& Ï£ÏÓ˚ öyü•z ˆò!á í zIμ° • ÏÎ˚ Ó˚ ÏÎ˚ ÏåÈ– ï˛ ÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚

ü Ïôƒ öyÓ˚#Ó˚ x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚ ç#Ó Ïö xy Ï°y ÏÜ˛yIμ° !¢áy ≤ÃIμ!°ï˛ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ öyÓ˚#Ó˚ ç#Ó Ïö ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈ ö ~ Ïö!åÈ Ï°ö

|ö!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ §üyç §ÇflÒyÓ˚Ü˛ Ä !¢«˛y≤Ã§yÓ˚ xy Ï®y° ÏöÓ˚ ≤Ãyï˛ÉfløÓ˚î#Î˚ ü•y˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï ˛õ![˛ï˛ {ŸªÓ˚ã˛w !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚–

|ö!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ≤ÃÌüy Ïô≈ ÓyÇ°yÓ˚ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ Ïï˛ ˛õyÿ˛yï˛ƒ !¢«˛y Ä §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ ~Ü˛ !ÓÓ˚yê˛ ≤Ãû˛yÓ °!«˛ï˛ • ÏÎ˚!åÈ°–

~Ó˚ ú˛°fl∫Ó˚*˛õ ÓyÇ°yÓ˚ §üy Ïç Ú§ÇflÒyÓ˚ xy Ï®y° ÏöÓ˚Û ˆÎ ˆçyÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆòáy !à ÏÎ˚!åÈ° ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!ÌÜ, Í !åÈ Ï°ö {ŸªÓ˚ã˛w

!Óòƒy§yàÓ˚– ï˛yÓ˚ ~•z §ÇflÒyÓ˚ xy Ï®y°ö Î%!_´Óyò# Ä üyöÓï˛yÓyò# ˆã˛ï˛öyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ú˛° ÏöÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü xôƒyÎ˚ !•§y ÏÓ•z

!åÈ° öyÓ˚# çy!ï˛Ó˚ Ü˛°ƒyî§yôö– ˆÜ˛y Ïöy §üy ÏçÓ˚ í zß¨!ï˛Ü˛ Ï“ Ó ï˛# •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ xy Ïà §Ó≈y Ï@ˇÃ ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yçö#Î˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !• Ï§ ÏÓ

xyüÓ˚y Î% Ïà Î% Ïà ˆò Ïá ~ Ï§!åÈ öyÓ˚# Ä ˛õ%Ó˚& Ï£ÏÓ˚ §üyö x!ôÜ˛yÓ˚– ˆÎ §üy Ïç öyÓ˚# çy!ï˛ ÏÜ˛ í z Ï õ«˛y Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚ ˆ§•z

§üyç ˆÜ˛y Ïöy!òö í zß¨ï˛ • Ïï˛ ˛õy ÏÓ˚öyÈÙÙÙÈ!Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ~•z Ü˛Ìy!ê˛•z Ó° Ïï˛ö– xyüy ÏòÓ˚ §üy Ïç !¢«˛yÓ˚ =Ó˚&c Ü˛ï˛ê˛y

ï˛y ˆÓyô•Î˚ Ó°y•z Óy‡°ƒ– !Ó Ï¢£Ïï˛ ˆ§•zÓ˚Ü˛ü ~Ü˛ê˛y §ü ÏÎ˚ ˆÎáy Ïö Ü% §ÇflÒy ÏÓ˚Ó˚ xüy!ö¢yÎ˚ öyÓ˚#§üyç !öü!Iï˛–

ï˛áö xyüy ÏòÓ˚ §üy Ïç ü Ïö Ü˛Ó˚y • Ïï˛y ˆü ÏÎ˚Ó˚y Î!ò fl%Ò Ï° ÎyÎ˚ ï˛ ÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚y !ÓôÓy • ÏÎ˚ Îy ÏÓ– !ë˛Ü˛ ˆ§•z §ü ÏÎ˚

~•z ôü≈û˛#Ó˚& §üy Ïç !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ¢yflf ˆÌ ÏÜ˛ °y•zö í zk, ï˛ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ Ó° Ï°öÈÙÙÙÈ

ÚÚÜ˛öƒy Ï õÓÇ ˛õy°ö#Î˚y !¢«˛yö#Î˚!ï˛ Îbï˛ÉÛÛÈÙÙÙÈxÌ≈yÍ x!ï˛Î ÏbÓ˚ §y ÏÌ Ü˛öƒy ÏÜ˛ ˛õy°ö Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ • ÏÓ ~ÓÇ !¢«˛y

!ò Ïï˛ • ÏÓ– öyÓ˚#!¢«˛y !ÓhflÏy ÏÓ˚ e&!ê˛ Ó˚y Ïáö!ö ˆÜ˛y Ïöy– Ó˚yü Ïày˛õy° ˆây£Ïñ Ó˚yôyÜ˛yhsˇ ˆòÓ ≤Ãü%á Óƒ!_´ ÏòÓ˚ §• ÏÎy!àï˛y

˛õyö– !Óòƒy°Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ò¢≈ ÏöÓ˚ §Ó˚Ü˛y!Ó˚ ˛õ Ïò ÌyÜ˛yÓ˚ §%Óy Ïò 35!ê˛ Óy!°Ü˛y !Óòƒy°Î˚ fliy˛õö Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ö– í z ÏÕ‘á ÏÎyàƒ

xÓòyö !• Ï§ ÏÓ xyüÓ˚y ˆòá Ïï˛ ˛õy•z ˆÓÌ%ö §y Ï• ÏÓÓ˚ §• ÏÎy!àï˛yÎ˚ Ú!•®% Óy!°Ü˛y !Óòƒy°Î˚Û fliy˛õö Îy Óï≈ üy Ïö

ÚˆÓÌ%ö fl%Ò°Û öy Ïü ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ~!ê˛ û˛yÓ˚ Ïï˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÌü Óy!°Ü˛y !Óòƒy°Î˚– @ˇÃyüyMÈ˛ Ï° öyÓ˚# ÏòÓ˚ ü Ïôƒ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã§y ÏÓ˚Ó˚

í z Ïj Ï¢ƒ !ï˛!ö ÓyÇ°yÓ˚ !Ó!û˛ß¨ ˆç°yÎ˚ flf#!¢«˛y !ÓôyÎ˚ö# § Ï¡ø°ö# ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ö– ï˛yÓ˚•z ≤Ã Ïã˛‹TyÎ˚ 1864 !á fiê˛y Ï∑

ÓyÇ°yÎ˚ Óy!°Ü˛y !Óòƒy° ÏÎ˚Ó˚ §Çáƒy !à ÏÎ˚ òÑyí ¸yÎ˚ 288!ê˛– 1872 !á fiê˛y Ï∑ !ï˛!ö ˆü Ïê Δy˛õ!°ê˛yö •zö!fiê˛!ê˛í z¢ö SÎy

Óï≈˛üyˆÏö !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ Ü˛ˆÏ°ç öyˆÏü ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛V ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö ~ÓÇ !öˆÏçÓ˚ üyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ flø,!ï˛Ó˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ !öç @ˇÃyü

Ó#Ó˚!§Ç Ï• û˛àÓï˛# !Óòƒy°Î˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ö–

Úfl∫yü# !Ó ÏÓÜ˛yö® ~Ü˛òy Ó Ï°!åÈ Ï°öÈÙÙÙÈ‘‘There is no change for the welfare of the world unlessthe condition of women is improved. It is not possible for a bird to fly on only one wing...’!ë˛Ü˛

xö%Ó˚*˛õ û˛yÓöy Ïï˛•z ÷ô%üye !¢«˛y öÎ˚ñ öyÓ˚#§üy ÏçÓ˚ §yü!@ˇÃÜ˛ í zß¨!ï˛ Ïï˛ !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÓòyö !ã˛Ó˚fløÓ˚î#Î˚– ï˛yÓ˚•z

üy•z°ú˛°Ü˛ !• Ï§ ÏÓ xyüÓ˚y !ÓôÓy !ÓÓy• ≤Ãã˛° ÏöÓ˚ Ü˛Ìy í z ÏÕ‘á Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– ï˛ÍÜ˛y°#ö §üy Ïç !ÓôÓyöyÓ˚# ÏòÓ˚

x§•ö#Î˚ xÓfliyñ ï˛y ÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚Ó Ïà≈Ó˚ xöƒyÎ˚ñ xï˛ƒyã˛yÓ˚ÈÙÈx!Óã˛yÓ˚ !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ÏÜ˛ ˛õ#!í ¸ï˛ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚– !ï˛!ö !•®%¢yflf

í zk, ï˛ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ≤Ãüyî Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ö ˆ°yÜ˛yã˛y ÏÓ˚Ó˚ öy Ïü §üy Ïç ˆÎ ôü≈ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ ï˛y xy§ Ï° ôü≈Ó!•≈û) ï˛ fli!ÓÓ˚ï˛yÓ˚ xyã˛yÓ˚üye–

1856 §y Ï° §Ó˚Ü˛y ÏÓ˚Ó˚ §• ÏÎy!àï˛yÎ˚ !ÓôÓy !ÓÓy• xy•zö!§k˛ Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ §üÌ≈ •ö– ÷ô%üye !ÓôÓy !ÓÓy•

xy•zö!§k˛ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚•z ïÑ yÓ˚ Ü˛ü≈!ÓÓ˚!ï˛ •Î˚ öy– !ï˛!ö ˆ§ê˛yÓ˚ §yÌ≈Ü˛ ÓyhflÏÓÓ˚*˛õ !ò ÏÎ˚!åÈ Ï°ö ïÑ yÓ˚ ˛õ%e öyÓ˚yÎ˚îã˛ ÏwÓ˚ §y ÏÌ

Wide Angle–52

~Ü˛ !ÓôÓyÓ˚ !ÓÓy• !ò ÏÎ˚– ~üö!Ü˛ ïÑ yÓ˚•z í z Ïòƒy Ïà ÓyÇ°yÓ˚ !Ó!û˛ß¨ fliy Ïö !ÓôÓy !ÓÓy• xö%¤˛yö xy ÏÎ˚y!çï˛ •Î˚–

÷ô%üye !ÓôÓy !ÓÓy• ˆÜ˛öñ Ó‡!ÓÓy Ï•Ó˚ ü Ïï˛y Ü% ≤ÃÌy !öÓyÓ˚ ÏîÄ ï˛Í˛õÓ˚ û) !üÜ˛y ˆöö !ï˛!ö– ~üö!Ü˛ 1860

!á fiê˛y Ï∑ §Ó˚Ü˛y!Ó˚ xy•zö ≤ÃîÎ˚ö Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ Ü˛öƒyÓ˚ !ÓÓy Ï•Ó˚ ÓÎ˚§ §Ó≈!ö¡¨ 10 ÓåÈÓ˚ !öô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ §y•yÎƒ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ö

!Óòƒy§yàÓ˚– öyÓ˚#çy!ï˛Ó˚ ç#Ó Ïö ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈ ÏöÓ˚ ~Ü˛ ˛õÌ á% Ï° !ò ÏÎ˚!åÈ Ï°ö ~•z ü•yö üyö%£Ï!ê˛–

ÚÎy ÏÓ˚ ï% !ü ö# Ïã˛ ˆú˛° ˆ§ ˆï˛yüy ÏÓ˚ ÓÑy!ô ÏÓ ˆÎ ö# Ïã˛

˛õÿ˛y Ïï˛ ˆÓ˚ ÏáåÈ Îy ÏÓ˚ ˆ§ ˆï˛yüy ÏÓ˚ ˛õÿ˛y Ïï˛ ê˛y!ö ÏåÈ–Û

~•z Ü˛ÌyÓ˚ §y!Ó≈Ü˛ï˛y Ó% Ïé˛ öyÓ˚#çy!ï˛Ó˚ §üyöy!ôÜ˛y ÏÓ˚Ó˚ °í ¸y•z ÏÎ˚ xyç#Óö ô ÏÓ˚ xyd!ö ÏÎ˚yà Ü˛ ÏÓ˚!åÈ Ï°ö–

ÓyÇ°yÓ˚ Ó% ÏÜ˛ öyÓ˚#!¢«˛y xy Ï®y° ÏöÓ˚ §yÌ≈Ü˛ ≤Ã§yÓ˚ñ Óy°ƒ!ÓÓy• Ä Ó‡!ÓÓy Ï•Ó˚ ü Ïï˛y §yüy!çÜ˛ x!û˛¢y˛õ ò)Ó˚#Ü˛Ó˚ ÏîÓ˚

ïÑ yÓ˚ xÜœ yhsˇ §Ç@ˇÃyü çö§yôyÓ˚ ÏîÓ˚ Ü˛y ÏåÈ ï˛y ÏÜ˛ ÚòÎ˚yÓ˚ §yàÓ˚Û Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ï% Ï° ÏåÈ– Óï≈ üy Ïö öyÓ˚#§üyç ˆ§•z ü•y˛õ%Ó˚& Ï£ÏÓ˚

≤ÃIμ!°ï˛ ≤Ãò#˛õ ÏÜ˛ ü¢y Ï°Ó˚ í zôù≈ü%á# !¢áy Ïï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ~!à ÏÎ˚ ã˛ Ï° ÏåÈ öyÓ˚#ü%!_´ Ä öyÓ˚# çyàÓ˚ ÏîÓ˚ í z õï˛ƒÜ˛y

ô ÏÓ˚– ÓyÇ°yÓ˚ öÓçyà ÏÓ˚îÓ˚ ˛õ% ÏÓ˚yôy ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï ˛õ![˛ï˛ {ŸªÓ˚ã˛w !Óòƒy§y ÏàÓ˚ çß√ !m¢ï˛Ó Ï£Ï≈ xyüyÓ˚ xhsˇ ÏÓ˚Ó˚ §û˛!_´

≤Ãîyü–


x!˛õï≈ y §Ó˚Ü˛yÓ˚

!Óû˛yàÈÙÈ1ñ flÿï˛Ü˛ñ ≤Ãyï˛!Óû˛yàñ £Ïß√y§ÙÈ5

ü Ïö ˛õ Ïí ¸ ˆÓ¢ Ü˛ ÏÎ˚Ü˛!òö xy Ïà xyüy ÏòÓ˚ x!ï˛!≤ÃÎ˚ !Óòy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ü)!ï≈ û˛yäy • ÏÎ˚!åÈ°ñ ˆáyò ~•z ¢• ÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó% ÏÜ˛–

ˆ§!òö !öÿ˛Î˚ xy˛õ!öÄ xyüyÓ˚ üï˛ö ˆ«˛y Ïû˛ ˆú˛ Ïê˛ ˛õ Ïí ¸!åÈ Ï°ö⁄ ï˛#Ó Ó˚yà • ÏÎ˚!åÈ°– ˆ§!ê˛•z fl∫yû˛y!ÓÜ˛ñ Ü˛yÓ˚î

ÚòÎ˚yÓ˚ §yàÓ˚Û !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ xy˛õyüÓ˚ Óyäy!°Ó˚ Ü˛yˆÏåÈ !˛õï,˛§ü– ã˛°%öñ xyˆÏÓ˚Ü˛ê%˛ ˆçö !ö•z ~•z ÓD§hsˇyˆÏöÓ˚

Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈàû˛#ˆÏÓ˚–

≤Ãyã˛#ö û˛yÓ˚ Ïï˛ öyÓ˚#Ó˚ xÓfliyö ~ÓÇ öyÓ˚#Ó˚ §%Ó˚«˛y– ò%•zÈÙÈ•z !åÈ° xï˛ƒhsˇ !ö®ƒö#Î˚– ~áöÜ˛yÓ˚ !ò ÏöÓ˚ öyÓ˚#Óyò#Ó˚y

~áö ˆÓÑ Ïã˛ ÌyÜ˛ Ï°ñ öy çy!ö Ü˛ï˛ xy Ï®y° ÏöÓ˚ é˛í ¸ Ó ÏÎ˚ ˆÎï˛– Ú!ÓôÓy !ÓÓy•Û !åÈ° ~Ü˛ ˛õy˛õ– !Ü˛v xyô%!öÜ˛

!ã˛hsˇyû˛yÓöy ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÓ° ü ÏöÓ˚ ˆçy ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ú˛ Ï°ñ {ŸªÓ˚ã˛w !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ü Ïö • ÏÎ˚!åÈ° §üy Ïç !ÓôÓy ÏòÓ˚ ~Ü˛ê˛y

§¡øyö ≤Ãy˛õƒ– x ÏöÜ˛ Óyôyñ !Ó˛õ!_ ˆ˛õ!Ó˚ ÏÎ˚Ä 1856 §y Ï° ˛õy¢ Ü˛Ó˚y •°– ‘Widow Remaraige Act’– ~Ü˛!ê˛

Î%àyhsˇÜ˛yÓ˚# xy•zö– ~Ü˛!ê˛ ~!à ÏÎ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ û˛yÓöy– öyÓ˚#!¢«˛yÓ˚ çöƒ ï˛yÓ˚ xÓòyöñ xyçÄ x«˛ ÏÓ˚ x«˛ ÏÓ˚ àyÌy

xy ÏåÈ xyüyÓ˚ ÓyÇ°yÓ˚ ˆòÄÎ˚y Ï°– üyôƒ!ü ÏÜ˛ åÈye# ÏòÓ˚ §yú˛°ƒ ˆò Ïá !öÿ˛Î˚•z ˛õÓ˚ Ï°y ÏÜ˛ñ ü%ã˛!Ü˛ •y§ ÏåÈö !˛õï˛y–

•yçy ÏÓ˚y !Óòƒy° ÏÎ˚Ó˚ òÓ˚çy !ï˛!ö á% Ï° ÏåÈö ï˛ÍÜ˛y°#ö !ö˛õ#!í ¸ï˛ñ xÓ Ï•!°ï˛ öyÓ˚# ÏòÓ˚ çöƒ ~ÓÇ ï˛y §¡õ)î≈ !öç

áÓ˚ Ïã˛– ÚÓ‡!ÓÓy•ÛñÚÓy°ƒ!ÓÓy•Û üï˛ x!û˛¢y˛õ ÏÜ˛ !ï˛!ö ≤ÃÓ° â,îyÓ˚ ˆã˛y Ïá•z ˆòá Ïï˛ö– !ö ÏçÓ˚ ˛õ%e ÏÜ˛ ~Ü˛ !ÓôÓyÓ˚

§ ÏD !ÓÓy• ˆÎy Ïà xyÓk˛ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ñ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚!åÈ Ï°ö ò,‹Tyhsˇ– ˆú˛yê≈ í z•z!°Î˚yü ~ÓÇ §Çfl,Òï˛ Ü˛ Ï° ÏçÓ˚ ≤Ãôyö !• Ï§ ÏÓ

≤Ãò¢≈ö Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ÏåÈö xï% °ö#Î˚ ≤Ã¢y§!öÜ˛ ò«˛ï˛y– !ï˛!ö !åÈ Ï°ö x˛õÓ˚y ÏçÎ˚–

xÓ Ï¢ Ï£Ï 1891 §y Ï° 70 ÓåÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ Ï§ñ ~•z ü•y˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï ˆ¢£Ï !öŸªy§ ï˛ƒyà Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ñ Óyäy!° çöçy!ï˛ ÏÜ˛ ÚxöyÌÛ

Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y Ï°ö–

Wide Angle–53


ï˛y!öÎ˚y •z§°yü

!Óû˛yàÈÙÈÜ˛ñ ï, ï˛#Î˚ £Ïß√y§ñ e´§.ÈÙÈ393

|ö!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛ ÏÜ˛ û˛yÓ˚ Ïï˛ ˆÎÈÙÈÜ˛çö §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ÏÜ˛Ó˚ çß√ • ÏÎ˚!åÈ° ïÑ y ÏòÓ˚ ü Ïôƒ xöƒï˛ü !åÈ Ï°ö {ŸªÓ˚ã˛w !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚–

!ï˛!ö !åÈ Ï°ö ÓD#Î˚ öÓçyàÓ˚ ÏîÓ˚ ü)ï≈ ≤Ãï˛#Ü˛– ïÑ yÓ˚ ü Ïôƒ •zí z ÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚ öÓçyàÓ˚ ÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ° Î%!_´Óyò#ñ ôü≈!ö ÏÓ˚ õ«˛ï˛yñ

≤Ãàyì˛¸ üyöÓï˛yÓyò ~ÓÇ ≤Ãyã˛ƒ Ä ˛õyÿ˛yï˛ƒ û˛yÓyòˆÏ¢≈Ó˚ ~Ü˛ x˛õ%Ó≈ §üß∫Î˚ âˆÏê˛!åÈ°– !ï˛!ö §üyˆÏçÓ˚ xÓ«˛Î˚ñ

Ü% §ÇflÒyÓ˚ Ä öyÓ˚#çy!ï˛Ó˚ ò%ò¢≈yÓ˚ Ü˛Ìy í z õ°!∏˛ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚!åÈ Ï°ö– ~çöƒ !ï˛!ö ≤Ã!ï˛K˛yÓk˛ • ÏÎ˚ §üyç §ÇflÒy ÏÓ˚ éÑ y!˛õ ÏÎ˚

˛õ Ïí ¸ö– üy•z ÏÜ˛° üô%§)ò ÏöÓ˚ ü Ïï˛ñ

ÚÚÎyÓ˚ üö#£Ïy ≤Ãyã˛#ö }!£Ï ÏòÓ˚ ü Ïï˛y Ü˛ü≈ò«˛ï˛y •zÇ ÏÓ˚ç ÏòÓ˚ ü Ïï˛y ~ÓÇ •*òÎ˚Ó_y Óyäy!° çöö#Ó˚ ü Ïï˛y–ÛÛ

!ï˛!ö xö%û˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!åÈˆÏ°ö !•®% Óy°ƒ !ÓôÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ˜ÓôÓƒ Îsfîy ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ ü%!_´ !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yçö ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚

˛õ%ö≈!ÓÓy•– Ó˚yçy Ó˚yü Ïüy•ö Ó˚yÎ˚ çμ°hsˇ !ã˛ï˛yÓ˚ xy=ö ˆÌ ÏÜ˛ !ÓôÓy ÏòÓ˚ !ú˛!Ó˚ ÏÎ˚ ~ Ïö!åÈ Ï°ö– !Ü˛v §Ç§yÓ˚ xyÓ˚

§üy ÏçÓ˚ !öü≈üï˛yÎ˚ ïÑ yÓ˚y ≤Ã!ï˛!òö ò?˛ •!FåÈ Ï°ö– ˆ§•z !ã˛ï˛yÓ˚ xy=ö ˆöû˛y ÏöyÓ˚ í z Ïj Ï¢ƒ !ÓôÓy !ÓÓy Ï•Ó˚ Ü˛y Ïç

!ö Ïç ÏÜ˛ §¡õ)î≈ §ü˛õ≈î Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ ~!à ÏÎ˚ ~ Ï°ö !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚– !ï˛!ö !Ó!û˛ß¨ ˛õ!eÜ˛yÎ˚ Óy°ƒ!ÓÓy Ï•Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚& Ïk˛ ≤ÃÓ¶˛

!°á Ïï˛ Ìy ÏÜ˛ö ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈ # Ïï˛ !ï˛!ö !•®% !ÓôÓy ü!•°y ÏòÓ˚ !ÓÓy Ï•Ó˚ çöƒ Óy xy•zö Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çöƒ §Ó˚Ü˛yÓ˚ ÏÜ˛ !ã˛!ë˛

ˆ° Ïáö– ïÑ yÓ˚ ú˛ Ï° 1856 §y Ï°Ó˚ 15 ö Ïû˛¡∫Ó˚ ˆÓ˚= Ï°¢ö myÓ˚y §Ó˚Ü˛yÓ˚ !ÓôÓy !ÓÓy• ÏÜ˛ ˜Óô Ó Ï° ˆây£Ïîy

Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö–

Ú§% Ïá Ìy ÏÜ˛y !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ !ã˛Ó˚ç#Ó# • ÏÎ˚ñ

§ò ÏÓ˚ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ÏåÈ !Ó˚ Ï õyê≈ !ÓôÓy ÏòÓ˚ • ÏÓÈ !Ó ÏÎ˚Û

xy•zö ˆï˛y ˛õy¢ •° !Ü˛v˛ !ÓôÓy ÏòÓ˚ !Ó ÏÎ˚ !ò ÏFåÈ ˆÜ˛⁄ Óô≈üy ÏöÓ˚ ¢ÑyÜ˛öyí ¸yÓ˚ Óy!§®yñ !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ üyfiê˛yÓ˚ü¢y•z

ˆ≤Ãüã˛w ï˛Ü≈ Óyà#¢ {ŸªÓ˚ ÏÜ˛ §yÓôyö Ü˛Ó˚ Ï°ö ~ÓÇ Ó° Ï°öÈÙÙÙ

Úí z Ïj¢ƒ ü•Íñ !Ü˛v xÌ≈Ó° Ü˛•z⁄ ~Ü˛yç ôöÓyö Ó˚yçy ˆ°yÜ˛ ÏòÓ˚– xy Ïà ê˛yÜ˛y ˆçyàyí ¸ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚yñ !ò!¢ ç!üòyÓ˚ ÏòÓ˚

!ö ÏçÓ˚ ü Ïï˛ !ö ÏÎ˚ ~ Ï§y ï˛yÓ˚ õ ÏÓ˚ öy •Î˚ ~!à ÏÎ˚ ˆÎÄ–Û

!Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ !Ü˛v ò,ì ¸≤Ã!ï˛K˛ñ !ï˛!ö í z_ ÏÓ˚ Ó Ï°öÈÙÙÙÈ

Ú!ÓôÓyÓ˚ !Ó ÏÎ˚ • ÏÓ xy!ü•z ˆòÓ–Û

1856 !á fiê˛y Ï∑Ó˚ 7 !í˛ Ï§¡∫Ó˚– §üÎ˚ Ó˚y Ïï˛Ó˚ !mï˛#Î˚ ≤Ã•Ó˚– Ü˛°Ü˛yï˛yÓ˚ §%!Ü˛Î˚y !fiê Δ Ïê˛Ó˚ Ó˚yçÜ, £è Ó Ï®ƒy˛õyôƒy ÏÎ˚Ó˚

Óy!í ¸ Ïï˛ x§Çáƒ !öü!sf Ïï˛Ó˚ !û˛í ¸– 800 çö ÏÜ˛ Ü˛yí≈ !ò ÏÎ˚ !öüsfî Ü˛Ó˚y • ÏÎ˚!åÈ°– Ó˚yhflÏyÎ˚ ˆàyÓ˚y ˛õ%!° Ï¢Ó˚ ˛õy•yÓ˚y–

˛õy°!Ü˛ ˆã˛ Ï õ ˛õye ◊#¢ã˛w !ÓòƒyÓ˚b !Ó ÏÎ˚ Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ ~ Ï°ö– ˛õye# Ü˛y°#ü!ï˛ Óô≈üy ÏöÓ˚ ˛õ°y¢í˛yäyÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ˚yï˛ Ó ·˛yö®

ü% Ïáy˛õyôƒy ÏÎ˚Ó˚ ò¢ ÓåÈ ÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ÓôÓy ˆü ÏÎ˚– ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü !Ó ÏÎ˚ •Î˚ ã˛yÓ˚ ÓåÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ Ï§ ~ÓÇ !ÓôÓy •ö åÈÎ˚ ÓåÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ Ï§–

ÓyÇ°yÓ˚ °yê˛§y Ï•Ó §ƒyÓ˚ ˆú Ïí˛!Ó˚Ü˛ •ƒy!° Ïí˛Ä ~•z !ÓÓy• xö%¤˛y Ïö í z õ!fliï˛ !åÈ Ï°ö ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ âê˛öyÓ˚ §y«˛#

!• Ï§ ÏÓ– ~åÈyí ¸yÄ Ü˛y°#≤Ã§ß¨ !§Ç•ñ ˛õ![˛ï˛ ˆ≤Ãüã˛w ï˛Ü≈ Óyà#¢ §• xyÓ˚Ä x Ïö ÏÜ˛Ó˚•z í z õ!fli!ï˛ Ïï˛ !ÓôÓy !ÓÓy•

§¡õß¨ •Î˚– ÓyÇ°yÓ˚ ï˛Ìy û˛yÓ˚ Ïï˛Ó˚ •z!ï˛•y Ï§ ˆ§yöyÓ˚ ç Ï° ˆ°áy ÌyÜ˛° í z!ö¢ ¢ï˛ ÏÜ˛ ~•z ï˛y!Ó˚á!ê˛–

~åÈyí ¸yÄ !ï˛!ö Ó‡!ÓÓy Ï•Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚& Ïk˛ ï˛#Ó !ö®y Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ö– !ï˛!ö 50 •yçyÓ˚ Óƒ!_´Ó˚ fl∫y«˛Ó˚ @ˇÃ•î Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ Ó‡!ÓÓy Ï•Ó˚

!Ó˛õ Ï«˛ xy•zö Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çöƒ §Ó˚Ü˛y ÏÓ˚ Ü˛y ÏåÈ ~Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ ÏÓòö ˛õyë˛yö– !Ü˛v ï˛y §ú˛° •Î˚!ö–

öyÓ˚# !¢«˛y!ÓhflÏy ÏÓ˚ !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÓòyö !åÈ° Î ÏÌ‹T =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ ~ÓÇ §%ò)Ó˚≤Ã§yÓ˚#– !ï˛!ö ü Ïö Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛öñ §üy Ïç

öyÓ˚# ÏòÓ˚ xÓfliyö í zß¨!ï˛Ó˚ çöƒ ï˛y ÏòÓ˚ ÏÜ˛ !¢!«˛ï˛ • Ïï˛ • ÏÓ– ~Ü˛üye !¢«˛y•z §üy Ïç ï˛y ÏòÓ˚ xÓfliyö ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈ ö

Wide Angle–54

Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ ÏÓ– ~çöƒ !ï˛!ö @ˇÃyüÓyÇ°yÎ˚ 35!ê˛ Óy!°Ü˛y !Óòƒy°Î˚ fliy˛õö Ü˛ ÏÓ˚!åÈ Ï°ö– 1847 !á fiê˛y Ï∑ ˆü ÏÎ˚ ÏòÓ˚

~Ü˛!ê˛ !Óòƒy°Î˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ö Ü˛y°#Ü, £è !üe– ~!ê˛ !åÈ° x!Óû˛_´ ÓyÇ°yÓ˚ üï˛yhsˇ ÏÓ˚ û˛yÓ˚ Ïï˛Ó˚ !ü¢ ÏöÓ˚ !öÎ˚sf ÏîÓ˚

Óy•z ÏÓ˚ ôü≈!öÓ˚ Ï õ«˛ ≤ÃÌü Óyy!°Ü˛y !Óòƒy°Î˚– {ŸªÓ˚ã˛w !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆfl¨•ôöƒy Ü% hsˇ#Óy°y ~•z fl%Ò Ï°Ó˚ ≤ÃÌü åÈye#

!• Ï§ ÏÓ ˆÎyà ˆòö– 1849 !á fiê˛y Ï∑ Ü˛°Ü˛yï˛yÎ˚ ˆÓÌ%ö §y Ï• ÏÓÓ˚ §• ÏÎy!àï˛yÎ˚ !•®% !ú˛ Ïü° fl%Ò° SÓï≈ üyö ˆÓÌ%ö

fl%Ò°V ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ö–

Ó˚Ó#wöyÌ ë˛yÜ% Ó˚ Ó Ï°!åÈ Ï°öÈÙÙÙÈ

ÚïÑ yÓ˚ ˆò Ï¢Ó˚ ˆ°yÜ˛ ˆÎ Î% Ïà Ók˛ • ÏÎ˚ xy ÏåÈöñ !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ˆ§•z Î%à ÏÜ˛ åÈy!í ¸ ÏÎ˚ çß√@ˇÃ•î Ü˛ ÏÓ˚!åÈ Ï°ö– ï˛yÓ˚

≤Ãüyî !Óòƒy§y ÏàÓ˚ ç#Ó Ïö åÈ!í ¸ ÏÎ˚ xy ÏåÈ–Û

!ÓôÓyÈÙÈ!ÓÓy• ≤Ãã˛° ÏöÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ï˛y ÏòÓ˚ ò%Ó˚Ófliy ˆÌ ÏÜ˛ ÓÑyã˛y ÏöyÓ˚ çöƒ !•®% ú˛ƒy!ü!° xƒyö%!Î˚!ê˛ ú˛yu ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y

Ü˛ ÏÓ˚!åÈ Ï°ö !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚– §yÓ˚yç#Óö Ü˛ Ïë˛yÓ˚ §Ç@ˇÃyü#ñ fl∫yçyï˛ƒ!û˛üyö#ñ ˆÜ˛yöÄ Ü˛yÓ˚ Ïî•z xy Ï õy§ öy Ü˛Ó˚yÈÙÙÙÈ~•z

ã˛y!Ó˚!eÜ˛ ˜Ó!¢ Ï‹TƒÓ˚ x!ôÜ˛yÓ˚# !åÈ Ï°ö !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚– 1891 §y Ï°Ó˚ 29 ç%°y•z ïÑ yÓ˚ ç#ÓöyÓ§yö â Ïê˛–

§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆì˛í z

ï, £Ïy òy§

flÿï˛Ü˛ñ !Óû˛yàÈÙÈ2 ≤Ãyï˛ !Óû˛yàñ £Ïß√y§ÈÙÈ1

ÓyÇ°yÓ˚ xÑyôyÓ˚ Ó% ÏÜ˛ xy Ï°yÓ˚ üy!°Ü˛yñ

x¶˛ ˆã˛y Ïá !ò Ï° ò,!‹Tó

fl∫î≈Ó‡° ÓDüyï˛yÓ˚ !Ó˛õ%° ï˛y!°Ü˛yñ

|£ÏÓ˚ üÓ˚&Ó˚ Ó,!‹T–

!öÓ˚«˛Ó˚ ˆ§•zçöƒ ˆÓy Ïé˛!ö !ö Ïç ÏÜ˛ñ

!ò Ï° ï˛y ÏÓ˚ x«˛Ó˚ K˛yöó

§yôyÓ˚î ç#Óö ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ü)°üsfñ

!¢«˛y•z !åÈ° ï˛Ó ≤Ãyî–

öyÓ˚#Ó˚ çß√ !Óú˛° !åÈ° ˆÎ

ˆï˛yüy !Óöy ˆò Ï¢ Ó#Ó˚çöñ

!ÓôÓyÈÙÈ!ÓÓy• ï% !ü !ò Ï° ˆ¢ Ï£Ïó

Ó#Ó˚!§Ç Ï•Ó˚ ö®ö–

ˆò Ï¢Ó˚ ò Ï¢Ó˚ !ã˛hsˇyü!î

xyçß√ xÜ% Ïï˛yû˛Î˚ñ

çß√!ò Ïö ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ã˛Ó˚ Ïîñ

xyüyÓ˚ Óî≈ õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚––

Wide Angle–55

÷Ó˚& ˆÌ ÏÜ˛ ˆ¢£

xÏy ÏeÎ˚# üyßÿ

ï, ï˛#Î˚ £Ïß√y§ñ !Óû˛yàÈÙÈÜ˛ñ ˆÓ˚y°ÙÈ367

˜Ó¢yá üy Ï§ ˛õ% Ï£!åö% ~Ü˛!ê˛ ¢y!°Ü˛ å˛yöyñ

˜çƒ¤˛ üy Ï§ íz ë˛° ï˛yÓ˚ ˆå˛yR ò%!ê˛ í˛yöy–

xy£yì ¸ üy Ï§ Óyí ¸ Ï°y e´ Ïü ày ÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õy°Ü˛=!°ñ

¢ yÓî üy Ï§ ú% ê˛° ü% Ïá ò%•z ã˛y!Ó˚ê˛y Ó%!°–

û˛yò üy Ï§ â%ä%Ó˚ !Ü˛ Ïö !ò°yü ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õy ÏÎ˚ñ

xy!Ÿªö üy Ï§ öy•z ÏÎ˚ !ò°yü •°%ò !ò ÏÎ˚ ày ÏÎ˚–

Ü˛y!ï ≈Ü˛ üy Ï§ !¢á Ï°y ˛õy!áñ òyÑ Ïí ¸Ó˚ ˛õ ÏÓ˚ ˆòy°yñ

xà •yÎ˚î üy Ï§ ~ ÏE˛Óy ÏÓ˚ •° ˆÎ •Ó˚ ÏÓy°y–

ˆ˛õÔ£ üy Ï§ ÌyÜ˛ Ïï˛y ˆáy°y áyÑã˛yÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ myÓ˚ñ

üyâ üy Ï§ ˆá° Ïï˛ ˆÎï˛ •z ÏFå ˆÎÌy ï˛yÓ˚–

ú˛yıö üy Ï§ ò%‹T% Ó%!k˛ çyà Ï°y ï˛yÓ˚ ü Ïöñ

˜ã˛e üy Ï§ ú% í ¸%Í Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ íz Ïí ¸ ˆà° Ó Ïö––

ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ òyö

fl∫!hflÏÜ˛ ôyí ¸y

2Î˚ Ó£≈ñ ï, ï˛#Î˚ £Ïß√y§

Ó#Ó˚!§Ç Ï•Ó˚ !§Ç• ï %!ü

ÓyÇ°yÓ˚ ÷ô% x•ÇÜ˛yÓ˚ öÎ˚ñ àÓ≈ ï %!ü

{ŸªÓ˚Ó˚*˛õ# ò)ï˛ öÎ˚ñ ò)ï˛Ó˚*˛õ# {ŸªÓ˚ ï %!ü

Úë˛yÜ %Ó˚Û˛õ%e öÎ˚ñ û˛yÓ˚ï˛˛õ%e Ó˚* Ï õ ˛õ)!çï˛ ï %!ü–

ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ òyö ÷ô% !ÓôÓy !ÓÓy• Ä flff#!¢«˛y öÎ˚ñ

ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ xyû˛yÎ˚ xyçÄ xy Ï°y!Ü˛ï˛ Óî≈ õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ñ

!ÓòƒyÓ˚ ~•z §yàÓ˚ ï˛# ÏÓ˚ xyçÄ ÓyÇ°y û˛y£yÓ˚ çÎ˚Ê

ï˛y•z ~•z û )!ü ˆû˛y Ï°!ö ˆï˛yüyÎ˚ xyçÄ ˆçƒy!ï˛ü≈Î˚–

ï %!ü !å˛ Ï° ï˛y•z Óî≈ ˆ˛õ ÏÎ˚!å˛ñ Óî≈ ˆÌ ÏÜ˛•z ÓyÜ˛!Ó!ôñ

~•z ÓyÜ˛!Ó!ô ˆÌ ÏÜ˛•z Ü˛!Óï˛y xyüyÓ˚ñ xyüyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ó

Ó Ï°y ˆï˛yüyÓ˚•z òy Ïö !Ü˛ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ˆÓyé˛y•z ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!ô

ï %!ü ˆï˛y í zÍ§ñ xy!ü ï˛ ˆÜ˛Ó°•z ˛õ Óy•üÎ˚––

Wide Angle–56

Common sense philosophy andVidyasagar’s reformsProf. Krityapriya Ghosh

In 1873 Bankimchandra vehemently criticised Vidyasagar’s two treatises on Hindu practiceof Kulin polygamy, Bankim wrote his article in Bangadarsan. Needless to say that thiscriticism offended Vidyasagar but he did not give any reply. But Hindu Patriot of HarishChandra Mukherjee wrote ‘...the Reviewer (Bankimchandra) teaches him (Vidyasagar) canonsof good taste and genteel criticism, we need hardly say that the venerable Vidyasagar hasgrown too old to need tution in such matters from his critic.’ Many such other papers of theday like Amrita-Bazar, Somprakas or Friend of India were not happy of such rude criticismsof Bankimchandra.

But this is also to be remembered that some of these papers held the opinion that to resistkulin polygamy no legislation was required as Vidyasagar proposed in his movement. Thecentral point of Bankim’s criticism was also that. He wrote in his essay Bahubibaha(Polygamy) that the practice of polygamy was atrocious and immoral in all the senses, butit would diminish gradually with the spread of education and mass consciousness. Nostatutory legislation was needed. Bankimkchandra also argued that Vidyasagar took the helpof Sastras and state legislation both at a time. This was somewhat rediculous. If Sastrasprescribed the evil of polygamy, then that would suffice to stop the evil practice. There wasno need of state civil law. Moreover, Bankimchandra wrote that in Bengal, at that time, onlyone among ten thousand people was polygamous. The practice was diminishing in naturalcourse, it would disappear very soon. In this context, Bankim wtote, many would rememberDon Quixote to see Vidyasagar fighting against the demon of polygamy in such a manner.

We are to remmeber here that since the days of Rammohan Roy’s reform movements thematter of state legislation in reforming our social customs faced such questions and criticisms.The orthodox Hindu pandits or the man like Radhakanta Deb, who stood for female educationand the like, opposed state interference on the grounds that no foreign nation should interveneinto the matter of our Sastras, religion and social customs. It would be an aggression on oursocial and cultural suzereinty. The orthdox Brahmin pandits including Radhakanta Deb andhis Dharmarakshini Sabha put their objection on simple religious grounds. ButBankimchandra, being the protagonist of western rationalism and science, or being thedisciple of Comte and Spencer, put the question in different manner. Bankim opposedVidyasagar because of his double swords in his movement. According to him both Sastrasand state legislations should not be ursed simultaneously.

Bankimchandra raised another major and significant question. Our country had a mixedpopulation of Hindus and Muslims. Almost fifty per cent people (at that time) were Muslims.If there was any prohibitory legislation on Hindu kulin polygamy, should the Muslim societybe included? Should the Muslim Personal Law be touched upon? The colonial Governmentdefinitely would not move for such a venture because without any representation from theMuslim community the Government would not do anything on its own. And this is also to

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be noted that after the mutiny of 1857 the British Government avoided to enact any law onthe native social and religous questions. Vidyasagar’s venture against polygamy also wasended in fiasco. The Government made no Legislation.

All this apart, the question remains why Vidyasagar always moved with two swords—Sastras and Legislation? The answer lies in his common sense philosophy. Not only in themovement against polygamy, also in the case of widow remarriage Iswarchandra fought intwo fronts. Because he belived that mere legislation would not do, if we want to eradicatethe evil, mass opinion should also be organised. In the mid-19th century Bengal the societywas principally guided by the Sastras and Lokachars. In most cases Lokachars were governedby Sastras. Therefore, if we find support in Sastras regarding widow-remarriage or prohibitionsagainst polygamy, it would be easier to establish the truth and create public opinion in favourof reform.

We know that in 1850 Vidyasagar wrote an article against child marriage and there hedid not quote any rule of Hindu personnal law i.e. the canons of Parasar or Manu-Smriti.He put forward the simple arguments I guided by positivist rational philosophy of the West.Being the traditional sanskrit Pandit Vidyasagar did not utter any rule of Smriti-Sastra. Butgradually he understood that the society could not be altered without the help of establishedSastras in favour of his programmes.

Even in his educational reforms Vidyasagar was very much practical or pragmatic in hisventures. Consider the case of Sudra admission in Sanskrit College, he did not go beyondthe Kayastha caste. Although he was in favour of admitting the low caste students in thecollege. But he did not move in haste because he knew that disproportionate radicalismwould destroy the whole project. Expediency was his key-word. One should move gradually,step by step, but with strong determination. Another instance was his opinion regarding theGovernment proposal of mass education in Bengal. Vidaysagar took it as an immatured andthoughtless project. In a letter to the Government on the 19th September 1859 Vidyasagarwrote:

‘...This state of things is to be ascribed to the condition of the labouring classes. It isgenerally so low that they cannot afford to incur any charge on account of the education oftheir children. Neither can they continue their boys in school, after the latter have attainedthat age when they become fit for any sort of work, which would secure same kind ofremuneration however triffling it may be. ...

‘But should it be in the contemplation of Government to try the experiment it must beprepared for giving education free of all charges. It may be mntioned here, that experimentshave been made by private individuals, the reults of which have not however been satisfactory.’

Vidyasagar also pointed out that even in England enough had not been done for theeducation of higher classes. The common masses were still in the dark there. Therefore, thispious wish of the Government here would be fruitless altogether and the Government shouldconfine itself to the education of the higher classes on a comprehensive scale. Before makingsuch comment Vidyasagar had the experience how the colonical Government stopped thepromised financial aid for the female schools established by Vidyasagar. Vidyasagar alsoresigned from Sanskrit College at that time due to poor governmental ventures on education.

Many such examples will prove the prudence, expediency and pragmatism of Vidyasagar’s

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reform endeavours and philosophy of his works. Vidyasagar did never indulge in any kindof romanticism in his activities. He was essentially guided by Common Sense. Thedistinguished ideologue of our time Prof. Pradyumna Bhattacharya in one of his essays ofTika Tippani (1998) very nicely said that the practical sense was innate in Vidyasagar, butwhat is interesting is that Vidyasagar nurtured and was very much engrossed in the movementof Common Sense Philosophy of the 18th century Scottland. The main proponent of thisscottish movement was Thomas Reid (1710-1896). And Dugald Stuart (1753-1828) was themsot influmential annotator of Reid’s phisolophy. This Dugald Stuart was not only popularin Scottland, his fame was spread in the USA, France, Switzerland, North Germany and inother parts of Europe. Reid and Stuart became very popular even among the students ofDerozio. In 1831 (26th April) Derozio wrote to Horrance H. Wilson that he oftain discussedCommon Sense philosophy with his bright young students of Hindoo College. AlthoughVidyasagar was not a Derozean but he also became interested in the writings of Reid andStuart. Vidyasagar studied Stuart’s books like Elements of the Philosophy of the HumanMind and Lectures of Political Economy with rapt attention and intensity.

The Scottish philosophers said that the matter of legislation had become a science today.The intelligent and efficient legislator would always care and follow the existing nature ofpublic opinion and its changing directions. Dugald Stuart was of the opinion that thereligious beliefs, social customs and rituals ere ingrained in peopoles’ mind since theirchildhood. This actually formed their general character and opinion. In other words theircommon sense. Thomas Reid linked up this with Becon’s Novum organum and NewtonianPhysics. According to Reid Becon’s philosophy was nothing but the disciplined principlesof common sense. In every day life we normally follows these principles. Whoever doesotherwise, he fails. From this philosophy of Common sense Vidyasgar wrote to Ballentinethat Sankhya and Vedanta were false doctrines. And we need Becon instead of Barkeley.According to Vidyasagar common sense is the first principle and it is the nucleus of generalpublic opinion.

From such an angle Vidyasagar did not disregard the Hindu Sastras for his reformmovements. It will be rather false impression to say that Vidyasagar tactically used Sastrasto achieve his ends. Sastras to him were the strategic arms. He tried to convince theGovernment to move for legislations for those reforms were supported by Sastras. Thewhole story of Vidyasagar’s reform movements is thus the assimilation of Common senseand the dire necessities of his time and space.

It is our common knowledge that Vidyasagar failed to achieve his cherished objectivesof his social movements in his life time. In a sense he is the tragic hero of our great 19thcentury Bengal. In his personal or private life also he became lonely and cut off from hisclose associates. He himself remained secluded.

But the modernity of Bengali culture and education can nver be delinked with this greatnoble name. Vidyasagar is not only the pioneer of our modern education system, his ceaselessmovements to liberate our womenfolk and to eradicate their miseries and griefs are relevanteven in this twenty-first century. But still the point remains, what Taogre said about him that,he was a lone person amongst us and we are not fit even today to follow his foot-prints.

* Editor, Parichaya, Ex Prof. Presidency College

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The Shadow of a GiantDr. Sujit Kumar Roy

Officer-in-ChargeGoenka College of Commerce and Business Administration

Introduction The 115th Foundation Day of Goenka College coincides with the bicentennial of PanditIshwar Chandra Vidyasagar and all those connected with the premises at 210 Bow BazarStreet— where our college is situated now— have good reasons for celebrating this greatevent. This land at 210 Bow Bazar Street is sacred – a land sanctified by the footfall ofso many luminaries of the Bengal renaissance; on this land stood the Indian Association forthe Cultivation of Science (IACS), which was the first and foremost association for scientificpursuits by the native Indians. It was also the first of its kind in Asia. As we can see, theresults that came out of the endeavour of Dr. Mahendralal Sarkar (1833- 1904) from thefoundation IACS in 1876, is just spectacular. It produced CV Raman, the first Nobel laureatein Physics from Asia in 1930. In the building that was constructed at 210 Bow Bazar Street,Sir Ashutosh delivered lectures on mathematical physics, P N Bose of Geological Societyof India educated Jamshedji Tata on iron deposits of Mayurbhanj area of Bihar, that resultedin the establishment of Tata Steel at Jamshedpur in 1911; Ramesh Chandra Dutta, economichistorian, delivered lectures in Bengali for 14 years; Prafulla Chandra Ray, though associatedwith Presidency College, attended and delivered lectures; Jagadish Chandra Bose assistedMahendralal Sarkar from 1886 to 1888 and delivered lectures at the IACS. The list is long.

The objective of this short essay is not to delve on the achievements of the IACS as thereare plethora of works including the famous diary of Dr. Mahendralal Sarkar and the proceedingsof the IACS, dealing with the foundation of IACS; the kind of hurdles and magnanimity ofa miniscule of noble men in juxtaposition to the opposition and meanness so many people.Vidyasagar, whose life covered a significant period of the 19th century awakening in India,was one of those noble men who stood by Dr. Sarkar like an all-weather friend in hisendeavour of founding the IACS. The life and diverse activities of a giant like Vidyasagarcannot be captured within the short span of an essay; it needs hundreds of books to bewritten to do justice to his monumental deeds. Vidyasagar was the loadstar of the sciencemovement in Bengal during the nineteenth century.

Celebrating a bicentennial of a person like Vidyasagar is undoubtedly a great event andwe, the Bengali-speaking people around the world, are privileged to witness the bicentennialof a man who is considered the most important personality after Raja Ram Mohan Roy inthe annals of the Bengal Renaissance. By the time Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1772- 1833)breathed his last in England, Vidyasagar (1820 – 1872) was still a student at SanskritCollege, which had shaped him mentally and intellectually to take up the baton of theunfinished agenda that Ram Mohan had left behind.

In this context, it is our curiosity whether Vidyasagar had visited the premise where ourcollege stands now. Vidyasagar had spent the formative period of his life in HridayramBanerjee lane of Bowbazar, which is just a few hundred yards from Goenka College. The

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other places where he had lived were walkable distance from Hridayram Banerjee Lane andthe premises of IACS at 210 Bow Bazar Street. Vidyasagar’s father was a tenant at the houseof Hridayram Banerjee. Hridayram’s grandson Rajkrishna was his close friend as well asa student at the Sanskrit College. Later, at a house owned by Rajkrishna near what is knownas Sukya Street now, the first widow remarriage was held. Going uphill against all odds,Vidyasagar had been instrumental to the passage of the Widow Remarriage Act, 1856. Apartfrom the Bengali middleclass, its significant opponent was none other than Bankim Chandra.

Vidyasagar had died at the age of 72, which by today’s standard is rather prematuredeath. But if we look at what he did in such a short span of time, it is simply astounding.A coruscating gem of the nineteenth century, Vidyasagar had left behind an indelible markin our society. His contributions may broadly be classified into three areas: Education, socialreform and literature.

In the field of education he has left behind a legacy of reforms, including the spread ofeducation among the women that are still remembered with reverence. Between 1857 and1858, he had set up 35 (by some other estimates 40) girls’ schools in Hooghly, Burdwan,Medinipur and Nadia. As a successor of Ram Mohan Ray, who was instrumental to theabolition of the burning of Sati, Vidyasagar went ahead by introducing widow remarriage,though could not win his fight against polygamy during his lifetime.

His greatest achievement, as Rabindranath Tagore wrote, was Bengali language itself.Next to Ram Mohan Ray, Vidyasagar was the first successful writer to discover the rhythmof the Bengali prose. With his writings, Bengali prose gained its order, discipline andrespectability. In true sense, Vidyasagar was the first artiste of Bengali prose. He had pioneeredthe tradition of free translation from English sources of many important literary works like‘Banglar Itihas (Daitya Bhag), from Marshman’s ‘History of Bengal’ (1848), ‘Jiban Charita’from Chamber’s Biography (1849) , etc.

An accomplished author, publisher and educationist who dominated the educational scenein the second half of the last century, Vidyasagar published his Barna Parichaya Parts I andII in the year 1855. His other works in this area include Vayakaran Kaumudi and Shakuntala.Shakuntala was a trascreation of Sanskrit classic, but its lucidity marked him as its originalauthor.

The transition of Vidyasagar from the Ocean of Learning to the Ocean of Compassionbecame possible for his publication business. He was a pioneer in the publication businessin College Street. Madan Mohan Tarkalankar, the famous author of Shishu Shikha, was hiscollaborator in this venture. Varna Parichay as well as Tarkalankar’s Shishusikha came outof the same press owned and managed by Vidyasagar. The wherewithal that was necessaryfor his legendary philanthropy, including the much-fabled support to Michael MadhusudanDutta, would not have been possible without the financial success of his venture into thepublication business. His monthly income from this business in 1855 was around Rs. 5,000p.m., which continued to be maintained till when he died. The success of his publicationbusiness could be gauged from the fact that out of the 5,71,670 books published from 46printing presses in Kolkata, 84,220 came from Vidyasagar’s press.

He had the personality of a lion who never succumbed to pressure. He had resigned from

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Sanskrit college over disagreement without caring about the princely salary of Rs.500 p.m.Such was his personality and uncompromising stand that, Shibnath Sastri recounts ( I don’twant to mangle this beautiful passage with my poor translation, therefore, the originalBengali is given here) :

ÚÚ~«˛ Ïî xyüÓ˚y ÓD§üy ÏçÓ˚ •z!ï˛Ó, Ï_Ó˚ ˆÎ Î% Ïà ˛õ ÏÓ¢ Ü˛!Ó˚ Ïï˛!å˛ñ ï˛y•yÓ˚ ˛õ ôyö ˛õ%Ó˚&£ ˛õ![˛ï˛ÓÓ˚ {ŸªÓ˚ã˛®

!Óòƒy§yàÓ˚– ~Ü˛Ü˛y Ï° Ó˚yü Ïüy•ö Ó˚yÎ˚ ˆÎüö !¢!«˛ï˛ Ä xà §Ó˚ Óƒ!_´à ÏîÓ˚ xà î# Ä xyò¢≈ õ%Ó˚&£Ó˚* Ï õ ò[˛yÎ˚üyö

!å˛ˆÏ°ö ~ÓÇ ï˛yÑ•yÓ˚ ˛õòû˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓD§üyç Ü˛yÑ!˛õÎ˚y !àÎ˚y!å˛°ñ ~•z Î%ˆÏà !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ü•y¢Î˚ ˆ§•z fliyö x!ôÜ˛yÓ˚

Ü˛!Ó˚Ó˚y!å Ï°ö– üyöÓÙã˛!Ó˚ ÏeÓ˚ ˛õ û˛yÓ ˆÎ !Ü˛ !ç!ö§ñ í zà Ùí zÍÜ˛ê˛ÙÓƒ!_ć§¡õß¨ ˆï˛ç#Î˚yö ˛õ%Ó˚&£àî ôöÓ Ï° •#ö

••zÎ˚yÄ ˆÎ §üyçü Ïôƒ !Ü˛Ó˚*˛õ ˛õ !ï˛¤˛y °yû˛ Ü˛!Ó˚ Ïï˛ ˛õy ÏÓ˚öñ ï˛y•y xyüÓ˚y !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ü•y¢Î˚ ÏÜ˛ ˆò!áÎ˚y çy!öÎ˚y!å˛–

ˆ§•z ò!Ó˚ò Ó y· ÏîÓ˚ §hflÏyöñ ÎyÑ•yÓ˚ !˛õï˛yÓ˚ ò¢ ÓyÓ˚ ê˛yÜ˛yÓ˚ x!ôÜ˛ xyÎ˚ !å˛° öyñ !Î!ö Óy°ƒÜ˛y Ï° x!ôÜ˛yÇ¢ §üÎ˚

xk ≈y¢ Ïö Ìy!Ü˛ Ïï˛öñ !ï˛!ö ~Ü˛ §üÎ˚ !öç ˆï˛ Ïç §üà ÓD§üyç ÏÜ˛ !Ü˛Ó˚*˛õ Ü˛yÑ õy•zÎ˚y !àÎ˚y Ïå˛ö ï˛y•y fløÓ˚î

Ü˛!Ó˚ Ï° üö !Ó!fløï˛ Ä hflÏ∏ •Î˚– !ï˛!ö ~Ü˛ §ü ÏÎ˚ xyüy ÏÜ˛ Ó!°Î˚y!å˛ Ï°öóÚÚû˛yÓ˚ï˛Ó Ï£≈ ~üö Ó˚yçy öy•z Îy•yÓ˚ öy ÏÜ˛

~•z ã˛!ê˛ç%ï˛y÷k˛ ˛õy ÏÎ˚ ê˛Ü ‰ Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y °y!Ì öy üy!Ó˚ Ïï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚–ÛÛ xy!ü ï˛áö xö%û˛Ó Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y!å˛°yüñ ~ÓÇ ~áöÄ

xö%û˛Ó Ü˛!Ó˚ Ïï˛!å˛ ˆÎ !ï˛!ö Îy•y Ó!°Î˚y!å˛ Ï°ö ï˛y•y §ï˛ƒ– ï˛yÑ•yÓ˚ ã˛!Ó˚ ÏeÓ˚ ˆï˛ç ~ü!ö !å˛° ˆÎñ ï˛yÑ•yÓ˚ !öÜ˛ê˛

«˛üï˛y¢y°# Ó˚yçyÓ˚yÄ öàîƒ Óƒ!_´Ó˚ ü Ïôƒ–ÛÛ

A great many writings delving on the diverse areas of the personality of Vidyasagar havebeen worked upon by his contemporaries and others till date. But there is a never-endingneed for more works to understand why this genius is becoming ever more relevant after 200years birth. Tagore wrote his poem ¦ ò%á§üÎ˚ (Bad Time), which we are passing throughright now. The life and works of Vidyasagar will remain like a beacon of light to overcomethis darkness.

A man is known by the company he keepsBy the time Vidyasagar was born many Bengali newspapers and periodicals made their

appearances ( e.g. Digdarshan, Samachar Darpan, Tattabodhini, Bangadarshan, etc.) ; manysocial and academic institutions were also set up as a catalyst to the glorious period thatunfolded in the history of Bengal and India. Vidyasagar was a renaissance man who wascontemporary to the other great personalities of the Bengal renaissance, namely, HenryLouis Vivian Derozio ( 1809- 1831) ; Poet Ishwar Gupta (1812- 1859); RamakrishnaParamahansha ( 1836- 1886); Bankim Chnadra ( 1838- 1894); Shibnath Sastri ( 1847 –1919); Ramesh Chandra Dutta (1848- 1909); Rabindranath Tagore (1861- 1941); AcharyaPrafulla Chandra Roy (1861- 1944); Vivekananda (1863-1902) ; Siter Nivedita Nivedita :(1867- 1911); Ramendra Sundar Tribedi : (1864 – 1919); David Hare 1875- 1842. Some ofthe most important social institutions that were established during/ in and around the lifespanof this intellectual giant were : Asiatic Society (1784); Fort William College (1800); WilliamCarey’s Press in Serampur (1801); Hindu College (1817, later became Presidency College); Calcutta School Book Society (1817); Hare School (1818); Sanskrit College (1824);Calcutta Medical College (1835); Bethune School (1849, developed into college in 1856);Calcutta University (1857).

The list of personalities and institutions mentioned above will help one to gauge the timethrough which Vidyasagar had lived and worked. Vidyasagar had cast a long shadow overalmost all these personalities and the institutions. An interesting information about Vidyasagar

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is given by one of his biographers , Biharilal Sarkar S!Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ÈÙÈ§üy Ï°yã˛öy §¡∫!°ï {ŸªÓ˚ã˛w

!Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ç#Óö#ñ1902), that his father wanted him to admit to Hindu College, but a monthlytuition fee of Rs. 5 per month as cost of education there was not affordable to a father witha monthly income of Rs. 10.

Biographical works and memoirs on VidyasagarSince his death, there has been a plethora of biographical works on Vidyasagar. Vidyasagar

became a legend in his lifetime and some of the important biographical works on Vidyasagarcommenced even before his death. Shibnath Sastri, his student at Sanskrit College, and laterhis associate, prolifically wrote about Vidyasagar in his celebrated work, Ramtanu Lahiriand the contemporary Bengali society SÚÚÓ˚yüï˛ö% °y!•í ¸# Ä ï˛ÍÜ˛y°#ö ÓD §üyçÛÛV. RamendrasundarTribedi, another contemporary of Vidyasagar, also wrote about this living legend and themuch quoted lines about Vidyasagar are taken from his works: There is an instrument calledmicroscope; this magnifies small objects to look larger. Although in physics there areinstruments to show large objects smaller, it is not in everyday use. But the biography ofVidyasagar is an instrument that turns big things look small. [ ÚÚxî%Ó#«˛î öy Ïü ~Ü˛Ó˚Ü˛ü Îsf

xy Ïå˛ñ ï˛y•y Ïï˛ ˆå˛yê˛ !ç!ö§ ÏÜ˛ Óí ¸ Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y ˆòáyÎ˚ñ Óí ¸ !ç!ö§ ÏÜ˛ ˆå˛yê˛ ˆòáy•zÓyÓ˚ !ö!ü_ íz ˛õyÎ˚ ˛õòyÌ≈!Óòƒy ¢y Ïflff

!ö!j≈‹T Ìy!Ü˛ Ï°Äñ íz Ïj Ï¢ƒ !ö!¡ø≈ï˛ ˆÜ˛yö Îsf xyüy ÏòÓ˚ ü Ïôƒ §ùù≈òy ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚ öy– !Ü˛v !Óòƒy§yà ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ç#Óöã˛!Ó˚ï˛

Óí ¸ !ç!ö§ ÏÜ˛ ˆå˛yê˛ ˆòáy•zÓyÓ˚ çöƒ !ö!¡ø≈ï˛ Îsffl∫Ó˚*˛õ– xyüy ÏòÓ˚ ˆò Ï¢Ó˚ ü Ïôƒ Îy•yÓ˚y á%Ó Óí ¸ Ó!°Î˚y xyüy ÏòÓ˚

!öÜ˛ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ñ à si ~Ü˛áy!ö §¡ø% Ïá ô!Ó˚Óyüye ï˛y•yÓ˚y §•§y x!ï˛ « %ò ••zÎ˚y ˛õ Ïí ¸ …]. There were anumber of lectures/ writings immediately after the death of Vidyasagar. RameshchandraDutta, eminent economic historian, wrote the preface of a book written in English by SubalChandra Mitra in 1902. R.C. Dutta wrote: There is a good biographical work in Bengali onthe life of Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, but the reputation of this celebrated scholar is notconfined to Bengal alone; all over India he was known as an untiring worker SÜ˛ü≈Ó#Ó˚V of thenineteenth century. Friend of Sir Cecil Beadon and close associate of Drinkwater Bethune,this noble spirited Bengali was praised, without any exception, by almost all Englishman ofthat time. The news of his death was widely covered by the mainstream newspapers ofAmerica and England. The Daily News wrote, “ Death has again this week carried awayanother of the brightest jewels of India”. The Statesman wrote, “Another of the foremostmen of Bengal have gone over to the majority”. Paroxysms of grief were expressed by thepoets of Bengal with words and feelings like :

A poem by Rajkrishna RoyxyüyÓ˚ {ŸªÓ˚ ≤Ãû% ñ

xyüyÓ˚ ≤Ãy ÏîÓ˚ ≤Ãyîñ

xyüyÓ˚ =Ó˚&Ó˚ =Ó˚& K˛yö

x˛õyÓ˚ òÎ˚yÓ˚ !§¶%

x§Çáƒ !ò ÏöÓ˚ Ó¶% ... etc.Another by Bhupendrabala Debi:ˆÜ˛ Ó Ï° {ŸªÓ˚ öy•z⁄

{ŸªÓ˚ ç#Ó Ïö {ŸªÓ˚ Ü˛y ÏÎ≈

çμ!° ÏåÈ ˆò!á Ïï˛ ˛õy•z... etc.

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Hemchandra Ghosh, a famous litterateur of that time wrote an obituary of Vidyasagar thatdescribes how the entire country was caught in a paroxysm of grief when Vidyasagar haddeparted for his heavenly abode. He writes... the entire country was overwhelmed with thegrief of losing their kin. This kind of thing was never witnessed before this. The students,as it is the Hindu custom followed after the death of parents, were going to school bare feet.After the death of Vidyasagar over a number of years there were condolence meetings andmemorial lectures. The first such meeting, which drew unprecedented crowd, was held in theTown Hall in 1991 where it was presided over by the Charles Elliot, the Viceroy. The othermeetings held thereafter, the most notable intellectuals like Rajanikanta Gupta, RabindranathTagore, and Ramendra Sundar Tribedi read out their tributes to his life and work. RabindranTagore, who famously termed Bengal as an enchanted mother keeping her seven crorechildren under the lid of Bengalis without actually allowing them to become humans, wrote:“One wonders, how God, in the process of producing forty million Bengalis, produced aman.”

Vidyasagar and 210 Bow Bazar Street- an enigmaRenaissance is an awakening in every field that counts. No wonder that during the

nineteenth century there was an outburst of enthusiasm for the cultivation of science inBengal. Father Eugene Lafont, Mahendralal Sarkar, Akshayakumar Dutta and Rajendralalawere at the forefront of the science movement that swept the country. Several scientificjournals such as Tattvabodhini Patrika, Vividartha Samgraha, Rahasya Sandarbha, etc.dominated the intellectual environment in the country. Some outstanding scientific bookswere written in Bengali by the ‘holy trinity’ of Vidyasagr, Akashayakumar and Rajendralala.Vidyasagar reformed the science content in the educational curricula. Akshayakumar was achampion in the newly emerging philosophy of science in India. Rajendralala was a colossusin the Asiatic Society, master in geography, archaeology, antiquity studies, various technicalsciences. But in true sense, Mahendralal Sarkar was the Messiah of science in the country.As there was no science-teaching infrastructure at the graduate collegiate level during thatperiod, not to speak of any research facility, Mahendralal realized the urgent need for theestablishment of an institution to cater to the needs of the native Indians. During the six toseven years of protracted battle against the hostile environment and the upfront oppositionof the India League, Mahendralal was able to raise the wherewithal for his dream project,the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS) in 1876. In the long list of thesubscribers, where some of the subscription by the prominent personalities were a measlysum of Rs.50, the list reads the name of a Pundit who paid Rs.1,000. Not only that, he wascontributing a regular subscription to the IACS. The Pundit is none other than IshawarChandra Vidyasagar. As we see from the minutes of several meetings, including a jointmeeting with the Indian League, there were 174 subscribers and the sum raised totalled toRs. 95,746. Out of this, a sum of Rs. 30,000 was paid to the Government towards theconsideration of the land that the Government acquired for the purpose of the IACS. Aperusal of the records contained in a Publication of the Asiatic Society (Collected Works ofMahendralal Sircar, Eugene Lafont and the Science Movement – 160-1910: Ed. Arun KumarBiswas), reveals some interesting facts about Vidyasagar and his connection with the scienceassociation at 210 Bowbazar Street:

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The first meeting of the projected science association was held on 14th April 1875The second meeting of the association was held on 20th November, 1875 at theUniversity Senate House .There were 53 names who attended the meeting. Vidyasagr’sname does not appear in this list, but in this meeting, Vidyasagar was appointed oneof the trustees of the projected science association, along with Mahendralal Sarkarand four other eminent persons.The IACS was established at the third meeting of the subscribers on 15th January,1876. Attended by 59 people, the meeting was held at the University Senate House.Vidyasagar’s name does not appear in this list even.The inauguration meeting was held at the premise of the IACS at 210 BowbazarStreet on 29th July 1876. There were gushing enthusiasms, with the crowded audiencefilling every nook and corner of the house. But wonder of wonders, nowhere in theproceedings of the meeting the name of Vidyasagar appeared at all. However, thesnippets from the Sarkar family’s dairy contained in the edited volume publishedby the Asiatic Society contain some entries showing extremely cordial and personalrelationship of Dr. Mahendralal Sarkar and Vidyasagar. Excerpts from the diaryreads:1879, 27 April: Dined at Pandit Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar’s. Master Mahasay,Bhuko and my wife were invited. Vidyasagar Mahasay made a present of Mckenney’sHistory of the Indian Tribes of North America, 3 Vols, a splendid work, to me andof Cowden Clarke’s Shakespeare, 3 vols, to Bhuko.1879, 31 August: Vidaysagar came in the morning and asked me to give him a calltomorrow at his place.1879, September 17: In the morning saw the dysentery case at Jhamapukur. Thenwent to Vidyasagar Mahasay to see his grandchildren....After a few experiments atthe Association went to Dwarka Nath Banerjee’s and then to Vidyasagar Mahasaywho made a present to me of Libenthal’s Homeo Therapeutics.1879, September 23: Went in the morning to Vidyasagar Mahasay and gave him myHeineg’s Analytical Therapeutics. His grandchildren are doing well.1880: In the proceedings of laying the foundation stone of the science association,an enry reads, Monthly subscriptions are also given by some of the staunchestfriends of the association.... Pandit Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, that true friend ofeducation, progress and enlightenment, (paid subscription of ) Rs. 5/ a monthbesides a donation of Rs.1000..”1884: Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Meeting of the IACS: Paragraph No. 14reads, “ The thanks of the Association are due to those members who were so kindas to continue their monthly subscriptions and particularly to the Maharaja JoteendraMohun Tagore Bhadur...and Pundit Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar...”.

A perusal of the entries in the diary of is reflective of some facts and considerations:Personal rapport between Vidyasagar and Dr. Mahendralal Sarkar and his familyDr. Sakar was a frequent visitor to Vidyasagar’s house and they exchanged bookson Homeopathy and other subjects

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A year-wise breakup of the subscribers to the Association shows that Vidyasagarsubscribed Rs. 1,000 in the year 1870Till 1884 at least, Vidyasagar continued to pay his monthly subscription to theAssociation.The entries in the diary of the Sarkar family are only “snippet”, not any detailedaccounts of their everyday life.Entries in the diary, as published in the Volume of Arun Kumar Biswas (AsiaticSociety) contained entries from 1879. No entries are available from the time whenIACS was established in 1876.Vidyasagar was appointed as one of the trustees of IACS to see through the birthof the Association

Based on these observations sans rock-solid evidence, is it reasonable to surmise thatVidyasagar never set his holy feet in the premises of the temple of science? Let the historianslook for the rock-solid evidence before one jumps to the conclusion that Vidyasagar nevervisited the premise of the IASC.

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The Relevance of Vidyasagar in Modern timesRuhi Kumari Roy

1st Sem, Sec-C

People are not born great, but their deeds, indeed make them great. One such personality,who was so hunble yet so strongly determined to bring the required change in the society,went on to make his life an inspiration for generations to come, He was Ishwar ChandraVidyasagar.

Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar (born as Ishwar Chandra Bandhopadhyay) was born in anorthodox family of Bengal on September 26, 1820. He received the title ‘Vidyasagar’ (Oceanof Knowledge) for his outstanding academic performance when he graduaed from SanskritCollege. He was a great social reformer, writer, eduation and entre presure who workedendlessly for the betterment of the society. His contribution towards educator and enterpowerchange in the staties of women in Idnai was remarkable.

One would wonder, what may be the relevance of Vidyasagar in the modern times? Orwhat is the significance of Vidyasagar to the modern world? Here, the answer lies in thequeston. Had Vidyasgar not protested against child-marriage and favoured window remarriageand women education in India, women authors like Arundhati Roy, novelists like NayantaraSehgal, poets like Kamala Das, doctors like Anandi Gopal Joshi and last but not the leastPrime Minister like Indira Gandhi may not have existed. Had he not opend the doors ofSanskrit College and other educational institutions for the lower caste students which wasearlier reserved only for the Brahnins, the minorities might not have been enlightened by thelight of educations. Vidyasgar’s contributions to simplify and aroderize Bengali prove aresignificant. During his lifetime, Vidyasagar had written many books and thus enriched theBengal’s books written by him are read by all. His report regarding the reformation of theeducatonal system of Snskrit College is considered as the first educational plan by theIndians. He laid the foundation of the modern educational system.

In the present time, violence against women in India is increasing constantly, India’sgender inequality Index ration rating in 2017 was 0.534. According to 2018 records, 5000dowry deaths are recorded each year. And as per the UNESCO report of 2071-18, 35% ofthe world’s ???? population resides in India. And many such issues are still there in the wayof India to be developed. What Vidyasagar did decades ago, was all for the betterment ofsociety but his goal is still not achieved. The very question ‘Is Vidyasagar relevant in moderntime?’ is itself the answer as it is the very base for the present generation to be inspired byhis deeds and to work selflessly for the upliftment of society to provide a better future toour future generations.

Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar was indeed a great personality and a great social reformer too.Today, India needs such dedicated and determined personalities who can bring requiredreforms by working solely for the betterment of the society, over and above their own interest.

Vidyasagar has been eternalised through the works he did for the society, as he did notbelong to an era or an age but to humanity itself. What he did is actually the roadmap foryoungsters to develop their thought for shaping the present society in order to make India,a better today for building it as the best future in years to come.

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Not so handsomeAnurag Biswas

Roll-345, Sec-A

Ishwar Chandra Bandopadhay popularly knows as Vidyasagar was a polymath and a highlyrespected, scholar in Calcutta. He receivd the title ‘‘Vidyasagar’’ (in sanskrit vidya meansknowledge and ‘sagar’ means ocean, i.e. ocean of knowledge) from Sanskrit College, Calcutta.Though Vidyasagar made quite some contributions for the society throughout his life but thebest of the lot has to be the Hindu widow remarraige act. He was the most prominentcampaigner. He petitioned the legislative council, but there was a counter petition against theproposal with nearly four times more signatures by Radhakanta Deb and the Dharma Sabha.In the end, the bill was passed thus giving Vidyasagar’s effects for upliftment of the statusof women greater heights. A man does not get the tag of being handsome on the basis ofphysical attributes only, but rather on the basis of his achievements and accomplishments inlife. Vidyasagar is a justification of this truth.

Another very interesting incident happened when Vidyasagar was invited to a party. Whenhe reached the venue the official at the gate told him that the guests had to come in formalEuropean dress. A little while later, he turned up at the venue again, this time in Europeanattire. During dinner Vidyasagar started pouring food on his clothes and even talked to it.When asked about his strange behaviour, he smiled and said, ‘‘It is clear that the inviflationto dinner is to the dress I am wearing and not me. Therefore, I’m feeding the dress’’. Toconclude this story we may assure that in European culture clothes makes a gentleman, inour country character does.

Vidyasagar and the upliftment of WomenRicha Singh

Sec-6, Sem-I

Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar (Ishwar Chandra Bandyopadhyay (1820-1891) was one whoworked compassionately for women’s empowerment. He got the title of Vidyasagar becauseof his par excellence. He had a versatile personlality. Besides a social reformer, he was agreat scholar. He worked to uplift the status of wome in India, especially in his nativeBengal. He wanted to change the orthodox Hindu Society from within. He contributed tothe women upliftment in a number of ways. One of the main causes behind his remarkableachievements is his contribution to women’s empowerment.

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He introduced the practice of ‘widow remarriage’, worked against ‘polygamy’. Heresearched and studied the social status of women in the past and the respect and honourthey enjoyed. He went to the rest causes of their pitiable condition in his own time. Thedecided that to help women regain their freedom, dignity, honour and respect he needed toeducate them so that they could get end social lardships. He found that due to lack ofeducation among them, they were suffering from social malpractices. They were deprived oftheir human rights and were totally unaware of the purpose of life. Vidyasagar believed thateducation is a priceles treasure, it not only elevates individual welfare but also srves thesociety. Vidyasagar started his social movement from Bengal in both areas-women’s educationand getting them out of the grip of social evils he became a champion of social reform. Heto inspired people then and even now people ae inspired by his positive attitude andcontribution towards women upliftment. He prepared the ground for widow ‘REMARRIAGE’.This journey was not a bed of roses, he had to strugge out did succeed. It was the resultof his untiring struggles that the Government of India passed the ‘Widow Remarriage Act,1856’. In order to gather support of people for the implementation of the provisions ofremarriage of widows, he encouraged his only son Narayan Chandra Bondyapadhyaya tomarry a widow.

Later on Swami Dayananda Saraswati and Swami Vivekananda also Worked in thisdirection and their cumulative efforts brought about the Child Marriage Prevention Act in1929. Although various measures were taken for the abotition of polygamy, it was not untilIndia achived its independence that this tradition could be abolished. This work in the fieldof women’s education was indeed a landmark. He established many institutions throughentout Bengal. The Metropolitan School of Calcutta was one of the institutions founded by him.All girls studied there without facing any discrimination. The sole purpose for establishingschools was to make women self-sufficent. They were introduced to India’s glory and past,art and culture. He founded thirty five schools for girls throughout Bengal. It was the resultof his efforts that Bethune School, the first women’s school of India came into existence inthe year 1849 in Calcutta. It was founded by John Elliot Drinkwater Bethune and becamethe first women’s college of Asia in 1879. His work for the upliftment of women theirprosperty, respect, dignity along with his efforts of NARI-SHIKSHA remain unique. Eventoday many women are far behind in the fields of education and they are suppresed by socialcustoms and traditions. Evils like child-marriage are connected to illiteracy. It is shamefulthat about twelve million Indian children were married before ten as revealed by India spendanalysis in recently released census data. We must remember that women’s empowermentis very much needed because it is one of the major factors in determining our country’sgrowth. I think Iswhar Chandra Vidyasagar had truly justified his name because he was likea god for those women who were deprived of happiness and eduction. He had not onlysevred the women but also the nation and we are definitely going to remember him withimmense pride and eyes most with tears of respect and honour for him.

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The relevance of Vidvasagar in Modern TimesSindhuja MalviyaB.Com, Sec-C, Sem-V

Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar was a great social reformer, educationist, enimentwriter,philanthrophist, visionary and a great son of India who was born ahead of his times.‘Vidyasagar’ the title conferred upon him as a mark of respect and honour, in itself speaksabout his versatile and multifaceted personality.

Vidyasagar was born in a poor family in Midnapur District of West Bengal. Later on hewas shifted to Burabazzar Area of Calcutta to continue his studies. During his student days hewas very hard working and laborious. He was very impressive and won the hearts of all people.It is said about him that he used to study under the street lights to supplement his study hours.He even worked as a part time coaching teacher to finance his educational pursuits.

Vidyasagar studied at Sanskrit College, He passed with flying colours and later onbecame the Principal of his Alma- mater. Among modern day educationists and socialreformers Vidyasagar stands tallest for his contributions in the field of Education System,Bengali literature and social reforms.

He defeated adversity and proved to the world, that miseries and sufferings cannot actas an impediment to a progressive and determined soul. The stature and personality of thistowering figure stands as an example to be emulated by all, especially the students.

If we discuss his educational reforms he was the first person to suggest and implementclass routine i.e. fixed time schedule for classes and proper rest intervals in study routinein the shape of weekly offs. He translated a number of Sanskrit Books into Bengali includingBetaaljPacchisi. He is also credited with the translation of Shakespeares “The Comedy OfErrors” into Bangla. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar was progressive and practical in approach,which is reflected in the social reforms which he introduced and advocated. He struggledhard, faced many hardships and even risked his life for the cause to which he believed.Though himself a Brahmin by caste, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar a many occasions invitedthe wrath of Brahmins for his reforms.

He succeeded in imparting Sanskrit Education to the Shudras in his Sanskrit College.Earlier Shudras were prohibited to study Sanskrit. He strongly opposed polygamy, whichwas practised by elite Brahmins of his time. Through the polygamy the elderly Brahminsmarried young girls of the poor family to act as their saviours. Through the efforts ofVidyasagar, Widow Remarriage Act was passed in the year 1896 by the British Government.

So if we recollect the contributions of Vidyasagar to Indian Society they are not restrictedto any one sphere. His contributions in the field of Education, Bengali Literature, SocialReforms, his disbelief in caste system, discrimination and his vociferous support in favourof an open and progressive society mark him as a person who has left behind an indelibleimprint modern day India.

It proves that he was one of the greates sons of his motherland. His name has becomea household name not only in Bengal, but in all parts of our country as a saintly figure whostruggled for social emanicipation and upliftment of the poor. He spent the last part of hislife in Santhal Parganas in Jharkhand educating the tribals.

The relevance of Vidyasagar will remain in all the times, not only in modern times butthe visions and foresight of this great visionary will serve as a guiding light for our futuregenerations. He will always remain an example to be adored and emulated by all.

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Few criticizeManish MishraB.Com, Sem-III

Few summarizeI am accused that I seduceI often disguise, even thisAs a poet, I'll have to writeI saw snowfall, I am seeing the autumnI feel rain and have seen butterflies and blos-somsWith pen in hand I witness Nature's smileWith gentle eyesAs a poet, I'll have to writeI compare sun with my belovedSometimes I find moon in her tooI tie my emotions with someone's trustWhatever I write is true, in my viewI drown in love and and loss myself aboveSomewhere in clouds, in skyI describe oceans in few linesI depict time, live moment and hold lightAs a poet, I'll have to writeI observe falling darknessI appreciate flying hopesI see trade of sorrows and painPeople sacrificing themselves for others gainThey all will move onBut I'll have to stay, fight and describeAs a poet I'll have to write.

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The Joy of MotherhoodProf. Deepashree ChatterjeeAssistant Professor of CommerceGoenka College of Commerce and Business Administration

You entered my world as a new ray of hope,You entered my world as a beautiful dream,Like a beautiful dawn, you entered my world as the first morning light,Making ‘true love’ spread everywhere its realm!

Right from the moment you were conceived,My love not separated from worries grew,Since then, we were tied with a bond unbreakableFor you were a little soul still developing, innocent and vulnerable.

When I first had a glimpse of yoursIt was amoment I forgot all my woesAnd I could not stop the tears rolling down my eyesThat inexplicable bliss, that undefined joy, you are the one in whom all my happiness lies.

When you call me ‘mamma’ and open your arms to reach meI forget the world around to bring a smile in theeWith each hearty laugh and giggle you make,With each step holding my hands you take,You make me understand what an unconditional love isAnd make my heart rejuvenated with a heavenly bliss.

With each loving hug you give and each charming kiss you takeWith every cute words you speak and every endearing smile you makeFor reaching me, your open arms and charming toddling of yoursSurely makes me believe that in my life ‘heaven’ has opened its doors,With this strong bonding and love for each otherI truly feel the essence of being a woman is being a mother!

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Sunanda BiswasB.Com, Sem-III, Sec-D

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