Whole-body kinematics during paddling on kayak ergometer in elite able-bodied athletes – a first step to develop a classification for para-kayak athletes Pascal Zakaria The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences (GIH) Master thesis, advanced level 156: 2013 Master program in Sport science 2012-2013 Supervisor: Anna Bjerkefors & Olga Tarassova Examiner: Karin Söderlund
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Whole-body kinematics during paddling on kayak ergometer in elite able-bodied
athletes
– a first step to develop a classification for para-kayak athletes
Pascal Zakaria
The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences (GIH) Master thesis, advanced level 156: 2013 Master program in Sport science 2012-2013
Supervisor: Anna Bjerkefors & Olga Tarassova Examiner: Karin Söderlund
Helkroppskinematik under paddling på ergometer hos elit-kanotister
– ett första steg i utvecklingen av klassificeringen för para-kanotister
Pascal Zakaria
GYMNASTIK- OCH IDROTTSHÖGSKOLAN Självständigt arbete, avancerad nivå 156: 2013
Masterprogrammet i idrottsvetenskap 2012-2013 Handledare: Anna Bjerkefors & Olga Tarassova
Examinator: Karin Söderlund
Acknowledgement
I want to thank my supervisor Anna Bjerkefors, which I am always forever, be grateful for.
Thank you for your patience, guidance and knowledge all the time through the whole project. I
also want to thank Olga Tarassova for her technical support and guidance. Thanks to all
volunteers who made this project possible.
Stockholm January 2014
Pascal Zakaria
Abstract Aim
The purpose of the study was to define three dimensional range of motion for all major joints
(wrist, elbow, shoulder, trunk, pelvis, hip, knee, and ankle) in a group of able-bodied elite
canoeists during paddling on a kayak ergometer. An additional purpose was to analyze if the
range of motion changed with increased intensity and if there were any differences between body
sides during paddling on the ergometer.
Method
Ten elite athletes (four women and six men) volunteered for the study (22 ± 3.5 years, 78.3 ±
10.2 kg, 1.79 ± 0.06 m). Three-dimensional kinematic data was recorded using an optoelectronic
system and twelve cameras were placed in a circle around the ergometer. Fifty-four reflective
markers were attached on the subject and 14 body segments were defined in the model used in
the analysis to evaluate range of motion for each joint. Kinematic and force data were collected
during paddling on the kayak ergometer at incremental intensities starting at 50 W (“Low”) and
increased with 50 W until the athlete was not able to hold the predetermined level (“Sub-
maximal”). The participants were asked to maintain each intensity level as stable as possible
during at least 20 kayak cycles, i.e. approximately 60 sec during the lowest intensity level.
Finally, a maximal test was performed (“Maximal”). Mean values of 10 stroke cycles were used
in the statistics.
Result The mean range of motion was for shoulder flexion; 3 – 101°, shoulder abduction; 9–53°,
All tests were performed at the Laboratory for Biomechanics and Motor Control at the Swedish
School of Sport and Health Sciences (GIH) in Stockholm, during April to May 2013. Before the
test, subjects were introduced to the test procedure, familiarized with the ergometer and
performed 5 minutes of warm-up. Thereafter the participants were asked to paddle at incremental
intensities (starting from 50 W defined as “Low”) with a 3-minute break between all tests
allowed. The participants were asked to maintain each intensity level as stable as possible during
at least 20 kayak cycles, i.e. approximately 60 sec during the lowest intensity level. After the test
at the lowest intensity was performed, the intensity was then increased with 50 W until the “Sub-
Figure 1. Whole body model consisting of 14 segments.
The markers were attached at the following positions: for the a) hand and arm segments: 8 markers (on each left and right side) were attached on the wrist and hand, forearm, lateral and medial part of the elbow and upper arm, b) trunk segment: 6 markers were placed in a diamond shape, 3 over the spine at C7, T5 and T12 level and one on the left and right acromion, and one marker attached on the centre of the sternum, c) pelvis segment: 4 markers were attached on the left and right spinae iliaca anterior superior (SIAS) and on the left and right spinae iliaca posterior superior (SIPS), d) leg and foot segments: 14 markers were attached on the thigh (femur), lateral and medial part of the knee joint, the lower leg and lateral and medial part of the ankle and foot. In addition; 18 markers were attached along the kayak ergometer, paddle and on the both edges of each force transducer.
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maximal” level, i.e. the highest level that the athlete could maintain stable during 20 kayak
cycles. Then the participants were asked to do the maximal test defined as “Maximal”. Subjects
were instructed and verbally encouraged to execute 20 all out maximal cycles after slowly have
increased the intensity during 15 kayak cycles up to maximal intensity. Kinematic and kinetic
data were collected for each test.
2.7 Reliability and validity The present study uses quantitative measures to define reference values on joint range of motion
in able-bodied elite kayak athletes. No tests of reliability were made in this study and therefore
care was taken to test athletes who had been practicing kayaking for many years. To minimize
the variability within each subject only elite able bodied kayak athletes with long experience of
the paddling movement were recruited. Also, all subjects were competing on international level
and they were all familiar to exercise on high intensities on the kayak ergometer. We did not
expect any differences in joint angular movement between male and females and therefore
athletes from both gender participated. However, differences in power output were expected.
It is known that for valid evaluation of kayak performance, testing should be done in a
sport-specific environment. However, in some cases, a number of environmental factors may
disturb a simultaneous collection of kinematic and kinetic data, for example during on water
paddling. Therefore, in this study, measurements were performed on a kayak ergometer in a
laboratory environment to avoid external interference from weather conditions.
3D motion measurements are always related to some errors caused by this skin
movement artifact during motion as well as system error and marker noise. To minimize the
error markers have been applied to anatomical landmarks (e.g. the lateral/medial elbow
epicondyle or lateral/medial malleolus to minimize the skin movement). To minimize the sensor
noise 12 cameras have been used in this study so all of the markers will be visual during the
capture. The volume where the tests have been performed has also been calibrated frequently
throughout the tests. A low-pass Butterworth filter with a cutoff frequency of 7.0 Hz has also
been used during the data analysis to minimize that the signal was robust and not influenced by
fluctuations in signal.
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2.8 Data processing
Analysis and calculations of the kinematics and kinetics were performed in Visual3D software
(version 4, C-Motion, Inc., USA) and in MATLAB (The MathWorks, Inc., USA). Shoulder joint
was defined as a functional joint using the elbow, shoulder and trunk markers. For the shoulder
joint, abduction/adduction and inward/outward rotation were also calculated. Trunk flexion and
extension were defined as trunk rotation about the medio-lateral axis in the global coordinate
system. Trunk rotation (roll) and lateral flexion (pitch) were defined as trunk rotation about the
upward-downward axis and the anterior-posterior axis, respectively. Hip joint was defined as a
functional joint using the markers on pelvis and thigh segments. Total range of motion, maximal
and minimal peak flexion and extension, were calculated for the the wrist, elbow, shoulder,
trunk, hip, knee and ankle joints. Additionally, the total range of motion was also calculated for
the shoulder joints; peak abduction/adduction and inward/outward rotation, and for the trunk;
peak trunk rotation and lateral trunk flexion. Kinematic were also used to calculate stroke cycle
and stroke rate. All marker trajectories were smoothed with a second-order, bi-directional, low-
pass Butterworth filter with a cutoff frequency of 7.0 Hz. For all calculations, only the final 10
stroke cycles for each level were used. All signals were synchronized.
2.9 Statistics
The statistical analyses were carried out in STATISTICA 11.0 (StatSoft, USA). Shapiro-Wilk´s
W test was applied to examine normality in the distribution of the data. Descriptive statistics was
used to present all research variables as mean values and standard deviations (SD). To detect
differences during paddling, maximal and minimal joint angle within range of motion values for
each joint were analysed using a two way analysis of variance (ANOVA), with two within
subject factors: intensity (low, sub-maximal and maximal) and body side (left and right).
Additionally, paired Student T-test was performed to compare the peak values of trunk
flexion/extension joint angle between intensities. Significance level was set at p ≤ 0.05.
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3. Result
3.1 Range of motion
The peak joint angle movement within range of motion for all tested joints is presented for
maximal values in Table 1 and for minimal values in Table 2.
Table 1. Mean values (and standard deviations) of maximal peak range of motion presented as angular displacement
Note: *90 degree flexion indicates when the foot is in neutral position during standing.
Table 2. Mean values (and standard deviations) of minimal peak range of motion presented as angular displacement Minimal angular displacement (°) Low Sub-maximal Maximal
Left Right Left Right Left Right Shoulder Flexion 3.3 ± 13.6 7.5 ± 11.3 11.0 ± 12.4 17.6 ± 9.8 19.4 ± 14.2 21.5 ± 12.0
– 56° and foot flexion 64 – 91°. In Figure 2 mean values (and standard deviations) are presented
of peak maximal and minimal range of motion during kayaking. The range of motion is
presented for the left side for shoulder, elbow, wrist, trunk, hip, knee and ankle joint on the left
side. The highest group mean value for each joint was taken independent of intensity.
-‐80
-‐60
-‐40
-‐20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Shoulder Flex/Ext
Shoulder Abd/Add
Shoulder Rotation Ext/In
Elbow Flex/Ext
Wrist Palm/Dors
Wrist Deviation Rad/Uln
Trunk Flex/Ext Trunk Rotation Left/Right
Trunk Bending Hip Flexion Knee Flexion Foot Flexion
Angular d
isplacemen
t (degrees)
Total range of motion
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Figure 2 Mean values (and standard deviations) are presented of peak maximal and minimal range of motion during kayaking.
Differences between left and right side for peak maximal range of motion
In general, there were no significant differences observed between left and right side for
maximal range of motion data for the shoulder (flexion, abduction and rotation), elbow (flexion),
wrist (flexion and deviation), trunk (lateral bending and rotation), hip (flexion) and foot
(flexion). The only significant difference observed between left and right side was for peak
maximal knee flexion (p = 0.028, F = 7.22).
Differences between intensity for peak maximal range of motion
Shoulder
A significant main effect of intensity (i.e. irrespective of the body side) was found for shoulder
flexion (p < 0.001, F = 14.95) and shoulder rotation (p < 0.001, F = 20.09). For shoulder
abduction, no differences in maximal peak of range of motion were seen between either
intensities or body side. For shoulder flexion, results showed significantly lower peak values at
“Low” intensity compared to “Sub-maximal” (p < 0.001) and “Maximal” intensity (p < 0.001).
Range of motion for shoulder outward rotation decreased with intensity. Peak values at “Low”
intensity were significantly higher than at “Sub-maximal” and “Maximal” (p = 0.017 and p <
0.001, respectively). Significantly higher values at “Sub-maximal” compared to “Maximal”
intensity (p = 0.018) were also found.
Elbow
For elbow flexion, there was a main effect of intensity (p = 0.033, F = 4.24), with decreased
maximal peak observed at “Low” compared to “Maximal” intensity (p = 0.032).
Wrist
No significant differences were seen for palmar flexion. For wrist radial deviation there was a
main effect of intensity (p < 0.001, F = 16.17) and significantly higher (p < 0.001) maximal peak
were shown at “Sub-maximal” and “Maximal” intensity compared to “Low” intensity.
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Trunk
Larger trunk flexion was shown between “Low” and “Sub-maximal” intensity (p = 0.006) and
between “Low” and “Maximal” intensity (p = 0.003). No significant differences between either
intensities or body sides were seen for trunk rotation and trunk lateral bending.
Hip, knee and foot
A significant main effect of intensity were found for hip flexion (p = 0.004, F = 8.10), knee
flexion (p < 0.001, F = 22.59) and foot flexion (p < 0.001, F = 18.96). For hip, knee and foot
flexion maximal peak range of motion increased with intensity, shown between “Low” and
“Sub-maximal” (p = 0.005, p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively), and between “Low” and
“Maximal” intensity (p = 0.018, p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). No differences were
observed between “Sub-maximal” and “Maximal” intensity for lower limb segments.
Differences between left and right side for peak minimal range of motion
In general, there were no significant differences observed between left and right side for minimal
range of motion for shoulder (flexion, abduction and rotation), elbow (flexion), wrist (flexion
and deviation), trunk (lateral bending and rotation), hip (flexion) and foot (flexion) segment. The
only difference between left and right side was observed for minimal peak of knee flexion (p =
0.049, F = 5.40).
Differences between intensity in peak minimal range of motion
Shoulder
For shoulder flexion there was a main effect of intensity (p < 0.001, F =23.65) with a significant
difference between “Low” and “Sub-maximal” (p = 0.003), “Low” and “Maximal” (p < 0.001)
and between “Sub-maximal” and “Maximal” intensity (p = 0.034). A main effect of intensity
were seen for shoulder abduction (p = 0.031, F =4.33), and a minimal peak was lower at “Sub-
maximal” compared to “Maximal intensity” (p = 0.025). For shoulder rotation intensity main
effect was observed (p < 0.001, F =101.45). The internal rotation increased with intensity;
minimal peak was significantly (p < 0.001) higher at both “Sub-maximal and “Maximal”
intensity compared to “Low”.
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Elbow
No significant differences were seen for elbow flexion.
Wrist
For wrist extension/flexion a main effect of intensity (p < 0.001, F value=12.90) was shown. The
wrist flexion increased with intensity and higher minimal peak was seen at “Sub-maximal” (p >
0.013) and “Maximal” intensity (p < 0.001) compared to “Low”. For wrist deviation there were a
significant interaction of intensity and body side (p = 0.022, F = 4.91). At “Maximal” intensity a
higher minimal peak was shown for right wrist compared to left body side (p = 0.005).
Trunk
No significant differences were observed for trunk extension movement and trunk rotation. For
trunk lateral bending there was a main effect of intensity (p = 0.009, F = 6.37). Larger trunk
bending movement during increased intensity was seen from “Low” to “Maximal” (p = 0.009).
Hip, knee and foot
No significant differences were seen for hip movement. For knee flexion there was an interaction
of intensity and body side effect (p = 0.042, F = 3.90). For the left knee, the minimal peak at
“Sub-maximal” intensity were lower than at “Low” (p < 0.001) and at “Maximal” (p = 0.028)
intensities. However, for the right knee peak values at “Low” intensity were the lowest compared
to “Sub-maximal” (p < 0.001) and “Maximal” (p < 0.001) intensity. Differences in minimal peak
flexion between left and right knee were found only at “Maximal” intensity (p = 0.02). A main
effect was seen for foot movement (p = 0.003, F = 8.35) with increased plantar flexion at higher
intensities observed from “Low” to “Sub-maximal” intensity (p = 0.021) and from “Low” to
“Maximal” intensity (p = 0.036).
3.2 Power
The group average maximal power output (W) during the “Maximal test” was 402.4 ± 115.9 W
measured from the flywheel on kayak ergometer. The “Sub-maximal” intensity level for the
group were as followed: 200W (n=2), 250W (n=2), 300W (n=3), 350W (n=2), and 400W (n=1).
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3.3 Stroke frequency
The frequency at the “Low” intensity was 62.03 ± 6.4 strokes per min, 109.32 ± 8.2 for “Sub-
maximal”, and 135.32 ± 25.9 at “Maximal” intensity. The stroke rate increased significantly with
work intensity observed between “Low” and “Sub-maximal” intensity (p < 0.001), “Low” and
“Maximal” intensity (p < 0.001), and ”Sub-maximal” and “Maximal” intensity (p = 0.016).
4. Discussion
The purpose of this study was to analyze three-dimensional movements of all major joints during
paddling on the kayak ergometer in international elite active canoeists. Peak joint angles were
calculated in order to examine the total range of motion. An additional purpose was to analyze if
the range of motion changed with increased intensity and if there were any differences between
body sides during paddling on the ergometer.
4.1 Range of motion
Results showed greater angular movement in shoulder flexion, shoulder inward rotation, wrist
dorsiflexion and radial deviation, trunk flexion, trunk downward bending, hip flexion, knee
flexion and foot dorsiflexion during increased intensity. Simultaneous increases in shoulder,
trunk and hip flexion may allow the paddle shaft to be placed in a more forward position. These
changes in angular range of motion support the findings from previous studies that have reported
correlations between range of motion and performance indicating that the ability to insert the
paddle blade in a far forward position (Brown, Lauder & Dyson 2011) with a shorter backward
movement before the paddle blade leaves the water (Kendal & Sanders 1992) lead to improved
performance.
To optimize performance the paddling movement should be as symmetric as possible. In
general, there were no differences between left and right sides in this group of athletes. To our
knowledge there are no studies explaining the impact of body side differences on paddling
performance in relation to angular range of motion during paddling. However, results from
previous study (Michaels et al. 2012) showed side differences in mechanical efficiency during
kayaking on ergometer. The authors suggested that the larger propulsion work on the right side
was due to the fact that all participants were right handed.
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The range of motion for all joints calculated in this study can be used as accurate
reference values in the development of an evidence-based classification system for para-
kayakers. According to ICF Paracanoe Classification Guidelines, it is assumed that the para-
kayaker should have full range of motion, i.e. 100 % of functional range of motion in all tested
joints. Thus, the scale based on accurate reference values calculated during actual paddling
movement is crucial when classifying the athletes. Moreover, it has previously been shown that
shoulder rotation and trunk/pelvic range of motion are important during kayaking (McKean &
Burkett 2010; Michaels et al. 2012). Therefore, these additional joint angles were calculated in
this study in order to be included in the new evidenced based protocol for classification.
If possible, the evaluation of performance should be done in a sport-specific environment
where the activity is usually performed. In this study, we decided to do the measurements on a
kayak ergometer. From a biomechanical point of view a major difference between paddling on
the ergometer compared to on water paddling is primarily seen in the lateral stability because the
ergometer rests on a solid surface (Bjerkefors, Carpenter & Thorstensson 2007). Another
disparity is that the paddle shaft on the ergometer is attached to the ropes which rotate the
flywheel whereas during on water paddling the kayaker uses a paddle for propulsion and balance
corrections. We can only speculate whether the joint range of motion will differ depending on
testing environment; water vs. kayak ergometer. Trunk movement might be larger, especially in
lateral direction, if the athletes perform the test on an unstable surface such as on water. Or it
could be the opposite; trunk movement may be smaller due to the unstable surface or remain
unchanged as the increased movement forward (trunk and hip flexion) makes it difficult to
simultaneously increase the lateral movement.
4.2 Stroke frequency Shorter race distances, with the shortest distance 200 m sprint, have been introduced during the
Olympics 2012. This sprint distance has also been introduced for para-kayak athletes. When the
distances decrease and become more sprint-like a clear relationship with increased paddle
frequency, ranging from 89 to 141 strokes per min, has been presented in a number of studies
(McDonnell et al. 2013). In this study the stroke frequency ranged from 62 strokes per min
during kayaking at low intensity to 135 strokes per min at maximal intensity, indicating similar
values to those previously reported.
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4.3 Subjects In this study, all 10 participants were elite canoeists competing at national and international
level. Four women participated and reflect the gender representativeness, with more males
competing compared to women. No gender comparisons were made due the low number of
athletes and we were not expecting to find differences between male/female. However, we know
that power output is greater in men judged by faster racing time (McDonnell et al. 2013) but if
this will affect the range of motion is still not known. The athletes who participated competed at
various distances and the majority of the athletes competed at the short sprint distance which will
be comparable to the para-canoe athletes. The next step in this study will be to compare the
results from this study with the data from a group of para-athletes.
4.4 Conclusion
This study assessed joint angle motion from upper and lower extremities and the trunk in elite
able-bodied kayakers. The ranges of motion for all major joints were calculated and the results
from this study can serve as adequate reference values in the development of an evidence-based
classification system for para-kayakers.
4.5 Limitation
A limitation in this study was that we have not been able to analyze and present the paddle force
recorded during the tests and therefore we are not able to make any further conclusions if there
are any asymmetries in power output between body sides observed in this group.
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6. Appendix
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- Är du gravid?
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- Röker du?
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- Snusar du?
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Övrig: Förutsättningar för deltagande i undersökningen samt hälsodeklaration Jag har muntligen informerats om studien och dessutom tagit del av dem skriftliga informationen om försökets genomförande. Jag är medveten om att mitt deltagande är fullt frivilligt och att jag när som helst och utan närmare förklaring kan avbryta mitt deltagande. Jag uppfattar mih om fullt frisk och ser inga medicinska hinder för deltagande i undersökningen. Stockholm den / __________________________ ________________________ Försökspersonens namnteckning Försöksledarens namnteckning
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Information till dig som är intresserad att delta i studien:
Tredimensionell rörelseanalys under paddling på kajakergometer – en första del i evidensbaserad klassificering av parakanotister till Paralympics 2016
Målsättning I december 2010 adderade IPC kanotpaddling som ny gren till Paralympics 2016. The International Canoe Federation (ICF) har därför initierat ett projekt som syftar till utvärdera, utveckla och presentera ett förslag till IPC gällande ett validerat och modifierat klassificeringssystem för parakanotiser. Den första delen avser att definiera rörelseomfånget (vinkelrörelsen i skuldra, armbåge, hand, bål, bäcken, höft, knä och ankelled) under kajakpaddling. Syftet med studien är att i samarbete med ICF, utvärdera och utveckla ett förslag gällande klassificeringen av parakanotister till kommande Paralympics 2016. Förslaget ska innehålla ett evidensbaserat instrument för bedömning av rörelseomfånget för parakanotister. Bedömningsinstrumentet ska utgå från det maximala rörelseutslaget som krävs under paddling hos icke-skadade elitkanotister. Resultaten från studierna ska ligga till grund för en tydlig definition mellan klasserna för parakanotister Efter testernas gång kommer vi att analysera och redogöra resultaten med hjälp av våra frågeställningar:
- Vilket är det totala rörelseomfånget för skuldra, armbåge, handled, bål, höft, knä samt fotled under
paddling och påverkas det totala rörelseomfånget vid ändrad kraftutveckling dvs. vid lång, medel- och
högintensiv paddling?
- Finns det några sidoskillnader mellan höger och vänster sida som kan påverka den totala
effektutvecklingen?
Testerna kommer att genomföras på Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan i Stockholm. Vi vänder oss till dig som är: Man eller kvinna, tävlar på elit nivå. Vi ser gärna att du är specialiserad på sprint, distansen 200m. Du ska förövrigt vara fullt frisk dvs inte ha någon diagnostiserad hjärt- och lungsjukdom, eller annan åkomma som kan vara av betydelser för forskningsresultaten. Risker för komplikationer Samtliga metoder som vi använder är väl beprövade och risken för komplikationer bedömer vi som mycket små. Du kan när som helst kontakta försöksledarna efter testet.
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Ekonomisk ersättning Ett försökspersonsarvode på 600:- utbetalas efter avslutat test.
Vid frågor angående testtillfälle eller uppsatsen vänligen ta kontakt med studerande eller handledare.
Stockholm den 3 mars 2013 Mastersstudent Handledare Pascal Zakaria Anna Bjerkefors Mail: [email protected] Huvudansvarig forskare Tfn: 0704XXXXXX Gymnastik och Idrottshögskolan
Box 5626 114 86 Stockholm
_____________________________________________________________________________ Till dig som vill medverka i studien! Observera att det är viktigt för dig att veta att du när som helst har möjlighet att avbryta din medverkan i vår undersökning utan att du behöver motivera varför. Dina data från undersökningen kommer att hanteras konfidentiellt. Alla deltagare erhåller en kod som används för protokoll och mätresultat. Ansvariga för undersökningen kommer att kunna härleda koden till enskilda deltagare. I den slutliga sammanställningen kan ingen individuell person identifieras av utomstående personer. Jag har muntligen informerats om studien och jag har tagit del av ovanstående skriftliga information. Jag är medveten om att mitt deltagande är helt frivilligt och att jag när som helst utan närmare förklaring kan avbryta mitt deltagande. Namn:……………………………………………………………………………………. Adress:…………………………………………………………………………………… Telefonnummer:………………………………………………………………………….. E-post:…………………………………………………………………………………….. ________________________________________
Datum
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Namnteckning
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Tredimensionell rörelseanalys under paddling på kajakergometer Markörer (totalt = 72, 150 Hz, 12 Pro reflex kameror (Huvud = 2, Arm vänster och högersegment 16 totalt, bål = 8, Ben- och fotsegment höger och vänster totalt 18, Paddel totalt 9, Kajakergometer totalt 3) Head Head_Left Head_Right
Trunk C7 T5 Th12 Sternum L_Acromion R_Acromion L_IliacChrest (ref) R_IliacChrest (ref) Arm Left L_Upperarm L_Elbow (L_ElbowMedial) L_Forearm L_Wrist L_Ulnaris L_HandRad L_HandUln Arm Right R_Upperarm R_Elbow (R_Elbowmedial) R_Forearm R_Wrist R_Ulnaris R_HandRad R_HandUln Leg Right R_Thigh1 R_Thigh2 R_Thigh3 R_Knee Tibia R_FootAnkle
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R_FootSub R_FootHeel R_FootToe Leg Left L_Thigh1 L_Thigh2 L_Thigh3 L_Knee Tibia L_FootAnkle L_FootSub L_FootHeel L_FootToe Paddle PaddleLeft PaddleMidle PaddleRight Power and Rope Right Powerright1 Powerright2 Roperight Power and Rope Left Powerleft1 Powerleft2 Ropeleft Ergo(meter) Right and Left ErgoRight ErgoLeft ErgoBack