Who? SUMERIANS Sargon: Conquered Sumeria around 2330 BC.

Who?

SUMERIANS

Sargon: Conquered Sumeria around 2330 BC.

WHO?

EGYPTIANS:

Menes: First Pharaoh to unite Upper and Lower Egypt (2930 BC)

Akhenaton & Nefertiti: Established monotheistic religion based on solar disk (Aton) 1380 BC

Tutankhamen: 1325 BC – 1320 BC Restores traditional religion in Egypt

King Menuhotep: reunites Egypt (Dynasty XI)

King Djoser: Built step pyramids (Dynasty III)

Queen Hatshepsut: First female Pharaoh, declared herself Pharaoh in 1485 BC, famous builder of temples.

Ramses II :Lived for 90 years and had 400 children, commissioned many buildings and projects. (Good Pharaoh in Prince of Egypt)

Ramses III: repels dislocated tribes from Asia Minor (Bad Pharaoh from Prince of Egypt) (Dynasty XX)

WHO? (continued)

Thutmose III: Conquered Syria, Palestine in 1485 BC .

Ptolemy I: Greek general under Alexander the Great who ruled Egypt and founded the Ptolemaic dynasty (304 BC), also ruled Syria, Asia Minor, Cyprus, Libya, Phoenicia

Cleopatra: Last Pharaoh of independent Egypt – killed brother (Ptolemy XIII), ran around with Julius Caesar and later Marc Antony. Fled to India after the Battle of Actium (31 BC)

Who? (Hebrews)

Abraham: Traditional Patriarch of Jewish people. Left Ur in Sumeria and moved his family into what is the modern state of Israel today (1850 BC).

Isaac: Had 12 grandchildren, who founded the 12 tribes of Israel

Jacob: Took family to Egypt because of famine in Israel (1700 BC)

Joseph: Son of Jacob, became Prime Minister of Egypt

Moses: Leads the Jews out of slavery in Egypt, receives 10 commandments (1280-1250 BC)

Joshua: takes over as leader of Jews who resettle in Israel after defeating Canaanites (1250-1200 BC)

Saul: 1st Hebrew King, makes Jerusalem capital of Hebrews

David: Wrote Psalms praising God 1000-961 BC

Solomon: Built the First Temple in Jerusalem (961-922 BC)

Who? (Greeks)

King Minos: Legendary King of Minoans on island of Crete

Homer: Supposed blind originator of Iliad and Odyssey (written down in 700 BC)

Draco: Lawgiver in Athens (621 BC) Infamous for “Draconian” laws.

Solon: Archon of Athens who cancelled debts of poor (594 BC)

Cleisthenes: founder of Athenian democracy (507 BC)

Socrates: 1st famous Athenian philosopher. Founder of the “Socratic Method” – questioning everything. “The only thing I know is that I don’t know anything.” Accused of corrupting youth, convicted, forced to drink hemlock (470-399 BC)

Plato: Socrates’ student, wrote Aplogy, founded Academy of philosophy, taught Aristotle. Believed that everything in the real world was only a reflection of ideal things in a world of ideas (Allegory of the Cave) Nothing material lasts, only ideas. (428-347 BC)

Aristotle: Developed the idea of aristocracy (rule of reason). Disagreed with Plato – the real world is what matters, ideas derive from real things. Studied nature / biology as a result. (384-322 BC)

Philip II: Macedonian King who conquered Greece. Alexader the Great’s father.

Alexander the Great: Macedonian king, conquered Greece, Asia Minor, India, Egypt, Persia. Founded Alexandria, spread Hellenistic culture (332-305 BC)

Darius I: Persian King who conquered Thrace and Macedonia, put down Greek rebellion in Asia Minor (Peloponnesian War – 499-494 BC).

Xerxes I: Invades Greece (480 BC)

Pericles: Athenian General. Led Athens over the Delian League. 461-429 BC

Pythagoras: Pythagorean theorem

Hippocrates: Hippocratic Oath

Aristophenes: Writer of Comedies

Archimedes: Inventor of Archimedes screw, pulleys, calculated Pi?

Thucydides: History Peloponnesian War

Who? Rome

Romulus and Remus: Traditional founders of Rome. According to story, raised by she-wolf. Romulus supposedly killed Remus. 753 BC.

Tarquinius Superbus (Tarquin the Proud): Last Etruscan King of Rome, overthrown in 509 BC)

Hannibal: Carthaginian who invaded Roman Republic overland with elephants in the Punic Wars.

Scipio: Roman general who defeated Hannibal (181 BC)

Pompey: Conquered the Eastern Mediterranean, member of first triumvirate. Represented Senate in civil War. Fled to Egypt, beheaded by Ptolemy XIII.

Gracchi Brothers: Helped the poor (133 BC)

Lucius Cornelius Sulla: Roman general who became dictator (82-79 BC)

Julius Caesar: Roman general who conquered Gaul, part of first Triumvirate. declared public enemy by Senate. Crossed Rubicon river to return to Rome and fight civil war against Pompey and Senate. Allied to Cleopatra. Became dictator for life (48 BC) Assassinated by Senate March 15, 44 BC.

Crassus: Third member of 1st Triumvirate. Died in battle.

Spartacus: Led slave rebellion against Rome.

Octavian: Adopted son of Julius Caesar. Formed Second Triumvirate with Marc Antony and Lepidus. Defeated Marc Antony and Cleopatra in Battle of Actium (31 BC). Became first Roman Emperor (Augustus). Beginning of Pax Romana.

Marc Antony: Caesar’s right-hand man in Gallic Wars. Member of Second Triumvirate. Ran off with Cleopatra. Lost to Octavian in Battle of Actium (31 BC)

Tiberius: Roman Emperor after Augustus.

Claudius: SEE PRESENTATION ON ROMAN EMPERORS

Caligula:

Vespasian:

Titus:

Nero:

Marcus Aurelius:

Domitian: Nerva:

Hadrian:

Trajan:

Antonnius Pius:

Marcus Aurelius:

Constantine:

Theodosius I:

Diocletian:

Maximian:

Constantius:

Galerius:

Valentinian I:

Odoacer:

Romulus Augustus:

Attila:

Bleda:

SEE REVIEW FOR LAST TEST

Constantine I: Ruled in 306 AD, Founded Constantinople over the ruins of Byzantium in 330 AD, Edict of Milan made Christianity equal to other religions in 313 AD, converted to Christianity in 337 AD.

Jesus: Founder of Christianity

WHAT?

Maori: Built a densely populated farming community, acquired technology and weapons and followed strong leaders (until 1800s)

Moriori: Remained weak, isolated, disorganized hunter gatherers with little or no technology (Until 1800s)

Ziggurats: Pyramid like temples made by the Sumerians.

Tithes: Taxes paid by citizens to church.

Linear A: Phoenician alphabet spoken on Crete

Papyrus: Early paper used by the egyptians made from a plant that only grew in the Nile Delta.

Dynasty: one family rules over time

Cuneiform: Pictographic script developed by Sumerians with over 700 symbols. The first known writing system (3500 BC)

Hieroglyphs: Form of writing for the Egyptians (around 3300-3200 BC)

What?

City-state: City that acts like its own country (Greeks, Sumerians)

Mummification: Preserving bodies of the dead (Commoners 2040-1640 BC)

Polytheism: Belief in many gods

Rosetta Stone: Contains writing in ancienct greek, demotic scrips and hieroglyphs. Used to translate and understand hieroglyphs. Found by the French.

Book of the Dead: 1800 BC – Contains instructions for entering the afterlife (Egyptians)

Gilgamesh: Oldest known recorded story (epic)

Artificial Selection: People domesticate plants / animals by selecting those that are useful. (survival of the most useful to people)

Natural Selection: Species evolve from natural competition (survival of the fittest)

Monotheism: Belief in one – Judaism / Hebrews around 1850 BC (Abraham) Christianity around 0 BC (Jesus), Islam around 570 AD (Muhammad)

Agricultural Revolution: Domestication of animals and plants for farming. Started in Mesopotamia around 5000 BC, spread across N Africa, Europe, Asia

Hellenistic Culture: The foundation of European philosophy. Greek culture that was spread by Alexander the Great to Egypt, India, C Asia, etc.

Theocracy: Government based on religion (Islam in Iran today, Ancient Egyptians)

Old English: Language spoken by Angles and Saxons in the Middle Ages. Closely related to German.

Scribes: Writers who recorded important information

The Great Library: Founded to collect all books in the world (Alexandria 229 BC) Burned down in 42 BC.

Pax Romana: Roman peace (Octavian) 27 BC to Imperial Crisis (235)

Mythology: Stories that explain the natural world.

Linear B: Myceneans adopted a Phoenician-like script

First Triumvirate: Pompey, Crassus, Caesar

Koran: Holy Book of Islam

Beowulf and Anglo Saxon Chronicles: Composed in 8th Century

10 Commandments: Moses receives laws from God – forms the basis for much of modern law

Anglo Saxons: Settled in England around 500s AD. Originally from Northern Germany

Monarchy: Kingship with only one head of state

5 Pillars of Islam: 1) Pray 5 Times a Day, 2) Declare that Allah is the only God and Muhammad is his last and greatest prophet, 3) Give to the poor, 4) Fast during Ramadan, 5) Make a pilgrimage to Mecca

Edict of Milan: Constantine made Christianity equal to other religions in the Roman Empire (313 AD)

Danelaw: Viking Kingdoms in England

Council of Elders: 28 men over 60 who propose laws and judge crimes in Sparta

Ephors: 5 elected people who acted like a modern day supreme court and controlled spartan education.

Burhs: System of defense made by Alfred the Great against Vikings (600s)

Quaestors: Collected taxes in Roman Republic

Helots: Agricultural slaves in Sparta

Hominids: Human like creatures: Australeopithicus, Homo Erectus, Neandertals, Cro Magnon, Homo Sapiens

Iliad: Epic tale supposedly written by Homer about Myceneans and Trojan War that happened in 1200 BC. Wasn’t written until around 700 BC

Cultural Diffusion: Spread of culture

Metics: Free foreigners living in Athens. Usually artisans / merchants

Assembly – all male citizens over 30 vote to accept or reject laws.

Council of 500 – 10 tribes choose 50 men in Sparta – make laws

Archons: Rulers elected to 1 year terms (Athens)

12 Tribes (Hebrews): 12 great grandchildren of Abraham, settled in Canaan

Norsemen: Vikings (800s)

Senate: Advise the Roman Consul

Tetrarchy: power structure “rule by four” Diocletian divides the empire in two, two junior emperors

Delian League: Athens maintains a naval empire under Pericles (461 BC to 429 BC).Upset other city states and led to Peloponnesian War.

Christianity: monotheistic Religion spread by Paul, made official in roman empire by Theodosius I (380)

Barbarians: First non Greeks, later non romans (literally means bar bar bar)

Censors: Administered census of property and citizen. Responsible for morality of senators.

Acropolis: City on a hill (Athens)

Agora: marketplace in Athens

Dead Sea Scrolls: written in 140 BC

Longships: Viking ships

Praetors: like Judges in Roman republic

Dictator: total control for 6 months in crisis

Caliph: Leader of Muslim religion – sunni islam after split (661). Today, no more caliphs after the abolition of Ottoman Empire in WWI.

Magna Carta: signed in 1215 AD – Social contract giving English nobles right to assemble and other basic political rights.

Celts: Original inhabitants of Britain. Conquered by Romans

Patricians: Rich Roman citizens

Plebeians: Poor Roman citizens

Equities: Roman middle developed after Punic Wars.

Etruscans: First rulers of Rome. Culture related to Greeks.

Myceneans: Conquered Minoans? Adopted Linear B

Battle of Marathon: Athenians defeat Persians (490 BC)

Punic Wars: Rome vs. Carthage. Rome defeated Carthage and conquered the entire Mediterranean area.

Ottoman Turks: Destroyed Byzantine Empire, conquered Constantinople and renamed it Istanbul (1453)

12 Tablets: Written for poor people to know the law in Roman Republic

Tribunes: Plebeian council, could veto or reject laws

Feudalism: Social, political and economic system of shared protection and power.

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