WHII.11: The Interwar Period. Objectives p. 103 WHII.11 The student will demonstrate knowledge of political, economic, social, and cultural developments.

WHII.11: The Interwar Period

Objectives p. 103WHII.11 The student will demonstrate knowledge of political, economic, social, and cultural developments during the Interwar Period by

a) describing the League of Nations and the mandate system;

b) citing causes and assessing the impact of worldwide depression in the 1930s;

c) examining events related to the rise, aggression, and human costs of dictatorial regimes in the Soviet

Union, Germany, Italy, and Japan, and identifying their major leaders, i.e., Joseph Stalin, Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, Hirohito, and Hideki Tojo.

Essential Understandings p. 10411a After World War I, international organizations and agreements were established to avoid future

conflicts.

11b A period of uneven prosperity in the decade following World War I (the 1920s) was followed by worldwide depression in the 1930s. Depression weakened Western democracies, making it

difficult for them to challenge the threat of totalitarianism.

11c Economic disruptions following World War I led to unstable political conditions. Worldwide depression in the 1930s provided opportunities for the rise of dictators in the Soviet Union, Germany, Italy, and Japan.

11c A communist dictatorship was established by Vladimir Lenin and continued by Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union.

11c The Treaty of Versailles worsened economic and political conditions in Europe and led to the rise of totalitarian regimes in Italy and Germany.

11c Japan emerged as a world power after World War I and conducted aggressive imperialistic policies in Asia.

Essential Questions p. 10411a What was the League of Nations and why did it fail?

11a Why was the mandate system created?

11b Why did the world experience depression in the 1930s?

11b What political changes resulted from the worldwide depression?

11c Why did dictatorial governments emerge in Germany, Italy, Japan, and the U.S.S.R. after World War I?

11c How did these regimes affect the world following World War I?

Why do I need to know this? p. 1041. Many social and economic programs introduced worldwide to combat the Great Depression are still

operating.

2. These dictators changed the course of history, and the world is still recovering form their abuse of power.

3. Because of the aggression demonstrated by Germany, Italy, and Japan, many nations today take a more

active and collective role in world affairs, as in the United Nations.

Russian Revolution

Causes

1. Russia had been defeated in 1905 by the Japanese for Korea2. the huge gap between the nobility and the peasants - peasants are landless3. Czar Nicholas II’s leadership in WWI = poor

a. many civilians were going hungry and dying

b. ¼ of all Russian troops didn’t even have a gun

c. continual defeats of the Russian Army and major casualties

Fall of the Romanov Dynasty

1. Nicholas II moves headquarters to war front

2. His wife Alexandria remains in Moscow to lead the government

3. Rasputin “holy man” – influences her and is able to make important political decisions

“If I die or you desert me, in six months, you will lose your son and your throne”

4. Rasputin is murdered by high government officials

Rasputin (Disney)

Rasputin (song w/ lyrics)

Rasputin (just dance II)

Death of Romanov Family

1. Czar Nicholas II abdicated the throne on March 15, 1917a. a weak provisional government took over

2. A year later – the family was getting ready for a family photo and they were captured in the castlea. They were shot and killed

3. Romanov Dynasty comes to an end

4. Mystery behind the death of Anastasia

Bolshevik Revolution and Rise of Communism

1. civil war between the Bolsheviks (reds) – led by Vladimir Ilyich Lenin and the Mensheviks (whites)

a. 15 million people died

2. November 1917 – Bolsheviks took over the government and set up a communist government

Lenin’s Leadership

1. signed a treaty with Germany – Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Russia out of the war)

a. very popular with the Russian people

2. executed the czar and his family

3. set up the New Economic Policy (NEP) – an attempt to modernize Russia

a. agricultural policy which allowed some farmers to continue to privately own their farms

b. booming success

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

- An agreement between Russia and Germany to stop fighting on the eastern front of WWI.

- Russia gives up land to Germany and a truce is called.

Lenin in Power

1. Lenin had established a communist governmenta. communism – the government controls all economic

resources and decisions

2. 1922 – renamed Russia to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) or Soviet Union

3. Lenin had a stroke in 1922 that left him bedridden until his death on Jan. 21, 1924

a. Stalin was third in the Communist party (Leon Trotsky was second), but managed to take over

b. Trotsky was exiled and was later executed on orders from Stalin

Lenin

USSR and Josef Stalin

p. 105-107

USSR

Stalin - The Five Year Plans

1. set economic goals for a five-year period2. concentrated on building up the industry3. it was a success in spurring industrial growth

Collective Farms (Collectivization)

1. system of farming in which the government owns the land and peasants farm it2. many of the wealthier peasants resisted3. thousands were killed by starvation 4. the farms were often not able to produce enough to feed the population

The Great Purge

1. Stalin used his secret police to spy on all members of society2. those accused of being disloyal were shot or sent to camps in Siberia

a. over 700,000 executed and 3.3 million were exiled to Siberia3. many of Trotsky’s supporters were put on trial and imprisoned4. Atheism –no religion and the elimination of church leadership

The Comintern (OOPS)

1. encouraged Communist parties in other countries to overthrow their governments

• Joseph Stalin and the Red Terror

Italy and Benito Mussolini

p. 107

Fascism p. 1071. fascism – advocates the glorification of the state, nationalism and a strong ruler

a. Fascist Party formed in 1919 2. like communism, it gave the state absolute authority3. unlike communism, it defends private property

Mussolini’s Rise p. 1071. Italy was poor

2. people feared communism, so they turned to fascism

3. 1922 – the Fascists (Black Shirts) began a bloody coup and took over Italy

4. to improve the economy, Mussolini built up the military

5. wanted to restore the glory of Rome

a. invaded Ethiopia in1935 and annexed it by 1936

el Duce

Roman Empire

Ethiopia

Germany and the Interwar Period – Adolf Hitler

p. 109-111

The Weimar Republic p. 1091. democratic government that ruled from 1919 – 19332. faced constant coups because many people felt they were betrayed because the government had accepted the Treaty of Versailles3. could not pay the $35 billion in reparations so France seized the eastern industrialized area of Germany4. faced huge inflation during the depression

Weimar Republic

German Hyperinflation

4.2 Marks = $1

Adolf Hitler and the Rise of the Nazis p. 1091. veteran of WWI who joined the National Socialist Workers’ (Nazi) Party

a. Nazi party was the main opposition of the Weimar Republic2. formed the Brownshirts (a.k.a. Storm troopers or the SA) – a private army (street thugs) for the Nazi party 3. was arrested in a coup attempt in 1923

a. wrote Mein Kampf while in jailb. in Mein Kampf he blamed the Jews and Communists for Germany’s

problems4. Reasons for the rise of the Nazi Party

a. increased Anti-Semitism in Germanyb. a weak economyc. weak democratic government

5. 1933 – Hitler was elected chancellora. Nazis took over through entirely legal means

Adolf Hitler

Swastikas

GermanPeaceful(Indian)

Hitler in Power p. 1091. used his power to crush his opponents and strengthen his rule – established a fascist state

2. June 1934 – Hitler became suspicious of some of his closes allies

a. used the Schutz-Staffel (a.k.a. the SS) to execute hundreds of leaders within the German government and the leaders of the Brownshirts

b. the SS began as a paramilitary group loyal only to Hitler, then to the Nazi regime

3. in 1935 – passed laws taking away citizenship from Jews

a. not allowed to attend schools or hold government positions

4. in 1938 – the Nazis vandalized Jewish businesses and homes in the Kristallnacht – the night of Broken Glass

April 1, 1933 – “German, protect yourself. Do not but from Jews.”

Kristallnacht

The Third Reich p. 111

1. Hitler called his government the Third Reich – the Third Empirea) 1st Reich- Holy Roman Empire

b) 2nd Reich – Unification of Germany -1870, Otto von Bismarck

2. began ignoring the Treaty of Versailles and building up the German military

3. had the radio, TV and newspaper industries praise the Nazi Partya. promoted extreme nationalism- political right

4. many of Germany artists and scientists fled Germany because they would not follow Hitler’s policies

German Expansion 1935-1939

Japanese Expansion

Japan

p. 111

Resentment

1. Japan was not treated as an equal in the League of Nationsa. emerged as a world power after WWI

2. US banned Japanese immigration in 1924

3. Europe wanted to retain the Open Door policy with China, Japan wanted to rule China

Industrialization

1. focused on trade and industry to promote jobs

2. during the 1920’s and 30’s, Japan’s industry grew rapidly and created a need for new raw materials

a. further increased Japanese expansion into Southeast Asia

Militarism

1. Emperor Hirohito was the ruler of Japana. powerful symbol of traditional authority, but

chief general (eventually prime minister) Hideki Tojo held the real power

2. people dressed in traditional military dress

3. children even carried out military drills in schools

Expansion p. 1111. First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) – Japan attacked China for Korea and

Manchuria a. Japan won all of Korea and parts of Manchuria

(northeastern province of China)b. Japan was an island nation and needed raw materials

Sino-Japanese War

2. Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) – Russia attacked Japan for Manchuria and Korea, but was soundly defeated

3. September 1931 – Japan had invaded and reestablished control of Manchuria, renamed it Manchuko

4. faced international criticisma. Japan withdrew from the League of

Nationsb. Japanese people rallied behind their

military

5. began looking East to invade and unite all of Asia, and the rest of China under the Empire of Japan

The Great Depression p. 106

Rise of the Dictatorships p. 110

The Great Depression

Causes of Worldwide Depression p. 1051. German reparations – Germany was forced to pay the Allies a total of $64billion ($785 billion today)2. expansion of production capacities and dominance of the US in the global economy3. high protective tariffs (Ferris Bueller’s Day Off)

4. excessive expansion of credit5. Stock Market Crash of 1929

Impact of Worldwide Depression p. 1051. high unemployment in industrial countries2. bank failures and collapse of credit (It’s a Wonderful Life) (Simpsons)

3. collapse of prices in world trade4. Nazi Party’s growing importance in Germany; Nazi Party’s blame of European Jews for economic collapse5. contributed to the rise 6. of dictatorships in Europe

Causes and Effects of the Great Depression