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7/28/2019 whybrow_MPSM

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Peter C. WhybrowSemel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA

Evolution, the Human Sciences and Liberty

Special MPS Meeting, USFQ Campus Galapagos Islands, June, 2013

.

THE ENTREPRENEURAdaptive response to evolving opportunity

GRAPHIC: THE ECONOMIST DECEMBER 13, 2003


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ROSEMARY AND PETER GRANT


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DAPHNE MAJ OR


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DARWINS FINCHES --- FROM A COMMON SOUTH AMERICAN ANCESTRY


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The brain is a transducer

Fundamentally behavior is the expression of biological

drive in interaction with environmental circumstance

Through natural selection that interaction in turnshapes biology and subsequently modifies behavior

in an ever evolving cycle

This evolution trends toward an extended order

of adaptive equilibrium.

AS FRIEDRICH HAYEK DESCRIBED IN THE SENSORY ORDER, 1952


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SO WHO ARE WE?

Graph credit Dr. William Stanton

ENLIGHTENMENT

INDUSTRIALIZATIONFOSSIL FUELS

THE AGE OF MAN

SCARCITY

ABUNDANCE


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Homo ergasterAfrican branch of Homo erectus

Neanderthal

Homo sapiens

AS MEMBERS OF THE HOMINID LINE..

.WE ARE THE J OHNNY-COME-LATELY

After Naish, Schaubelt and Kieser: Landesmuseum, Darmstadt, Germany. (2005)


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FROM MACLEAN: THE TRIUNE BRAIN

SURVIVAL

INSTINCTS &

MAINTENANCE

INSTINCTUAL BEHAVIORS ARE SHAPED BY ENVIRONMENTAL CIRCUMSTANCE & EXPERIENCE

CHOICE &

SOCIAL

BEHAVIORS

OUR BEHAVIOR IS BEST UNDERSTOOD THROUGH THE LENS OF EVOLUTION

THE TRIUNE BRAIN


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CHOICE & ACTIONPERCEPTION

AFTER FUSTER: CORTEX AND MIND

THE BRAIN IS A TRANSDUCER: HABIT AND MEMORY ARE KEY

MATURES IN2-3 DECADES

Limbicstructures

IT IS THROUGH HABIT AND MEMORY THAT WE IMAGINE THE FUTURE AND GIVE MEANING TO CHOICE


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RISKassessment

ACTIONtaken

REWARD

PUNISHMENT

Perception ofOPPORTUNITY

PLEASURE

FEAR

POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOP

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP

MEMORY

MEMORY

OPPORTUNITY, RISK AND THE PERCEPTION-ACTION CYCLE

Neurobiology of Entrepreneurial Behavior


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Entrepreneur

The Oxford Shorter English Dictionary

1. The director of a musical institution.

2. A person who organizes entertainment.

3. An individual who undertakes or controls a businessor enterprise and who bears the risk of profit or loss.

4. A contractor who acts as an intermediary.

J ohn Law (1671-1729)

Richard Cantillon (1780s-1734)


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Born to a Scottish family of wealthy bankers 16711880s Born in Ireland of wealthy landowners

Father dies 1688

Duel over Elizabeth Villierskills Wilson 1694Imprisonedescapes to Amsterdam

1703 Moves to France, CitizenshipReturns to Scotland. Seeks National Bank 1707Failure. Moves to France

1711 In Spain working for Great Britain

Appointed Controller of Finance 1715 Returns to Paris, Bankingsuccessful career lending money

Bank General formed . Paper credit 1716 Becomes involved with J ohn Law and theMississippi Company founded the Mississippi company

Mississippi Bubble.collapse 1720 Rides the bubble- makes fortuneDismissed flees France

Impoverished. Lives as a gambler Pursued by those who lost money inthe scheme.

Dies in Venice 17291730 Writes essay on Economic Theory1734 Dies mysteriously in a London fire

JOHN LAW (1671-1729) RICHARD CANTILLON (1688s -1734)


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CREATIVE INTELLIGENT

CURIOUS RESTLESS

IMAGINATIVE INNOVATIVE

AMBITIOUS RESOURCEFUL

DRIVEN PERSISTENT

PASSIONATE IMPULSIVE

RISK TAKER GAMBLER


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RISKassessment

ACTIONtaken

REWARD

PUNISHMENT

Perception ofOPPORTUNITY

PLEASURE

FEAR

POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOP

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP

OPPORTUNITY, RISK AND THE PERCEPTION-ACTION CYCLE

MEMORY

MEMORY

MYOPIC

VISION

Cultural Factors of Influence


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Ambition, curiosity and risk-taking.

Entrepreneurship and the Migrant Temperament


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It is odd to watch with what feverish ardor the

Americans pursue prosperity. Millions of men

are all marching together toward the same

point on the horizon; their languages,

religions, and mores are different, but they

have one common aim. They have been told

that fortune is to be found somewhere toward

the west, and they hasten to seek it

Democracy in America, 1835.

Alexis de Tocqueville:

About the same time that Darw in

was wandering about in the Beagle,

De Tocqueville was investigatingPrisons in the US

(1805-1859)

ADAM SMITHS ENGINES OF ECONOMICGROWTH--SELF-INTEREST, CURIOSITY

AND PERSONAL AMBITION--AREESPECIALLY WELL REPRESENTED INAMERICAS MIGRANT POPULATION

THE

MIGRANT

MIND

The American Temperament:

A Mania for Prosperi ty


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Only 2% of the worlds people migrate.

Most individuals d ie with in 50 miles of where they were born.

Thus migrants are self-selected, largely by temperament.

In our own time America is the quintessential migrant cul ture,

the largest congregation of migrant people in the world today.

Ninety-eight percent of Americans were born elsewhere,

or into families that have migrated there within the past 300 years.

The other 2% walked there 10-20 thousand years ago.

Optimism, self-interest, curiosi ty and short attention (often descr ibedas restlessness or novelty seeking) and a vigorous ambition are the

best predictors of an migrs adjustment.

AMERICAN MANIA:When More is Not Enough

THE MIGRANT MIND: SOME FACTS

OPTIMISM & DRIVE!

70% of Americans believe that

with luck and the right timing they will

become rich and famous


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Self-love

Social

Sentiment

A FREE MARKET ECONOMY IS A SELF-REGULATING COMPLEX OPEN SYSTEM

Self-interest

Gods incomprehensible remedy

Curiosity & love of novelty

keeps in motion the industry of mankind

Social ambition (competition)

the distinction of ranks

INSTINCTUAL, REWARD-DRIVEN

BEHAVIORS

Sympathy & empathic awareness

The need to be loved by others

Peer recognition and social acceptance

The man we naturally love the most

is he who joins..to his own..selfish feelings

the most exquisite sensibility of others

LARGELY LEARNED BEHAVIORS,

CULTURALLY DEPENDENT

ENGINEINDIVIDUAL FREEDOM

BRAKESIMPARTIAL SPECTATOR

SMITHS INVISIBLE

HAND

ADAM SMITHS POSTULATE:


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THE NOREPINEPHRINE SUPERHIGHWAY MAINTAINS THE ALERT STATE

THE DOPAMINE (REWARD) PATHWAY MONITORS NOVEL STIMULI

THE SEROTONIN SYSTEM IS THE MODERATOR

NEURONAL SUPERHIGHWAYS & THE BRAINS REWARD SYSTEM

Amygdala

THE DOPAMINE REWARD PATHWAYS

DRIVE THE ENGINES OF THE MARKET

(self-interest; curiosity; ambition)THEY ARE EASILY HI-J ACKED& PRONE TO ADDICTION


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CHICAGO TRIBUNE; APRIL 27, 1997

EUROPEANMIGRATION400 YRS AGO

EVOLUTIONS GENETIC FOOTPRINTS


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?


TheAncientMigrations

CURIOUSITY, EXPLORATION & RISK?


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CELL

NUCLEUS

CURIOSITY.EXPLORATIONNOVELTY.RISK

.THEN REWARD OR PUNISHMENT


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DOPAMINE D4 RECEPTOR GENE POLYMORPHISMS

Dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4), on chromosome 11, encodesone of 5 known protein receptors that mediate the post-synapticactions of dopamine. DRD4 displays high variability in the humanpopulation. The main source of this variability is a 48 base-pairregion that can be repeated 2 to 11 times.

The variable region occurs within the third cytoplasmic loop by whichthe receptor couples to the cells G-protein binding system that drivesintracellular adenyly cyclase inhibition.

The distribution of DRD4 mRNA in the brain (in contrast tothe motor actions of D1 and D2) suggests that DRD4 has arole in modulating cognitive and emotional behavior.


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DOPAMINE RECEPTORS (CODED ON CHROMOSOME 11) ARE AN EXTENDED FAMILY

.AND SOME MEMBERS ARE MORE SENSITIVE THAN OTHERS.


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RISK-TAKERSIn native Americans

the DR4-7 allelepredominates


In the ancient migrations, the risk taking gene

(the dopamine receptor 4-7 allele) is associated with the dis tance traveled

THE DR4-7 REPEAT ISASSOCIATED WITH

RISK-TAKING



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SOURCE: CHANG et al, THE WORLDWIDE DISTRIBUTION OF ALLELE FREQUENCIESAT THE HUMAN DOPAMINE D4 RECEPTOR LOCUS. HUMAN GENETICS (1996) 98, 91-101

THE ANCIENT MIGRATIONS

AND THE RISK-TAKING DOPAMINE RECEPTOR ALLELE (DR4-7)

DRD4 DIVERSITY


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1-2-3-44-ALLELE

1-42-ALLELE 1-4-7

7-ALLELE

3-ALLELE

1-2-6-5-2-5-4

1-2-3-2-3-4

1-3-2-3-4

5-ALLELE

6-ALLELE

1-2-3-4

1-2-3-4 1-2-3-4

1-2-3-4

1-2-3-41-2-3-4

1-2-3-41-2-3-2-3-4

Multiple mutations

& gene conversions

DRD4 DIVERSITY: SIMPLIFIED MODEL FOR EXON 3, 48-BASE PAIR REPEAT SEQUENCE

ADAPTED FROM DING ET AL, PNAS VOL 99, 309-314, 2002

ADAPTIVEADVANTAGE

MOSTCOMMON

THE RISK TAKING DOPAMINE RECEPTOR ALLELE (DR4 7)


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SOURCE: CHANG et al, THE WORLDWIDE DISTRIBUTION OF ALLELE FREQUENCIESAT THE HUMAN DOPAMINE D4 RECEPTOR LOCUS. HUMAN GENETICS (1996) 98, 91-101

THE RISK-TAKING DOPAMINE RECEPTOR ALLELE (DR4-7)

MIGRATION & THE ATTENTION DEFICIT, HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER

In many studies the DR4-7allele has also been associated

with the ADHD phenotype

In 20043 million children

in the US were takingstimulants for ADHD.95% of the stimulantsprescribed in the worldare prescribed in the US

C SS O C S S S


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THE CULTURAL PERMISSION.AMERICAS MANIFEST DESTINY

WITH THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE (1803) AMERICAS WESTWARD MIGRATION ACCELERATED

AMERICAN PROGRESS BY JOHN GAST, 1872


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"Herd Quitter," 1897, Charles Marion Russell.

AND THE ENTRPRENEUR SAW PLENTY OF ACTION..


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BUT WHATS THE CONTEMPORARY CULTURAL NICHE FOR THOSE WHO ARE.

.....YOUNG, ENERGETIC, RISK TAKING AND NON-COMPLIANT?


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SENSATION SEEKING & FINANCIAL RISK TAKINGDOPAMINE D4 RECEPTOR GENE POLYMORPHISMS (ALLELES)

SENSATION SEEKING.THE NEED FOR VARIED, NOVEL, AND COMPLEX EXPERIENCES

Identical twin studies (9220 individuals) demonstrate thatsensation seeking is highly heritable, 45%-60%, in bothmen and women. (Stoel et al. Behavior Genetics, 36, 229-237, 2006)

In a study of 94 young men (Harvard) the DRD4-7 allele

was highly correlated with financial risk taking, accountingfor some 20% of the variance. (Dreber et al. Evolution and HumanBehavior, 30, 85-92, 2009)

In a sophisticated choice study of escalating financial risk(140 subjects) the presence of the DRD4-7 allele correlated

with those individuals who take increased risk under ambiguousand speculative circumstances, frequently heavily discountingfuture rewards. (Carpenter el al, Journal of Risk and Uncertainty42,233-26, 2011)


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FINANCIAL CHOICES BY DRD4 POLYMORPHISM..

(Carpenter el al, Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 42,233-26, 2011)

% cash in savings

Pay off credit cards

Debit over credit

Overdraft protection

Automatic bill pay

$ Needed onlycash withdrawal

DR4-4

DR4-7

IN HABITUAL GAMBLERS EXECUTIVE CHOICE IS HIJ ACKED


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VmOFC

VmOFC

Amygdala

+

-

+

-

VmOFC

VmOFC

Amygdala

COURTESY OF EDYTH LONDON PHD, LABORATORY OF MOLECULAR NEUROIMAGING, SEMEL INSTITUTE, UCLA

IOWA GAMBLING TASK

NON-ADDICTED

ADDICTED

IN HABITUAL GAMBLERS EXECUTIVE CHOICE IS HIJ ACKED

OF RISK AND REWARD: AMERICAS BUBBLES & BUSTS


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Financial Times J anuary 25th, 2008

DOT.COMBUBBLE

HOUSINGBUBBLE

BANKINGCRISIS

OF RISK AND REWARD: AMERICA S BUBBLES & BUSTS

BUT IS THIS ENTRPRENEURSHIP?


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BALANCING RISK & RETURN? EXPERIENCE (& PERHAPS GENDER) HELPS..

It has been suggested that more women would help..

(Coates, J M; Herbert, J . Proceedings National Academy of Sciences 2008)

One genetic study of 60 seasoned Wall Street stock traders,against age matched controls, showed no difference betweenthe groups in the prevalence of the DRD4-7 allele. Moderationwins the day. (Sapra et al, PLoS ONE, J an 2012)

BUT IS THIS ENTRPRENEURSHIP?


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NOVELIDEAS

WORKINGMEMORY

HABITINHIBITION

WITHCOGNITIVECONTROL

THE ENTREPRENEUR AND THE CREATIVE CYCLE

THE TENNENBAUM CENTER FOR THE BIOLOGY OF CREATIVITY

ATTENTION-DEFICIT(DRD4-7 allele)DYSLEXIAASPERGERSMANIC-DEPRESSION

HARNESSING MIGRANT TALENT


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HARNESSING MIGRANT TALENT

The optimism, curiosity, drive and vigorous ambition of the migrant

provide a foundation for entrepreneurial activity. But that optimismmust be focused and adaptive to todays challenge.

The successful entrepreneur is not a gambler but a passionate,

disciplined expert who sheds old certainties for new opportunities

in science, the arts, business, social issues and, yes, even in the

political realm.

But that energy and vision must be schooled.

Heres some encouragement: a new series ofdevelopmental studies

in young children has demonstrated that the Dopamine Receptor

D4-7 allele interacts with parent quality to predict effortful

self-control in four year old children. Thus, rather than being

dismissive of the migrant gene as a (ADHD) nuisance, in fact

it can remain adaptive, increasing a childs sensitivity to parental

guidance. (Sheese, Posner et al, Child Development Research, ID 863242, 2012)

(23% of Americans are immigrants: 40% of the Fortune 500 founded by immigrants)


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CHOICE & ACTIONPERCEPTION

AFTER FUSTER: CORTEX AND MIND

THE PERCEPTION-ACTION CYCLE INTEGRATES PASSION & REASON

MATURES IN2-3 DECADES

Limbicstructures

It is that integration that builds empathic understanding, responsibility and trust


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FOXP2 GENE(Forkhead box P2)


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EMOTION & ATTACHMENT

Emotion is a pre-verbal system

of communication that human

beings share with the primates

and other animals.

Charles Darwin.

The Expression of Emotion

in Man and Animals

in Man and Animals, 1872


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Entrepreneurial activity needs the oddballs,

the misfits, and the risk-takers

.

But what gave humans the edge and

still does is not the the iconoclast working

alone but the capacity to collaborate in

building adaptive strategy within largesocial groups.

Key to that collaboration is language.

Evidence suggests that it was theretuning of FOX P2 some 50,000-100,000

years ago that made the critical difference

in enhancing our ability to communicate

and to adapt to evolving opportunity.

.

In Conclusion.


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CREATIVE INTELLIGENT

CURIOUS RESTLESS

IMAGINATIVE INNOVATIVE

AMBITIOUS RESOURCEFUL

DRIVEN PERSISTENT

PASSIONATE IMPULSIVE

RISK TAKER GAMBLER

CHARLES DARWIN(1809-1882)

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