Whitefly and Mite Control in Strawberries Frank Zalom Frank Zalom Department of Entomology Department of Entomology UC Davis UC Davis
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Whitefly and Mite Control in Strawberries
Frank ZalomFrank ZalomDepartment of EntomologyDepartment of Entomology
UC DavisUC Davis
Some Common WhitefliesSome Common WhitefliesGreenhouse whiteflyGreenhouse whitefly
Iris whiteflyIris whitefly
Silverleaf whiteflySilverleaf whitefly
Not observed on coastal berriesNot observed on coastal berries
Giant whiteflyGiant whitefly
Not observed on coastal berriesNot observed on coastal berries
Oxnard, Fall, 2002Oxnard, Fall, 2002
Greenhouse WhiteflyGreenhouse Whitefly
EggsCrawlerSecondinstarThird instarFourth instar
AdultGreenhouseWhiteflyLife CycleWhiteflyLife
Cycle
Eggs microscopic & laid on undersides of leaves
Generation time aslittle as 18 days inwarm weather
Nymphs immobileafter first instar
Greenhouse WhiteflyGreenhouse WhiteflyDamage -Damage - Yield reduction - not yet quantifiedYield reduction - not yet quantified Quality - decreased levels of soluble solidsQuality - decreased levels of soluble solids and citric acid at ~10 adults/ leafletand citric acid at ~10 adults/ leaflet Sooty mold grows on whitefly honeydewSooty mold grows on whitefly honeydew
Monitoring -Monitoring - Yellow sticky cards for detectionYellow sticky cards for detection Count average adults per midtier leaflet,Count average adults per midtier leaflet, take 20 leaflets/quarter of fieldtake 20 leaflets/quarter of field
Greenhouse WhiteflyGreenhouse WhiteflyCharacterizing the problemCharacterizing the problemVentura/ Oxnard - continuously present; Ventura/ Oxnard - continuously present;
whiteflies move to strawberries from whiteflies move to strawberries from other hosts in the area and back again.other hosts in the area and back again.
Watsonville/Salinas - becoming a Watsonville/Salinas - becoming a problem annually in certain areas; problem annually in certain areas; whiteflies move to new plantings from whiteflies move to new plantings from infested second year plantations, and infested second year plantations, and are also associated with summer are also associated with summer plantings.plantings.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40Winter BerriesLima BeanTomatoSummer Berries
Greenhouse Whitefly Population Greenhouse Whitefly Population Dynamics, OxnardDynamics, Oxnard
Number of adult Number of adult whiteflies/ leafletwhiteflies/ leaflet
Num
ber
of w
hite
flies
per
leaf
let
Prunedale, 2000Prunedale, 2000 New plantings next to second year plantingsNew plantings next to second year plantings
New plantingNew plantingInfested second Infested second year plantingyear planting
Pajaro Valley and Prunedale, 2002Pajaro Valley and Prunedale, 2002Observations from late summer and fall surveyObservations from late summer and fall survey
August survey -August survey -In all but 1 case fields were:In all but 1 case fields were:• In vicinity of a second year planting or a In vicinity of a second year planting or a
summer, 2001 plantingsummer, 2001 plantingNovember survey -November survey -
In all but 1 case fields were:In all but 1 case fields were:• In vicinity of a second year planting or a In vicinity of a second year planting or a
summer, 2002 plantingsummer, 2002 planting• Near prior year fields that had yet to be Near prior year fields that had yet to be
removedremoved
AADD
CCBB
hedgerowhedgerow
Planted Nov. 2001Planted Nov. 2001
Plante d Sep t. 200 1Plante d Sep t. 200 1
EdgeEdge
Whitefly adults per 25 Whitefly adults per 25 leaf turns, 8/14/02leaf turns, 8/14/02 sprays:sprays: 5/02 malathion5/02 malathion 6/01 malathion6/01 malathion 8/01 malathion8/01 malathion
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5
10
15
20
25
Avg. whiteflies
ABCDEdge
Watsonville, 2002Watsonville, 2002
Planted Summer, 2001Planted Summer, 2001Reported Hot Spot,Reported Hot Spot,
20022002
BB
EDGEEDGE
Danitol Bioassays
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10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Control 0.125X 0.25X 0.5X 1X 2X 4X 8XDose
Hails RoadPleasant Valley RdHueneme Rd
Greenhouse Whitefly Bioassay - DanitolGreenhouse Whitefly Bioassay - Danitol
Greenhouse Whitefly Bioassay - MalathionGreenhouse Whitefly Bioassay - Malathion
Malathion Bioassays
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Control 0.25X 0.5X 1X 2X 4X 8XDose
Hails RoadPleasant Valley RdHueneme Rd
Greenhouse Whitefly Bioassay - LannateGreenhouse Whitefly Bioassay - Lannate
Lannate Bioassays
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Control 0.015X 0.03X 0.06X 0.125X 0.25XDose
Hails RoadPleasant Valley RdHueneme Rd
Admire applied to strawberries, Watsonville, 2002-03Admire applied to strawberries, Watsonville, 2002-03
Watsonville, 2002-03
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1
2
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5
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12/4/02 12/11/02 12/18/02 12/25/021/1/03 1/8/03 1/15/03 1/22/03 1/29/03
Adults per trifoliate
UntreatedAdmire injected (planting) 1Admire injected (planting) 2Admire through Drip (+4 wks)Admire injected (+5 weeks)
Design -• Transplanted Nov. 7, 2002• 3 replicates• Plot size = 3 rows x 30 plants
DripInject
At planting
Greenhouse Whitefly - Controls Greenhouse Whitefly - Controls Registered pesticides - Registered pesticides - Admire Section 18Admire Section 18
Admire applied to strawberries, Watsonville, 2002-03Admire applied to strawberries, Watsonville, 2002-03
Design -• Transplanted Nov. 7, 2002• 3 replicates• Plot size = 3 rows x 30 plants
Viable eggs Nymphs Viable eggs NymphsTreatment Jan. 7 Jan. 7 Jan. 29 Jan. 29Untreated 32.7 7.3 4.8 5.8Admire injected (planting) 1 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.0Admire injected (planting) 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3Admire through drip +4 wk 25.0 0.0 2.3 0.0Admire injected +5 wk 11.3 0.0 2.0 0.7
Greenhouse WhiteflyGreenhouse WhiteflyApplying Admire -Applying Admire -
Get the material into the plant!Get the material into the plant!
• Inject into planting holeInject into planting hole• Apply in water at the base of each plantApply in water at the base of each plant• Apply through the drip -Apply through the drip - Pre-irrigate so soil is moistPre-irrigate so soil is moist Run the drip line long enough to makeRun the drip line long enough to make sure the Admire moves to the root zonesure the Admire moves to the root zone• Admire has llong residual activity, more Admire has llong residual activity, more
moves into the plant after each irrigation moves into the plant after each irrigation
Greenhouse Whitefly - Controls Greenhouse Whitefly - Controls Registered pesticides -Registered pesticides - Danitol + Malathion Danitol + Malathion
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5
10
15
20
25
30
50 Gal/A100 Gal/A200 Gal/AControl
Num
ber
of a
dults
/ tr
ifolia
teN
umbe
r of
adu
lts /
trifo
liate
ApplicationApplication
Efficacy of Danitol + Malathion Efficacy of Danitol + Malathion Against Greenhouse WhitefliesAgainst Greenhouse Whiteflies
Spray Volume
Greenhouse Whitefly - Controls Greenhouse Whitefly - Controls Registered pesticides - Registered pesticides - Esteem Section 18Esteem Section 18
0
5
10
15
20
25Applaud
Knack
Control
Num
ber
of a
dult
whi
tefli
es/tr
ifolia
teN
umbe
r of
adu
lt w
hite
flies
/trifo
liate Adult Greenhouse Whitefly Adult Greenhouse Whitefly
Control by IGRs OxnardControl by IGRs Oxnard
Application Application
(post-planting)(post-planting)
Esteem
Greenhouse WhiteflyGreenhouse WhiteflyEsteem - Section 18 comment -Esteem - Section 18 comment -
This season - planted before January 1, 2003This season - planted before January 1, 2003 Apply after adults appearApply after adults appear No more than 2xNo more than 2x 30 days between treatments30 days between treatmentsNext season - planted after January 1, 2003Next season - planted after January 1, 2003 Use only after Admire has been appliedUse only after Admire has been applied At planting or within 10 days of At planting or within 10 days of plantingplanting Exception -Exception - written recommendation from written recommendation from a licensed PCA concerning history anda licensed PCA concerning history and risk of whitefliesrisk of whiteflies
EncarsiaEncarsia spp. spp.EretmocerusEretmocerus spp. spp.
Greenhouse Whitefly ParasitesGreenhouse Whitefly Parasites
Parasitized whitefly nymphsParasitized whitefly nymphs
Encarsia Encarsia sppspp..
Augmentative releaseAugmentative release
Greenhouse WhiteflyGreenhouse WhiteflyAreawide managementAreawide management
For optimum management, the continuous For optimum management, the continuous development of whiteflies must be broken:development of whiteflies must be broken:• No overlap of strawberry plantings - No overlap of strawberry plantings -
second year and summer plantingssecond year and summer plantings• Pruning infested leaves from second Pruning infested leaves from second
year plantings before transplanting year plantings before transplanting fall berries fall berries
• Alternate host abatementAlternate host abatement• Controlling infestations on all hostsControlling infestations on all hosts
Two spotted spider miteTwo spotted spider mite
Damage -Damage - Yield reduction (fewer fruit, not fruit size)Yield reduction (fewer fruit, not fruit size) Greatest impact in early seasonGreatest impact in early season (bud differentiation?)(bud differentiation?)
Monitoring -Monitoring - avg. mites per midtier leaflet avg. mites per midtier leaflet
Threshold -Threshold - Early season - <5 mites / midtier leafletEarly season - <5 mites / midtier leaflet Later season - 15 - 20 mites / midtier leafletLater season - 15 - 20 mites / midtier leaflet
Two spotted spider miteTwo spotted spider mite
What’s Registered?What’s Registered? What’s Not?What’s Not?Agrimek (abamectin)Agrimek (abamectin)Savey (hexythiozox)Savey (hexythiozox)Acramite (bifenazate)Acramite (bifenazate)Valero (cinnamic aldehyde)Valero (cinnamic aldehyde)Omni Supreme (mineral oil)Omni Supreme (mineral oil)Kelthane (dicofol)Kelthane (dicofol)Vendex (fenbutatin-oxide)Vendex (fenbutatin-oxide)Beauvaria bassianaNot recommended: Danitol (fenpropathrin)Danitol (fenpropathrin) Brigade (bifenthrin)Brigade (bifenthrin)
Mesa (milbemectin)Mesa (milbemectin)Pyramite (pyridaben)Pyramite (pyridaben)Zeal (etoxizole)Zeal (etoxizole)Ecosmart (rosemary oil)Ecosmart (rosemary oil)Oberon (spiromesifen)Oberon (spiromesifen)Kanemite Kanemite (Quininoline)Alert (chlorfenapyr)Alert (chlorfenapyr)
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****** registration soon?registration soon?organic?organic?oo
oooo
oo
Treatment Chemical # Appl. Rate (a.i./a)Untreated - -Agri-mek abamectin 2X 16.0 oz 1
Kanemite quininoline 1X 15.0 oz 1
Kanemite quininoline 1X 30.0 oz 1
Kanemite quininoline 1X 60.0 oz 1
Oberon spiromesifen 1X 8.5 oz 1
Oberon spiromesifen 1X 16.0 oz 1
Oberon spiromesifen 2X 8.5 oz 1
Pyramite pyridaben 1X 0.15 lbPyramite pyridaben 1X 0.3 lbAcramite bifenezate 1X 0.38 lbAcramite bifenezate 1X 0.5 lbZeal etoxizole 1X 0.09 lbZeal etoxizole 1X 0.135 lbZeal + Danitol etoxizole + fenpropathrin 1X 0.033lb + 0.20 lbDR-A-034 rosemary oil 1X 2.50%DR-A-034 rosemary oil 2X 2.50%Mesa milbemectin 2X 32.0 oz 1
1 1 formulated productformulated product
Acaricides tested at Watsonville, 2002Acaricides tested at Watsonville, 2002
Treatment 21-Jun 27-Jun 5-Jul 12-Jul 18-JulUntreated 9.75 ± 5.50 23.30 ± 16.74 46.60 ± 19.46 49.90 ± 15.37 80.20 ± 39.23Agri-mek 5.92 ± 3.11 5.80 ± 4.41 ** 34.00 ± 24.53 17.40 ± 11.40 69.50 ± 39.23Kanemite (low) 8.50 ± 1.74 9.90 ± 12.97 ** 30.86 ± 19.91 77.30 ± 58.72 109.30 ± 57.47Kanemite (med.) 5.00 ± 7.61 2.70 ± 1.97 ** 7.67 ± 7.61 ** 8.70 ± 9.73 46.20 ± 56.42Kanemite (high) 3.25 ± 3.09 4.70 ± 3.46 ** 10.32 ± 9.16 ** 24.80 ± 28.55 45.40 ± 66.48Oberon (low 1x) 3.54 ± 0.82 3.05 ± 1.27 ** 4.78 ± 2.54 ** 10.43 ± 4.28 ** 18.50 ± 16.74 **Oberon (high 1x) 2.57 ± 1.67 5.80 ± 4.41 ** 3.93 ± 4.12 ** 4.05 ± 3.49 ** 5.75 ± 9.28 **Oberon low (2x) 4.37 ± 2.47 2.00 ± 1.44 ** 1.60 ± 1.66 ** 2.03 ± 1.91 ** 3.26 ± 4.32 **Pyramite (low) 13.17 ± 12.86 25.90 ± 7.65 44.00 ± 39.51 67.85 ± 58.30 83.75 ± 54.88Pyramite (high) 9.36 ± 3.52 13.10 ± 7.66 39.70 ± 21.99 51.60 ± 35.67 102.47 ± 70.10Acramite (low) 2.92 ± 2.20 2.92 ± 2.20 ** 5.30 ± 2.96 ** 7.32 ± 1.96 ** 17.20 ± 17.1 **Acramite (high) 4.80 ± 1.75 5.12 ± 2.56 ** 22.75 ± 21.14 ** 46.70 ± 73.53 58.50 ± 72.07Zeal (low) 7.65 ± 5.15 5.40 ± 2.32 ** 16.58 ±18.71 ** 14.80 ± 11.65 28.60 ± 19.34Zeal (high) 3.62 ± 1.04 2.70 ± 1.10 ** 6.08 ± 2.46 ** 11.40 ± 6.50 ** 25.60 ± 10.95Zeal + Danitol 7.18 ± 5.96 10.10 ± 6.73 ** 10.00 ± 2.67 ** 29.50 ± 22.43 41.50 ± 39.53DR-A-034 (1x) 9.35 ± 3.85 5.00 ± 3.56 ** 20.57 ± 14.91 ** 37.30 ± 23.99 60.50 ± 31.41DR-A-034 (2x) 5.50 ± 2.85 5.50 ± 5.99 ** 22.55 ± 12.81 ** 25.10 ± 19.46 59.10 ± 45.70Mesa 3.60 ± 2.70 2.70 ± 1.40 ** 3.66 ± 2.79 ** 12.80 ± 11.09 29.70 ± 30.72
Mean ± SD number of spider mites per leaflet,Mean ± SD number of spider mites per leaflet,Watsonville, June, 2002. Watsonville, June, 2002.
Application dates - 6/14/02 and 6/21/02Application dates - 6/14/02 and 6/21/02N=4 replicates, 10 midtier leaves per rep.N=4 replicates, 10 midtier leaves per rep.
Predator bioassays -Predator bioassays -Species tested -Species tested - Phytoseiulus persimilisPhytoseiulus persimilis Chrysoperla carneaChrysoperla carnea - green lacewing - green lacewing Orius insidiosusOrius insidiosus - minute pirate bug - minute pirate bugMethods -Methods - contact and residual bioassaycontact and residual bioassayLength of exposure - 72 hoursLength of exposure - 72 hours
Predator bioassays for registered and non-registered Predator bioassays for registered and non-registered acaricides. Proportion of field rate that killed 50% of acaricides. Proportion of field rate that killed 50% of the test specimens (LD50).the test specimens (LD50).
* * Formulated rateFormulated rate11 These chemicals are not currently registered on strawberry. These chemicals are not currently registered on strawberry.LD50 values are mean of 3 trials.LD50 values are mean of 3 trials.Untreated controls all had > 90% survival after 72 hours.Untreated controls all had > 90% survival after 72 hours.
Trade name ChemicalField Rate(a.i./acre) P. persimilis Lacewing Orius sp.
Agrimek Abamectin 0.0188 lbs 0.54x 3.93x 0.12xAcramite Bifenazate 0.38 lb 87.23x >100.00x 60.00xSavey Hexythiazox 6 oz* >100.00x >100.00x 100.00xValero Cinnamic
aldehyde0.2% 0.79x 5.93x 2.53x
Mesa Milbemectin 48 oz* /1 0.38x 5.13x 0.33xZeal Etoxizole 0.09 lb/1 >100.00x >100.00x 5.73xPyramite Pyridaben 0.3 lb/1 0.10x >100.00x 0.06x
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