Go to Section : which crosses consists of Selective Breeding for example Inbreedin g Hybridiza tion Similar organism s Dissimil ar organism s for example Organism breed A Organism breed A Organism breed B Retains desired characterist ics Combines desired characteristic s whic h which crosses whic h Section 13-1 Concept Map
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Go to Section:
which crosses
consists of
Selective Breeding
for example
Inbreeding Hybridization
Similar organisms
Dissimilar organismsfor
example
Organism breed A
Organism breed A
Organism breed B
Retains desired characteristics
Combines desired characteristics
which
which crosses
which
Section 13-1
Concept Map
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The Smallest Scissors in the World
Have you ever used your word processor’s Search function? You can specify a sequence of letters, whether it is a sentence, a word, or nonsense, and the program scrolls rapidly through your document, finding every occurrence of that sequence. How might such a function be helpful to a molecular biologist who needs to “search” DNA for the right place to divide it into pieces?
Section 13-2
Interest Grabber
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1. Copy the following series of DNA nucleotides onto a sheet of paper. GTACTAGGTTAACTGTACTATCGTTAACGTAAGCTACGTTAACCTA
2. Look carefully at the series, and find this sequence of letters: GTTAAC. It may appear more than once.
3. When you find it, divide the sequence in half with a mark of your pencil. You will divide it between the T and the A. This produces short segments of DNA. How many occurrences of the sequence GTTAAC can you find?
Section 13-2
Interest Grabber continued
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13–2 Manipulating DNAA. The Tools of Molecular Biology
1. DNA Extraction2. Cutting DNA3. Separating DNA
B. Using the DNA Sequence1. Reading the Sequence2. Cutting and Pasting3. Making Copies
Section 13-2
Section Outline
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Recognition sequences
DNA sequence
Section 13-2
Restriction Enzymes
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Recognition sequences
DNA sequence
Restriction enzyme EcoRI cuts the DNA into fragments. Sticky end
Section 13-2
Restriction Enzymes
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DNA plus restriction enzyme
Mixture of DNA fragments
Gel
Power source
Longer fragments
Shorter fragments
Section 13-2
Figure 13-6 Gel Electrophoresis
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Section 13-2
Figure 13-7 DNA Sequencing
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DNA polymerase adds complementary strand
DNA heated to separate strands
DNA fragment to be copied
PCRcycles 1
DNAcopies 1
2
2
3
4
4
8
5 etc.
16 etc.
Section 13-2
Figure 13-8 PCR
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Sneaking In
You probably have heard of computer viruses. Once inside a computer, these programs follow their original instructions and override instructions already in the host computer. Scientists use small “packages” of DNA to sneak a new gene into a cell, much as a computer virus sneaks into a computer.
Section 13-3
Interest Grabber
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1. Computer viruses enter a computer attached to some other file. What are some ways that a file can be added to a computer’s memory?
2. Why would a person download a virus program?
3. If scientists want to get some DNA into a cell, such as a bacterial cell, to what sort of molecule might they attach the DNA?
Bacterial cell for containing gene for human growth hormone
Section 13-3
Figure 13-9 Making Recombinant DNA
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Recombinant plasmid
Gene to be transferred
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Cellular DNA
Transformed bacteria introduce plasmids into plant cells
Plant cell colonies
Complete plant is generated from transformed cell
Inside plant cell, Agrobacterium inserts part of its DNA into host cell chromosome
Section 13-3
Figure 13-10 Plant Cell Transformation
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The Good With the Bad
The manipulation of DNA allows scientists to do some interesting things. Scientists have developed many transgenic organisms, which are organisms that contain genes from other organisms. Recently, scientists have removed a gene for green fluorescent protein from a jellyfish and tried to insert it into a monkey.
Section 13-4
Interest Grabber
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1. Transgenic animals are often used in research. What might be the benefit to medical research of a mouse whose immune system is genetically altered to mimic some aspect of the human immune system?
2. Transgenic plants and animals may have increased value as food sources. What might happen to native species if transgenic animals or plants were released into the wild?
Section 13-4
Interest Grabber continued
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13–4 Applications of Genetic EngineeringA. Transgenic Organisms