Evaluating Wick Drain Performance in Virginia Soils Susan E. Burns University of Virginia
Evaluating Wick Drain Performance in Virginia SoilsSusan E. BurnsUniversity of Virginia
Graduate and Undergraduate Research AssistantsMatthew J. Cline M.S. Civil Engineering, 2002J. Matthew WrightB.S. Civil Engineering, 2001
Prefabricated Vertical Drain StudyLiterature Review / Soil CharacterizationDamage Testing (complete June 01)90 CrimpLateral Pressure Test (start May 01)Consolidation (start June 01)
Prefabricated Vertical Drain Cores
PVD Properties*All fabric and cores made from polypropylene **Amerdrain ASTM D 4632; Mebra-Drain ASTM D 638 *** ASTM D4716
PropertyAmerdrain407Amerdrain407FAmerdrain607Amerdrain417Mebra-DrainMD-7407Typar 3407-1Mebra-DrainMD-88CoreCorrugatedCorrugatedCorrugatedDimpleCorrugatedFinWeight (oz/yd2)42.56443.9Grab Tensile Strength (lbs)14565250145130130Puncture Strength (lbs)505080504040Trapezoidal Tear (lbs)7070100706056AOS (US Sieve)80>2007080100120Core Tensile Strength (lbs)**200200200200180180Discharge Capacity (gpm)***1.61.61.61.61.71.9
Wick Drains Used in Crimp Testing
Vertical Discharge Capacity - HydraulicVertical water flowConstant head 1 kPa (1.45 psi)Measure flowrate through wickCrimp with a 90 bend, measure flowrateMeasure flowrate through empty heat shrinkFlowFlow
Vertical Discharge PVD MethodologyPVDs encased in heat shrink tubingUniformity criticalInsert wick into heat shrinkClamp into aluminum plates, with spacersHeat aluminum to shrink tubing
PVD Discharge Capacities (mL/s)
Run 1Run 2Run 3Run 4AverageFlow Reduction(%)Standard DeviationAmerdrain407240249244223278Amerdrain407F260220229240347Amerdrain607287290311281202Amerdrain417310255247262278Mebra-DrainMD-7407Typar 3407-1371290263316318Mebra-DrainMD-88447345404451173Blank692692457-No flowNo flow
90 Crimp Test Results
Chart1
0.3130.1870.3720.189
0.3770.3320.4210.225
0.170.2170.2250.191
0.2970.1990.3870.202
0.38163972290.2150.2560.386
0.19076005960.1670.2020.124
CorrugatedHigh StrengthFabric
Fin
Corrugated
CorrugatedLow StrengthFabric
Corrugated
Dimple
HS 1
HS 1
HS 2
HS 3
Flow Reduction (%)
Matt Wright
Height (in)40
Head (psi)1.44
Analyst:Matt Wright
UNCRIMPED
Drain TypeMean Flow Rate (mL/s)Standard DeviationMean Flow Rate (mL/s)Standard DeviationFlow Reduction (%)
Ameridrain 607222.52.23E-046.87172.61.73E-043.8122.4%
Ameridrain 407115.81.16E-042.0286.28.62E-052.2325.6%
Ameridrain 407-F150.21.50E-042.1156.85.68E-051.5662.2%
MebraDrain-7407256.42.56E-045.32194.31.94E-044.2424.2%
MebraDrain-88391.23.91E-0410.88283.82.84E-043.5827.5%
UNCRIMPEDRolling Crimp
Drain TypeMean Flow Rate (mL/s)Standard DeviationMean Flow Rate (mL/s)Standard DeviationFlow Reduction (%)
Ameridrain 407-F150.21.50E-042.11150.911.51E-041.920%
MebraDrain-88391.23.91E-0410.88135.231.35E-041.1765.40%
Matt Cline 1
Height (in)40
Head (psi)1.44
Analyst:Matt Cline
Note:This test was performed using a different heat shrink jacket for each wick tested.
UNCRIMPED
Wick DrainCore TypeCost/ft ($)Mean Flow Rate (mL/s)Standard DeviationMean Flow Rate (mL/s)Standard DeviationFlow Reduction
Ameridrain 607Corrugated0.20163.01.63E-041.2151.01.51E-042.47.4%
Ameridrain 407Corrugated0.15115.81.16E-042.086.28.62E-052.425.6%
Ameridrain 407-FCorrugated0.15151.11.51E-044.357.85.78E-051.861.8%
Ameridrain 417DimpledNA231.72.32E-042.3118.31.18E-041.749.0%
MebraDrain-7407Corrugated0.10198.31.98E-044.598.89.88E-053.350.2%
MebraDrain-88H shaped Channels0.11328.13.28E-047.3306.43.06E-044.86.6%
UNCRIMPEDCURVE TEST
Wick DrainCore TypeCost/ft ($)Mean Flow Rate (mL/s)Standard DeviationMean Flow Rate (mL/s)Standard DeviationFlow Reduction
Ameridrain 607Corrugated0.20163.01.63E-041.2NA
Ameridrain 407Corrugated0.15115.81.16E-042.0NA
Ameridrain 407-FCorrugated0.15151.11.51E-044.3152.61.53E-043.3-1.0%
Ameridrain 417DimpledNA231.72.32E-042.3106.71.07E-041.353.9%
MebraDrain-7407Corrugated0.10198.31.98E-044.5NA
MebraDrain-88H shaped Channels0.11328.13.28E-047.3116.11.16E-042.964.6%***
Matt Cline:This drain is more rigid and crimps as is curves, causing the high flow reduction.
Matt Cline:No Reduction in Flow When Curved Slightly.
Matt Cline (2)
Height (in)40
Head (psi)1.44
Analyst:Matt Cline
Note:This test was performed using the same heat shrink jacket for each wick tested.
UNCRIMPED
Wick DrainCore TypeCost/ft ($)Mean Flow Rate (mL/s)Standard DeviationMean Flow Rate (mL/s)Standard DeviationFlow Reduction
Ameridrain 607Corrugated0.20287.32.87E-043.9238.42.38E-044.417.0%
Ameridrain 407Corrugated0.15239.642.40E-043.44304164.671.65E-043.6514831.3%
Ameridrain 407-FCorrugated0.15259.52.59E-043.6161.61.62E-042.837.7%
Ameridrain 417DimpledNA309.63.10E-042.7217.82.18E-042.729.7%
MebraDrain-7407Corrugated0.10371.13.71E-042.3229.52.30E-042.138.2%
MebraDrain-88H shaped Channels0.11427.04.27E-044.3394.33.94E-044.77.7%
MebraDrain-88 ReplicateH shaped Channels0.11447.34.47E-044.6362.03.62E-042.019.1%
BlankNone692.06.92E-0411.3
Matt Cline (3)
Height (in)40
Head (psi)1.44
Analyst:Matt Cline
Note:This test was performed using the same heat shrink jacket for each wick tested.
UNCRIMPED
Wick DrainCore TypeCost/ft ($)Mean Flow Rate (mL/s)Standard DeviationMean Flow Rate (mL/s)Standard DeviationFlow Reduction
Ameridrain 607Corrugated0.20289.72.90E-043.1224.62.25E-043.022.5%
Ameridrain 407Corrugated0.15248.602.49E-042.98887156.201.56E-042.8982837.2%
Ameridrain 407-FCorrugated0.15219.72.20E-041.5127.31.27E-041.842.1%
Ameridrain 407-F ReplicateCorrugated0.15220.82.21E-043.4123.31.23E-042.844.2%
Ameridrain 417DimpledNA255.32.55E-042.1156.41.56E-042.138.7%
MebraDrain-7407Corrugated0.10290.02.90E-042.8215.62.16E-041.725.6%
MebraDrain-88H shaped Channels0.11345.23.45E-044.1275.42.75E-043.020.2%
BlankNone692.06.92E-0411.3
Graph
Mixed
HS 1HS 1HS 2HS 325.6%
Amerdrain 40731.3%18.7%37.2%18.90%26.5%9.24%8.00%61.8%
Amerdrain 407-F37.7%33.2%42.1%22.50%33.9%8.41%7.28%7.4%
Amerdrain 60717.0%21.7%22.5%19.10%20.1%2.51%2.18%49.0%
Amerdrain 41729.7%19.9%38.7%20.20%27.1%8.96%7.76%50.2%
MebraDrain 740738.2%21.5%25.6%38.60%31.0%8.73%7.56%6.6%
MebraDrain 8819.1%16.7%20.2%12.40%17.1%3.45%2.99%33.4%
28.8%22.0%31.1%22.0%0.2361030848
0.09030468110.05816442210.09369898610.0882286801
Flow Red
Cost
0.1529.1%
0.1537.7%
0.0929.4%
0.2020.4%
0.1228.4%
0.1218.7%
Graph
CorrugatedHigh StrengthFabric
Fin
Corrugated
CorrugatedLow StrengthFabric
Corrugated
Dimple
HS 1
HS 1
HS 2
HS 3
Flow Reduction (%)
Horizontal Discharge CapacityConforms to ASTM D4716 Measure lateral discharge through wick Compact soils; apply range of stresses
Measure discharge under increasing lateral stress
Lateral Stress Test
Soil TypesFour soils to be tested:Woodrow Wilson Bridge Interbedded sand and clayWest PointSoft clay with organicsCraney IslandMarine claySandy siltHigh shear strength, high permeability
Woodrow Wilson Bridge Soil Characterization
Craney Island Soil Characterization
ConclusionsFin & corrugated high strength fabric performed best in crimp testCorrugated & dimple core perform similarlyCorrugated low strength fabric had highest flow reductionUsing same core, fabric strength influenced flow reduction, with strongest fabric showing the least reduction