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Bio-diesel Safe
Eco-friendly Non-toxic
Renewable Free from S, PAH
Reduces serious air pollutantssuch as particulates, CO, CO2 etc.,
Bio-diesel
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Mono alkyl esters of long chain
fatty acids derived fromvegetable Oils / animals fats
which confirm to specifications
for using diesel engines.
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Vegetable oils
Animal fats
Recycled or
Heat-abused edible oils.
Bio-diesel
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Raw vegetable oils as such,cannot meet bio-diesel fuel
specifications and they are
not legal motor fuels.
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India producing several species of TBOs
Sal, Mahua
Neem, Karanja,
Rubber, Kusum.
Khakan, Dhupa,Ratanjot (Jatropha), Thumba etc.,
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Among the many TBOs
Jatropha and Karanjahave been found to be
most suitable due to their
favourable attributes;
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Hardy nature
Short gestation 3y & 7y
Long productive life 50y & 100yNot browsed by animals
Adaptability to varied agro-climatic conditions and soil
types
Drought resistant
Dont compete with food crops for land & water sourcesClosest physico chemical nature of Petro-diesel
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Karanja
Pod contains usually one seed
but rarely two.
Resembles kidney shape &
reddish brown in colour.
Range varies from 9-90 Kgs per
tree from 7 years old plant.
1-3 tons of bio-diesel/Ha/year.
Jatropha
A capsule contains three seeds
but rarely four.
Resembles castor seed in shape
but smaller in size
4-6 Kgs of seeds from 5 year old
plant
1-1.5 tons of bio-diesel/Ha/year
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Table : 1a. Measurements of Jatropha & Karanja seeds
Size of the seed Jatropha curcas Pongamia Pinnata
Length (in cm) 1 to 2 1.7 to 2.0Breadth / Diameter (in cm) 0.5 to 0.7 1.2 to 1.8
Weight (in gm) 0.5 to 0.7 1.0 to 1.2
Hull : Kernel ratio 40:60 48:52
Castor
Croton Wild Castor
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Table : 1 Composition of Jatropha and Karanja seeds.
Composition Jatropha curcas Pongamia Pinnata
Moisture, % 6.5 10.0
Oil, % 32.0 27.0
Crude protein, % 18.2 17.4
Carbohydrates, % 18.0 6.6
Crude fibre, % 19.9 7.3
Total ash, % 4.1 2.3
Acid insoluble ash,% 0.15 0.06
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One can process Jatropha and Karanja easily either bymech. Pressing or by solvent Extraction.
Colour of the both seed oils becomes dark on standingand gives disagreeable odour.
Jatropha oil is almost bland where as karanja oil is inbitter taste.
There are no hazards of any sort in handling and
processing of Jatropha and Karanja seeds, kernels and
oil.
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Table : 2 Processing of Jatropha and Karanja seeds
Parameter Jatropha curcas Pongamia pinnata
Whole seed Dehulled seed* Whole seed
crushing crushing crushing
Oil, %(n-hexane extract) 35.0 37.5 25-35
Oil yield, % 24.8 28.0 24-27
Cake yield, % 72.2 43.0 70-73
Hull yield, % Nil 26.0 --
Filter mud &other residues, % 2.8 2.9 2.5-3.2
Oil, %
(in expelled cake) 8.3 6.0 7.0-9.0
Crude Protein, %( in expelled cake) 31.4 38.3 23.5-25.6
* Dehulled seed consists of 16 per cent hulls
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Table : 3 Physico- chemical characteristics of
Jatropha and Karanja oils
Characteristic Jatropha curcas Pongamia Pinnata
Acid value, % 5.4 6.2
Saponification value 197.0 189.0
Iodine value (wijs) 96.6 89.3
Non-saponifiable matter, % 0.5 4.0Specific gravity, 30/30oC 0.9186 0.9273
Refractive index at 40oC 1.4656 1.4785
Colour* (in LB scale) ( Y+5R) 21.2 30.0
* Measured for freshly extracted oils.
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Table :4 Fatty acid composition of Jatropha and Karanja seed oils.
Fatty acid Jatropha curcas Pongamia pinnata
C 14:0 1.72 --
C 16:0 16.02 5.28
C 18:0 10.21 7.92
C 20:0 0.43 2.91C 22:0 -- 4.89
C 24:0 -- 1.85
C18:1 38.54 53.14
C 18:2 33.08 13.47
C 20:1 -- 10.54
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Table:5 Comparison of N, P and K contents inJatropha and Karanja oil cakes with other bio-fertilizers*.
S.No Name of the Bio-fertilizer N(%) P (%) K(%)
1. Neem oil cake 5.00 1.00 1.50
2. Jatropha oil cake 4.44 2.09 1.68
3. Karanja oil cake 4.00 1.00 1.004. Cow manure 0.97 0.69 1.66
5. Chicken manure 3.04 6.27 2.08
6. Duck manure 2.37 2.10 1.09
* Compiled from different sources
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Jatropha & Karanja oil cakes areobtained as by products.
Not suitable as cattle feed because of
toxins.
Rich in NPK and recognized asvaluable bio-fertilizers after neem cake.
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Produce bio-gas in combination with PH agro-
wastes and other wastes from food processing
industries.
Provide fuel energy.
Liquid fertilizer.
Environmentally Clean.
Co-operative and SHG.
To support on farm activities.Helps in recycling of the organic wastes to benefit
the farm and its fertility.
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Cultivation of Jatropha and Karanja
plantations on massive scale in waste and
degraded lands, collection of their seeds for
processing oil and cake, utilizing the oil forconversion of bio-diesel as on alternative
fuel, cake as bio-fuel and liquid fertilizercan not only generate good volume of
employment opportunities but also providemulti-facet benefits in rural economy of
India.
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