White7e ppt ch06

www.cengage.com/cj/white

Jonathan R. White

Rosemary ArwayHodges University

Chapter 6:Recent History: The Roots

of Modern Terrorism

Social Revolution and the Enlightenment

18th Century considered Age of Reason or the Period of Enlightenment.

Europeans began to question the manner in which they were governed during the Enlightenment:o Sought to increase the power of the lower

classes.o Forces of change brought a new way of

thinking about citizenship. Enlightenment was an international

intellectual movement.

Social Revolution and the Enlightenment

Philosophers produced a common idea about government.o Governments should exist to protect individual

rights.o Best form of government was democracy:

▪ Citizens had rights.▪ Governments were created to protect those rights.

o Common people should control the government through social contract or constitution.▪ Increased demand for democracy▪ Tension between ruling class the governed▪ Tension spilled into violence

The American Revolution

Reasons why the colonist revolted against England:o British taxation laws, enforced through:

Sugar Act (1764), Stamp Act (1765), and Townshend Act (1767)

Those acts affected American citizens (merchants and consumers), so they boycotted them, and British imports to America were cut in a half. • The famous quote comes from this period: “No taxation

without representation.” Those acts sparked a protest and British answered by

sending troops.• Boston Massacre (1770)

The American Revolution

Reasons why colonies in North America objected to British rule included: o ‘Tea law’ – proclamation that cut off the colonies

from trade (resulting in the Boston Tea Party).o Lack of American representation in the British

Parliament. After publication of Tom Paine’s

Common Sense pamphlet, public opinion swung toward the cause of independence (half a million copies sold!)

The American Revolution

On July 1776, The Second Continental Congress declared independence from Great Britain:o American Revolution transferred power from British

upper class to American upper class. o American Revolution represented long-term

evolutionary process toward democracy.o Americans created a republic based on a

representative democracy.

The French Revolution French Revolution (1789-1799) was based

on same enlightened principles as American Revolution.o French Revolution different and more deadly in

tone.o Extremely bloody – Guillotine, genocide of Nante’s

rebels, massacres, slaughter, assasinations, revenge killings

o First revolution in the modern sense of the word.

French Revolution was a transfer of power between classes.

French Revolution represented a radical shift in power structures.

The Reign of Terror

Term terrorism appeared during the French Revolution.

Burke: Referred to Government’s violence as “Reign of Terror,” using the word terrorism to describe actions of the new government (cold-blooded reign of Jacobins).

As the government consolidate power, the would-be democracy gave way to Napoleon Bonaparte and military authoritarianism.

Guerrillas and the Spanish Peninsula

Meaning of terrorism underwent a subtle change during Napoleon’s invasion of Spain.o Spanish partisans attacked French troops in

unconventional manners.▪ Spanish called it patriotism.▪ French referred to Spanish partisans as terrorists.

Definition shifted away from government repression and toward those who resisted government.

Definitional transformation continued throughout 19th century.

1848 and the Radical Democrats Radical Democrats

o Demanded immediate drastic change:▪ Democracy should be based on economic equality as

well as freedom.▪ Class revolution.▪ Political power should be held in common.▪ Interest in developing constitution.▪ Distribute wealth created by trade and manufacturing

evenly. Socialists

o Argued for centralized control of the economy. Anarchists

o Sought to reduce or to eliminate centralized government. Capitalists

o Sought to reduce or to eliminate centralized government.

Socialists

Wanted to completely democratize society. Wanted control of industrial production. Emphasized the right to form labor unions,

to bargain work conditions and to strike. Emphasized democracy over the

centralized power of communism. Believed that a strong state would ensure

profits from industry were distributed in an egalitarian manner.

Socialists

Socialismo Karl Marx, founder of communism, stated

that:▪ Social structure is arranged by the material

circumstances surrounding existence. ▪ Humans shape the environment through work

and even produce more than they need. Communists – a form of Socialism

o Advocated strong centralized government.o Elimination of all classes save the working

class.o Complete state monopoly over all forms of

industrial and agricultural production.

Anarchists Shared ideas about egalitarian nature of

society with socialists; disagreed on function of the state.

All forms of governmental domination are harmful and unnecessary.

Proudhon:o Extension of the democracy to all classes

should be accomplished through the elimination of property and government.

o Anarchy would develop peacefully as people learned about the structure of governments and the capitalist economy.

Anarchism is believed to be an inspiration for a terrorism.

Violent Anarchism

Violent anarchism propaganda: No industrialist is safe and capitalist order would crumble.

Jensen: o Several factors merged to create a culture of

terrorism among members of the anarchists movement:▪ Growing number of people attracted to the movement▪ Economic change▪ Economic consolidation accompanied with the social

stress▪ Nationalistic factors

Invention of dynamite (Nobel) fostered the philosophy of bombs and influenced the adoption of violence.

Rhetoric, Internal Debates, Action Prokoptin

o Humanity existed between two competing tendencies: cooperation and authoritarianism.

o Call for non-violent revolution.

Bakunino Revolutionaries could not use the state as an instrument of

emancipation because it was inherently oppressive.

o Bombings and individual assassinations as a means of awakening the masses to reality.

Heinzeno Advocated political murder.

Most…o did not believe capitalistic societies would change

peacefully and called for violent action.

Modern Terrorists and Their Historical Counterparts

Laqueur: Modern terrorists are more ruthless than their historical counterparts.o Terrorism of historical terrorists was mainly

rhetorical.o Anarchists were selective about their targets.o Modern terrorism has been typified by

indiscriminate violence and intentional targeting of civilian population.

o Modern terrorist strike at governments by killing citizens.

Anarchism and Nationalism

Nationalists under foreign control adopted tactics of anarchists to fight foreign powers occupying their lands.o Nationalists believed they were fighting patriotic

wars not that they were anarchists (IRA).o Groups throughout Europe turned to the

philosophy of the bomb.o Nationalistic terrorists followed patterns set by

violent anarchists.o The moral justification for anarchists and

nationalists is essentially the same.

A Contemporary Analogy Woodcock: Anarchism was not revolutionary.

o Reaction to economic consolidation and centralized state.

o Strongest where industrialization was weakest. Early 1900s witnessed events culminating in

measures that resulted in a violation of the civil liberties of several Americans.o Assassination of President McKinley.o Red Scare of 1919.

Could the reactive measures of 9-11 be considered parallel to the over-reactive measures taken in the early 1900s?

Terrorism and Revolution in Russia

Russia in the 19th century differed significantly from the other great powers of Europe (class distinction was greater and peasants lived in poverty).

The Peoples’ Will (Narodnaya Voyla) represented violent socialist revolution.o Members believed it was necessary to terrorize

subversive organizations into submission.o Peoples’ Will evolved from Russian revolutionary

thought.▪ Bakunin▪ Nechaev

Terrorism and Revolution in Russia

Three approaches of how to modernize the Russian state:o From the top down: Tsar Alexander IIo Creation of modern Russia as a liberal Western

Democracy: The Intellectualso Revolution: Violent Anarchists

▪ The People’s Will propaganda won sympathy among the peasantry.

The People's Will Campaign:o Bombings, assassinations and murderso 1881 – murder of Tsar Alexander II

Terrorism and Revolution in Russia

National Disasters that created atmosphere for ‘1914 Revolution’ in Russia:o Loosing the war to Japano Economic problemso Bureaucratic inefficiencyo 1905 Revolutiono Entering I World War

After 1914 revolution new Russian Government was formed by Mensheviks.

Terrorism and Revolution in Russia

Russian revolution utilized terrorism in a new manner.o Created an impact on peoples’ view of terrorism in the

20th century. Lenin and Trotsky believed terrorism should be

used as an instrument for overthrowing the bourgeois governments.o Advocated terrorism as a means of controlling internal

enemies and as a method for coping with internal strife.o By threatening to export terror, Lenin and Trotsky

effectively placed fear of communism in the minds of many in the West.

Lenin’s victory and subsequent writings have inspired terrorists from 1917 to the present.