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Dr. Norizal M.N
M.D (UKM) Mpath(UM)
Laboratory Medicine Cluster
Universiti Teknologi MARA
Pathology
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Study of disease.
Science of all aspects of
disease.
Pathologists study: causes /etiology
Effect to cells and tissues
Pathogenesis
Presentation
monitoring
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BASIC KNOWLEDGE
Anatomy/physio/biochemi
stry
Pathology basics Inflammation
Necrosis and
degeneration
Neoplasia
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What is the problem?What is the problem?
THICK BOOKS!
Pathologic basic of disease :
1598 pages
Basic Pathology : 960 pages Pocket companion : 816 pages
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What is the problem?What is the problem?
LECTURE NOTES
3 categories
Self = good!
Lecturers = useful
Friends copy =
USELESS!
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Study Tip #1 - Keep it organized.
progresses and builds on
basic concepts
break down the ideas into
their basic pathological steps Take one general topic and
list all its subtypes
underneath it.
Keep the diagrams concise
review them for quick
reference and
comparison
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Study Tip #2 - Start with the big picture.
Scan through chapter
Thoroughly understood
versus the minor details
Detailed facts reside short-term memory
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Study Tip #3 - Know the terminology and
nomenclature.
Pay attention to the stem of
the word.
types of cell changes and
progression to cancer. Carcinoma/sarcoma/lympho
ma/melanoma
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Study Tip #4 - Compare and contrast
the disease processes.
Difference and similarity
Many disease processes
overlap each other,
Benign vs. Malignant,Transudate vs. Exudate,
Grade vs. Stage, Reversible
Injury vs. Irreversible.
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Study Tip #5 - Sketch diagrams and
flow charts. Multi-step disease
processes.
Flow charts and algorithmsover the concepts.
Understand the progressionand mechanism of largestep
Focus and memorize thesmall details of each large
step. Mechanisms and cellular
changes
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Didactic Lectures
interesting to completely
boring sessions
totally monotonous
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Common Resources of LearningCommon Resources of Learning
PowerPoint slides
have boundaries
Comprehensiveness
obsolete.
poorly compiled
language used is not
easy
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Common Resources of LearningCommon Resources of Learning
Visuals or Pictures
One picture is equal to
thousand words
It is a good habit to studythe picture first and then
the text.
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Common Resources of LearningCommon Resources of Learning
Books
Use textbook optimally
Difficult Initially but habit
catches in future NO
PowerPoint slides
builds up your level of
confidence and avoidsdependency.
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Common Resources of LearningCommon Resources of Learning
CDs/DVDs
Internet
Atlas
Notes
diagram
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MCQ
ESSAYS/SHORT NOTES
OSCE/OSPE
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Knowledge tested
Basics of disease ( age/clinicals/etc)
Lists (cause/risks/complication/etc)
Pathogenesis
Pathology (macroµ)
Clusters disease with similar
association
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MCQ-Basics of disease
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MCQ-clusters disease with association
Psammoma bodies are seen in
A) Follicular Ca Thyroid
B) Papillary Ca Thyroid
C)S
erous cystadenoma of OvaryD) Meningioma
E) Hepatoblastoma
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MCQ-Pathogenesis
Chronic hepatitis may features:
a. interface hepatitis (piecemeal necrosis)
b. lobular hepatitis
c. bridging necrosis
d. portal inflammation
e. portal-portal fibrous septa
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MCQ-Lists
Complication of pyelonephritis:
a. pyonephrosis
b. papillary necrosis
c. renal stones
d. perinephric abscess
e. renal cell carcinoma
The following viruses more frequently lead to
chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis:
A. Hepatitis A
B. Hepatitis B
C. Hepatitis C
D. Hepatitis E
E. Epstein Barr virus
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MCQ-Pathology(micro/macro)
Typical features of a squamous cell carcinoma
of the lung include :
a.Hypercalcemia
b.Central location
c.Fungating mass
d.Mucin production
e.Keratin pearls
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ESSAYS & SHORT NOTES
Essays
Almost similar to study guide/requirements
Usually segmented Eg: Define emphysema. Classify the types of
emphysema
Use charts/tables if needed
Eg. UC vs Chrons
Short notes
Specific disease eg. Wilson disease, gastric ulcer, acute renal failure
Specific lesion with differentials
Eg. Mallory hyaline, nodules in lung, giant cells Pathological feature
Eg. Cirrhosis, myocardial infarct, complication ofmeningitis
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Atlas and Museums are main reference
Past year questions
Focus on Macro and Micro
Answer carefully, take your time Write in full, list not sentence
Dont waste time moving!
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Rasulullah s.a.w bersabda, maksudnya:
"Siapa yang keluar untuk menuntut ilmu maka ia
berjuang fisabilillah hingga ia kembali".
Riwayat At-Tarmizi dan Ad-Darimi