WHY TRANSPORTATION TRENDS WHY TRANSPORTATION TRENDS IN ISTANBUL IN ISTANBUL ARE NOT SUSTAINABLE ? ARE NOT SUSTAINABLE ? Haluk GERÇEK (PhD) Haluk GERÇEK (PhD) Istanbul Technical University Istanbul Technical University Istanbul, Turkey. Istanbul, Turkey.
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WHY TRANSPORTATION TRENDS IN ISTANBUL ARE NOT SUSTAINABLE ? Haluk GERÇEK (PhD) Istanbul Technical University Istanbul, Turkey.
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WHY TRANSPORTATION TRENDS WHY TRANSPORTATION TRENDS IN ISTANBUL IN ISTANBUL
ARE NOT SUSTAINABLE ?ARE NOT SUSTAINABLE ?
Haluk GERÇEK (PhD)Haluk GERÇEK (PhD)
Istanbul Technical UniversityIstanbul Technical University
Istanbul, Turkey.Istanbul, Turkey.
• Population: 12 MPopulation: 12 M• Area : 5,343 km2Area : 5,343 km2• Number of municipal districts : 32Number of municipal districts : 32• Number of motor vehicles : 2.4 M (20% of Number of motor vehicles : 2.4 M (20% of Turkey)Turkey)
• Number of automobiles : 1.6 MNumber of automobiles : 1.6 M
(28% of Turkey)(28% of Turkey)• Auto ownership : 134 cars per 1000 Auto ownership : 134 cars per 1000 inhabitantsinhabitants• GDP per capita : $ 3,063 (2001)GDP per capita : $ 3,063 (2001)
BASIC DATA ABOUT ISTANBULBASIC DATA ABOUT ISTANBUL
RAPID INCREASE OF MOTOR VEHICLESRAPID INCREASE OF MOTOR VEHICLES
Social SustainabilitySocial SustainabilityEconomic SustainabilityEconomic Sustainability
Transport Objectives and Their Transport Objectives and Their Contribution to SUSTAINABILITYContribution to SUSTAINABILITY
Economic Social Environmental
Improving transport safety ● ●Creating wealth ●Improving access ●Reducing congestion ● ●Reducing severance, fear, intimidation ●Protecting landscapes and biodiversity ● ●Reducing noise ●Reducing GHG emissions ●Improving air quality ●Promoting health ●Increasing equity within and between generations ●Being affordable and efficient ●Using resources within renewal or replacement rates ● ●Minimising the use of land ● ●
ECMT Sustainable Transport ObjectivesSustainability "Leg"
ECMT Report on Sustainable Transport Policy (2000)ECMT Report on Sustainable Transport Policy (2000)
EC DG Environment’s Guidance on Sustainable Urban Transport Plans (2005)EC DG Environment’s Guidance on Sustainable Urban Transport Plans (2005)
Which Objectives Are Most Important Which Objectives Are Most Important ??
• There can be tensions between There can be tensions between objectives objectives
• Priorities differ accross the Priorities differ accross the countries and citiescountries and cities
• Maintaining a balance among Maintaining a balance among objectives is not easy and objectives is not easy and tradeoffs are necessarytradeoffs are necessary
• Therefore, for each city / countryTherefore, for each city / country• Set the “right” prioritesSet the “right” priorites• Pursue policies which support Pursue policies which support
the higher priority objectives the higher priority objectives ( a package of consistent ( a package of consistent policies & instruments)policies & instruments)
A Long-Term or Immediate Focus ?A Long-Term or Immediate Focus ?
• Give sufficient emphasis to Give sufficient emphasis to longer term impacts longer term impacts (Reducing GHG, increasing equity (Reducing GHG, increasing equity between generations, avoiding between generations, avoiding resource depletion)resource depletion)
• Others objectives affect today’s Others objectives affect today’s citizens and require for citizens and require for immediate actionimmediate action
• Given 4-5 year life of a Given 4-5 year life of a government, policy makers focus government, policy makers focus on current needs and overlook on current needs and overlook longer term problemslonger term problems
LARGE ROAD PROJECTSLARGE ROAD PROJECTS• Projects faced Projects faced
opposition from opposition from professional professional organizations organizations and NGOsand NGOs- - Urban road Urban road tunneltunnels (s (156 km, 156 km, $2 B)$2 B)- 3rd Bosporus - 3rd Bosporus Bridge and Bridge and beltways ($2 B)beltways ($2 B)- Road tunnel - Road tunnel under Bosporus under Bosporus ($1.6 B)($1.6 B)- Flyovers (126 - Flyovers (126 built)built)
MUNICIPALTY BUDGET FOR MUNICIPALTY BUDGET FOR TRANSPORTATIONTRANSPORTATION
• In 2001-2007 period,In 2001-2007 period,- $ 1.93 B spent on $ 1.93 B spent on road projectsroad projects- $ 3.45 B spent on rail - $ 3.45 B spent on rail projectsprojects
• In 2007,In 2007, - GMI will spend $ 2.94 - GMI will spend $ 2.94 billion (53.5% of its billion (53.5% of its total annual budget) total annual budget) on transportation on transportation projects.projects.
• Up to 2012Up to 2012, , - $ 15 B is required for - $ 15 B is required for transportation projectstransportation projects- GMI is planning to - GMI is planning to allocate $ 5.8 B.allocate $ 5.8 B.- $ 2 B is required for - $ 2 B is required for 156-km road tunnels.156-km road tunnels.
DECISION MAKING in DECISION MAKING in TRANSPORTATIONTRANSPORTATION
• Who puts the Who puts the projects ?projects ?
• Who evaluates ?Who evaluates ?• Who decides ?Who decides ?• Who puts money ?Who puts money ?
• Transparent Transparent decision making is decision making is necessarynecessary
• There is a There is a credibility gap credibility gap between public between public and politicians and politicians
TRAVEL TIME (min)TRAVEL TIME (min)
52,8
40,7
48,1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
1987
1996
2006
• Hyper -Hyper -congestion at congestion at low level of car low level of car ownershipownership
EMISSIONS in TURKEY (2004)EMISSIONS in TURKEY (2004)
Turkey’s total GHG emissions = 296.6 Mt Turkey’s total GHG emissions = 296.6 Mt CO2 equivalent (81.8 % is CO2)CO2 equivalent (81.8 % is CO2)
• Transportation CO2 = 40,5 Mt ( 12 % of Transportation CO2 = 40,5 Mt ( 12 % of total CO2, increased by 55.8 % between total CO2, increased by 55.8 % between 1990 and 2004)1990 and 2004)
• Road Transport CO2 = 34 Mt (84 % of Road Transport CO2 = 34 Mt (84 % of transport sector)transport sector)
Source: Source: 1st National 1st National Comunication on Climate Comunication on Climate Change, Report of Turkey, Change, Report of Turkey, 20072007..
3rd BRIDGE PROJECT3rd BRIDGE PROJECT
• Forests and Forests and wetland wetland area of 800 area of 800 ha ha is estimated is estimated to be to be demaged.demaged.
• Sea transport Sea transport improvements (Sea improvements (Sea buses, ferries)buses, ferries)
• Fare integration by Fare integration by electronic tickets electronic tickets (Akbil)(Akbil)
• Extended budgets Extended budgets allocated to urban allocated to urban transport projectstransport projects
• Increasing interest in Increasing interest in environmental issues environmental issues through news in through news in mediamedia
FAILURESFAILURES
• Uncontrolled population growth and Uncontrolled population growth and urban sprawlurban sprawl
• Lack of integration of land-use, Lack of integration of land-use, transportation, environmental and transportation, environmental and economic development planseconomic development plans
• Barriers to implementation of plansBarriers to implementation of plans(finacial, legal & institutional, political (finacial, legal & institutional, political & cultural, technological)& cultural, technological)
• Hyper-Congestion at untolerable levelsHyper-Congestion at untolerable levels• Lack of public awarenessLack of public awareness• Lack of transparent & accountable Lack of transparent & accountable
decision-making processdecision-making process
• Integrate land-Integrate land-use, use, transportation transportation and and environmental environmental planningplanning
• Improve and Improve and
integrate public integrate public transport modestransport modes
SOLUTION for SUSTAINABLE SOLUTION for SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTTRANSPORT
SOLUTION for SUSTAINABLE SOLUTION for SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTTRANSPORT
• RReduceducee and and rationalizrationalizee the use the use of of cars,cars, more more specifically in the specifically in the city centercity centers by s by TDMTDM.. (Congestion(Congestion pricingpricing, p, parking arking pricing and pricing and managementmanagement, , ttraffic calmingraffic calming, , regulatoryregulatory measuresmeasures))
• Set targets Set targets (Reduce CO2 by (Reduce CO2 by 30 % by 2012)30 % by 2012)
A DIFFERENT WAY OF THINKINGA DIFFERENT WAY OF THINKING
• There is an urgent There is an urgent need for a change in need for a change in the way we think the way we think aboutabout transportation transportation (paradigm shifts)(paradigm shifts)
Sustainable Sustainable transportation transportation requires requires fundemental changes fundemental changes in our transportation in our transportation planning practices.planning practices.