Why are there so few women in science? Introduction to the leaky pipeline research Women in Science Tips, Tricks and Answers Skill Training for Young Scientists by Postgraduates’ International Network (PI-NET) Flying Puli Cafe (1072 Bp., Klauzál utca 13.) 2014. május 8. Paksi Veronika Research Assistant , Institute of Sociology, CSC, HAS PhD student, Corvinus University Budapest Member, Women in Science Association E-mail: [email protected]Supported by Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (OTKA K 104707) Head of Research: Dr. Beáta Nagy, Associate Professor, Corvinus University Budapest
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Why are there so few women in science? Introduction to the leaky pipeline research
Why are there so few women in science? Introduction to the leaky pipeline research. Women in Science Tips, Tricks and Answers Skill Training for Young Scientists by Postgraduates’ International Network (PI-NET) Flying Puli Cafe (1072 Bp., Klauzál utca 13.) 2014. május 8. Paksi Veronika - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Why are there so few women in science? Introduction to the leaky pipeline research
Women in ScienceTips, Tricks and AnswersSkill Training for Young Scientistsby Postgraduates’ International Network (PI-NET)Flying Puli Cafe (1072 Bp., Klauzál utca 13.)2014. május 8.
Paksi VeronikaResearch Assistant, Institute of Sociology, CSC, HASPhD student, Corvinus University BudapestMember, Women in Science AssociationE-mail: [email protected]
Supported by Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (OTKA K 104707)Head of Research: Dr. Beáta Nagy, Associate Professor, Corvinus University Budapest
Table of content
1. The leaky pipeline metaphor
2. Development of the leaky pipeline research
3. Main obstacles to women’ career advancement during
• education• establishing early career• career building
7. Conclusion
The leaky pipeline metaphor
1. Berryman (1983) introduced the metaphore to show the gender imbalance in science
2. Horizontal segregation3. Vertical segregation:
– as career proceeds we find fewer and fewer women with higher scientific degrees or in higher positions
– even when there is a balanced gender proportion in MA or PhD level
– public and private sector 4. The metaphore conceptualized the career as a
narrowing pipeline from which women „leak out” to a greater extent than men
5. Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM)
1. Number of degree holders → Reasons of the leaking
2. Structural barriers
(demand/push factors)→
Structural and individual barriers (supply/pull factors) (Xie and Shauman 2003)
• family and children (lifecourse approach)• attitudes and preferences (Hakim 2006)
3. Under- and postgraduate education →
Longer academic career:
elementary education → late career 4. Non-representative samples
Quantitative methods
Cross-sectional research→
Representative (quant.) samples
Qualitative methods
Longitudinal research
5. Lack of other dimensions
(Hughes 2001) →Ethnicity, religion and class(Eccles 2005; Hanson 2004)
6. STEM fields→
Disciplines within STEM
Humanities, social sciences
Development of the leaky pipeline research
Social problem Career stages Research field
1) Few girls in science majors
Education Secondary and tertiary education
2) Women tend to leave science after PhD
Career establishment
Entrance to the labor market
Family formation
3) Women’ career advancement is slow or gets stucked
Career building Employment -Career advancement
I. Education
1. Masculine worldview of science
2. Girls’ academic performance
3. Girls’ interest towards science
4. Curriculum
5. Pedagogy and methods
6. Chilly climate
7. Lack of female role models
8. Lack of networking and mentoring
(Blickenstaff 2005)
II. Career establishment1. Career and family establishment should be/are at the
same life period – majority of PhD: age of 30-36– Age of higher educated women at 1st child: over age of
30– Problem of balancing
2. Rigid, male career model: – white, male middle class male employment, 50ies-60ies – continuous employment, lock-step advancement, – Inflexible, though labor market changed foundamentally– academic clock ↔ women’ biological clock – punishments for career breaks
3. (More) postponement of career and family establishment– limited
4. Work-life imbalance
(Hewlett 2007, Wolfinger 2008,)
Work-life (im)balance*• Professional women (USA, Sweden)
– Children within 5 years after PhD = less choice for tenure position– Higher proportion of singles– Fewer children– First child at a later age– More childless (all compared to men)
• Top achieving professional women (every field, USA)– first child: early (in their 20ies) or late (age of 35-38), but no later– 20% have fertility problems– Childcare and household chores remain their resposibility – 24-31% career breaks due to caring for other family members
• Fertility differences by fields– physicians >attorneys > academics– care, teaching and culture > economics and technology
• Women’ attitudes and preferences– Women in STEM are family-oriented, as other women!
* from all research fields, not just STEM(Hewlett 2007, Lappegard 2005, Mason et al 2010, Wolfinger 2008, Hakim 2006)
1. Chilly climate
2. Lack of female role models
3. Lack of networking and mentoring
4. Discrimination, biases
5. Sandwich generation: situation of senior researchers: taking care of other family members
Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (OTKA K 104707)Head of Research: Beáta Nagy, Associate Professor, Corvinus University Budapest
Association of Hungarian Women in Science
Nők a Tudományban Egyesület tagjai olyan világban szeretnének élni, amely egyformán integrálja és elismeri mindkét nem tudását a társadalmi és technológiai innováció folyamataiban.
Misszió, cél:• Az egyesület tevékeny részt kíván vállalni a társadalmi innováció
azon hazai és nemzetközi folyamataiban, amelyek hozzájárulnak ahhoz, hogy – a tudomány és innováció közelebb kerüljön a társadalom
egészéhez– minden fiatal tehetségének megfelelő tanulási lehetőséget és
szakmai életpályát választhasson– az esélyegyenlőség alapvető és kikerülhetetlen értékmérő
szemponttá váljon a kutatás-fejlesztés és innováció valamennyi területén
– megvalósuljon egy sokszínű, kiegyensúlyozott kutató-fejlesztői társadalom.
Selected references • Berryman, S (1983) Who will Do Science? Minority and Female Attainment of
Science and Mathematics Degrees: Trends and Causes. NY: Rockefeller Foundation• Carli, L. L. - Eagly, A. H. (2007) A társas befolyásban és a vezetővé válásban
mutatkozó nemi eltérések. In: Nagy B. (szerk.) Szervezet, menedzsment és nemek. Budapest: Aula
• Godfroy-Genin AA (2009) "Women's academic careers in technology: a comparative European perspective", Equal Opportunities International, 28(1): 80-97
• Hewlett, S. A. (2003) Creating a Life: What Every Woman Needs to Know About Having a Baby and a Career. New York: Miramax Books
• Hewlett, S. A. (2007) Off-ramps and On-ramps: Keeping Talented Women on the Road to Success. Boston: Harvard Business School
• Hochschild A. (1989) The second shift. Working Families and the Revolution at Home. New York: Penguin Group
• Husu L-Koskinen P(2010): "What does it take to get to the top? Women at the top of technological research". In: Godfroy-Genin, Ann-Sophie (ed.): Women in Engineering and Technology Research. Berlin: Lit Verlag pp. 303-326.
• Mavriplis C, et al (2010) Mind the Gap: Women in STEM Career Breaks, Journal of Technology Management and Innovation, 5(1):140-151
• Ridgeway, C. L. - Correll, S. J. (2004) Motherhood as a Status Characteristic. Journal of Social Issues, 60(4) 683-700
• Wolfinger, et al (2008). “Problems in the Pipeline: Gender, Marriage, and Fertility in the Ivory Tower.” The Journal of Higher Education 79:388-405. Published, 2008.