Why and when it is necessary to reference your work?

why and when it is necessary to reference

your work?

Why reference? Referencing is necessary

• to support your arguments by referring your reader to academic sources which confirm what you are saying;

• to give credit to the other authors whose work you have quoted, or to whose work you have referred;

• to avoid a charge of plagiarism;

• to allow the reader of your work to find the books, journal articles, web pages etc which you have read; and

• to demonstrate that you understand the conventions of academic writing.

plagiarism

• Plagiarism is the "wrongful appropriation" and "stealing and publication" of another author's "language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions" and the representation of them as one's own original work

PLAGIARISM

• It is not only acceptable, but expected, that you will refer to the work of others in your academic writing.

• Plagiarism occurs when you use other people's work without acknowledging that have done so by citing your sources and providing references for them.

When to reference You must provide a reference

• every time you quote directly from the work of someone else;

• every time you refer indirectly to the work of someone else, eg if you– paraphrase (put into your own words) what they have said;– summarise their arguments or ideas;– quote case studies, statistical data, known phrases, definitions

etc; or– use information which you have obtained from their work; and

• when you wish to provide sources of further information, clarification of points you have made in your text, or additional evidence to support your arguments.

Quoting

• Quotation is taking the exact words written by someone else and reproducing them in your work.

• Short quotations should be contained within your paragraph of text, but enclosed within quotation marks (double inverted commas).

• Longer quotations should be indented as a separate paragraph and do not require quotation marks.

Paraphrasing

• Even if ideas, theories, opinions etc that you have taken from other people's work are reproduced in your work in your own words this will still constitute plagiarism unless you provide a reference.

• Only information which is considered general knowledge, or common knowledge within your field of study, does not have to be referenced.

HOW REFERENCING WORKS

A summary

Citation

• The citation is inserted into your text where you have quoted from, or referred to, someone else's work.

• It consists, in brackets, of the author(s) or editor(s) of the work followed by the year of publication.

• A page reference should be included where you have quoted directly or are referring to an illustration (photograph, map, table, diagram etc).

Reference list

• The reference list is located at the end of the main body of your work and gives the full details of works from which you have quoted, or to which you have referred.

• The list is arranged alphabetically by author

Bibliography

The bibliography is located atthe end of the main body of

your work, after the referencelist.

1. It lists the full details of items which you have read, but to which you have NOT referred directly in your text. The bibliography is located at the end of the main body of your work, after the reference list.

2. There is, therefore, no citation in your text for an item listed in your bibliography.

3. Such items would include background reading.

4. The list is arranged alphabetically by author.

5. It may be possible to combine your reference list and bibliography, but you should check with your school before doing so.

Citations and reference list • Where you have quoted from, or referred to, someone else's work, you must insert a

citation in your text. This will guide the reader to the reference list at the end of your work. Here the reader can look up, alphabetically by author, a full reference for the item you have used.

• The citation is placed in brackets in your text and consists of the surname(s) of the author(s) or editor(s) of the item as they appear in the reference list at the end of your work;

• the year of publication of the item; and where you quote directly from someone else's work, or are referring to an illustration, a page reference.

• Only the first letter of the authors' or editors' surnames is capitalised and no initials are given.

• There is no comma between the author(s) or editor(s) surname(s) and the year of publication.

• If you have used the name(s) of the author(s) or editor(s) in your sentence then only the year of publication, and a page reference if appropriate, are placed within the brackets.

Example of citations matching to reference list • In addition to professional genres, academic writing research has also examined the

genres/tasks students are expected to perform in university content classrooms (Braine 2010). In one of the first studies on student writing tasks, Horowitz (2011) analyzed 54 writing assignments from one graduate and 28 undergraduate courses taught in 17 departments of an American university. Horowitz identified seven categories of writing tasks expected of students: summary of/reaction to a reading; annotated bibliography; report on a specified participatory experience; connection of theory and data; case study; synthesis of multiple sources; and research project. While Horowitz's study did not have a particular disciplinary focus, other studies examined written genres required of students in specific disciplines (Swales 2012). One finding is that much of what students need to write, particularly in upper division undergraduate and graduate level courses, is specifically tied to their disciplines. Faigley and Hansen's study (2013) of writing in a psychology course and a sociology course showed different reactions to student writing from readers with different degrees of disciplinary expertise and different aims for writing. While an English professor was largely concerned with the surface features of papers, the sociology professor paid more attention to "what knowledge the student had acquired than in how well the report was written" (Berkenkotter and Huckin 2014 p. 147).

Reference listBERKENKOTTER, C. and HUCKIN, T., 2014. Genre knowledge in disciplinary communication. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

BRAINE, G., 2010. Writing in science and technology: an analysis of assignments from ten undergraduate courses. English for Specific Purposes, 8(6), pp. 3-16.

FAIGLEY, L. and HANSEN, K., 2013. Learning to write in the social sciences. College Composition and Communication, 36(2), pp. 140-149.

HOROWITZ, D., 2011. What professors actually require: academic tasks for the ESL classroom. TESOL Quarterly, 20(3), pp. 445-462.

SWALES, J., 2012. Genre analysis: English in academic and research settings. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Bibliography

• The bibliography is located at the end of the main body of your work, after the reference list.

• It lists the full details of items which you have read, but to which you have NOT referred directly in your text.

• There is, therefore, no citation in your text for an item listed in your bibliography.

• Such items would include background reading.

• The list is arranged alphabetically by author.

Watch for:

• Where the same author has published more than one work in the same year

• Secondary referencing (where a book or article refers to another item which you have not read but wish to reference)

• Multiple citations to support the same point

SEE THE HANDOUTS FOR THIS

When is it necessary to use an online reference for books and journal articles • electronic access to a large number of books and

journal articles is now available.• The fact that they can be accessed in this way DOES

NOT mean that they are purely online items. If you could have read them in hard copy then simply give the normal reference.

• An electronic reference is only required if the book or article is ONLY available online and there is no hard copy version.

• The appropriate reference examples are included under the sections dealing with books and journal articles.

ELEMENTS OF THE REFERENCE –

FORMATS

Authors

One author• BROWN, C.M.,

Two authors• BROWN, C.M. and JONES, A.B.,

Three authors• BROWN, C.M., JONES, A.B. and SMITH, C.D.,

More than three authors• BROWN, C.M. et al.,

Editors

One editor• BROWN, C.M., ed.,Two editors• BROWN, C.M. and JONES, A.B., eds.,Three editors• BROWN, C.M., JONES, A.B. and SMITH, C.D.,

eds.,More than three editors• BROWN, C.M. et al., eds.,

Editions

Not the first edition - numerical

• FANCHI, J.R., 2006. Principles of applied reservoir simulation. 3rd ed. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Gulf Professional.

Not the first edition - expanded, revised etc

• GORBACHEV, M., 1987. Perestroika. expanded ed. London: Fontana/Collins.

ARCHIVE MATERIALS (primary sources eg diaries, manuscripts)

Element Example, including punctuation

Author(s) (capitals) TURNER, P.S.,

Year of publication of the material

1906.

Title (italics) Image of an artist.

Type of material [manuscript].

Collection in which the material is held

Holden Collection.

Shelf mark 600.

Archive or library in which the material is held

Holden Library.

City in which the archive or library is located

London.

Reference list/bibliography:TURNER, P.S., 1906. Image of an artist. [manuscript]. Holden Collection. 600. Holden Library. London.

The citation in your text will be(Turner 1906)or, if you have quoted directly,(Turner 1906 p. 24).If you have used the author's name in your sentencethen only the year of publication, with a pagereference if necessary, is placed after it in brackets, egTurner (1906) suggests that ... or, if you have quoted directly,Turner (1906 p. 24) states that

ART, works of (referred to but not reproduced in your work)

This template should be used to produce a reference for an original work of art to which

you have referred, but of which you have NOT reproduced an illustration, in your work.

Element Example, including punctuation

Artist(s) (capitals) SARGENT, J.S.,

Year in which the work of art was first exhibited

1907.

Title of the work of art (italics) Lady Agnew of Lochnaw.

Medium of the work of art Oil on canvas. City where the work of art can be seen Edinburgh: Gallery or other institution in which the work of art can be seen

National Gallery of Scotland.

NB. If the work of art is not currently being exhibited

the city and institution can be left out of the reference. Citation in your text

(Sargent 1907)If you have used the name of the artist and the title of the work of art in your sentence then only the year of first exhibition is placed after it in brackets.

Sargent's Lady Agnew of Lochnaw (1907) ...Reference list/bibliography:

SARGENT, J.S., 1907. Lady Agnew of Lochnaw. Oil on canvas. Edinburgh: National Gallery of Scotland.

Associated examples

Original work of art where the artist is not normally known by his or her full real name

REMBRANDT, 1642. The nightwatch. Oil on canvas. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Rijksmuseum.(Rembrandt 1642)

Original work of art of which the year of first exhibition is uncertainEL GRECO, c. 1596-1600. View of Toledo. Oil on canvas. New York, NY: Metropolitan Museum of Art.(El Greco c. 1596-1600)

ART, works of (reproduced in your work) Illustration of a work of art taken from a book

Element Example, including punctuation

Name of artist(s) (capitals) RENOIR, P-A.,

Year of first exhibition of the work of art

1878.

Title of the work of art Madame Charpentier and her children.

Medium of the work of art Oil on canvas.

City where the work of art can be seen

New York, NY:

Gallery or other institution in which the work of art can be seen

Metropolitan Museum of Art.

In:

Author(s) or editor(s) of the book (capitals)

M.R. BROWN, ed.,

Year of publication of the book 2002.

Title of the book (italics) Picturing children.

Edition of the book (if not the first edition)

City of publication of the book Aldershot:

Publisher of the book Ashgate.

Page reference for the image of the work of art

p. 16

NB. If the work of art is not currently being exhibited the city and gallery or institution can be left out of the reference.The citation, placed underneath the image, will be

(Renoir 1878)

If you also refer to the work of art in your text use the samecitation or, if you have used the name of the artist and the title of the work of art in your sentence, the following format.

Renoir's Madame Charpentier and Her Children (1878) is a fine example of ...

Reference list/bibliography:RENOIR, P-A., 1878. Madame

Charpentier and her children. Oil on canvas. New York, NY: Metropolitan Museum of Art. In: M.R. BROWN, ed., 2002. Picturing children. Aldershot: Ashgate. p. 16.

WEB PAGES

Element Example, including punctuation

Distributor of the database (capitals)

ELSEVIER,

Last updated year 2014.

Name of the database (italics)

Compendex.

[online].

URL (web page address)

http://www.engineeringvillage.com/search/quick.url

Date you looked at the database

Accessed 22 May 2014].

The citation in your text will be

(Mulvey 2006)

or, if you have quoted directly,

(Mulvey 2006 p. 4).

If you have used the author's name in your sentence then only the year of publication, with a page reference if necessary, is placed after it in brackets, eg

Mulvey (2006) suggests that ... or, if you have quoted directly,

Mulvey (2006 p. 4) states that ...

Web pages rarely have page numbers. If you cannot find a page Reference leave it out of the citation, even if you have quoted directly.

Reference list/bibliography:MULVEY, S., 2006. Chernobyl's continuing hazards. [online]. London: BBC News.

Available from: http://news/bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4942828.stm [Accessed 16 February 2006].