• Where do earthquakes and volcanoes commonly occur? – Near plate boundaries (edges) • Why? – Plate edges scrape together causing vibrations or where plates collide (oceanic and continental boundaries) //www.yenka.com/freecontent/attachment.action?quick=12o&att=2773
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Where do earthquakes and volcanoes commonly occur? –Near plate boundaries (edges) Why? –Plate edges scrape together causing vibrations or where plates.
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• Where do earthquakes and volcanoes commonly occur?– Near plate
boundaries (edges)
• Why?– Plate edges
scrape together causing vibrations or where plates collide (oceanic and continental boundaries)
Oakland, CA. The upper level of the two-level structure roadway has collapsed onto the lower level. The columns failed in response to the October 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. 41 people were killed in the
collapse.
9.0 Earthquake - Japan March 11, 2011
Damage to Humans
20,896 people killed, 4,647 missing, 5,314 injured, 130,927 displaced
Damage to Infrastructure
Destroyed or damaged:332,395 buildings, 2,126 roads, 56 bridges 26 railways
How does an earthquake occur?
• Plates shift position
• Vibrations disrupt the surrounding area
December 1954, Dixie Valley, NV (magnitude 6.8) The shack was relatively undamaged, despite being
only a few meters from the two- to three-meter offset.
• A central pendulum swings with a quake, thus pulling on a dragon, which releases a ball into the toad’s mouth making a sound and marking the direction of the quake.
• Move outdoors to open areas quickly, watch for falling objects during aftershocks
Be Aware of Falling Debris
• Earthquake Safety Tips BEFORE AN EARTHQUAKE: Have a disaster plan. Choose a safe place in every room. It’s best to get under a sturdy piece of furniture like a table or a desk where nothing can fall on you. Practice DROP, COVER AND HOLD ON! Drop under something sturdy, hold on, and protect your eyes by pressing your face against your arm. If you live in an earthquake prone area, bolt tall furniture to the wall and install strong latches to cupboards. Prepare a disaster supplies kit for your home and car. Include a first aid kit, canned food and a can opener, bottled water, battery-operated radio, flashlight, protective clothing and written instructions on how to turn off electricity, gas, and water.
DURING AN EARTHQUAKE: DROP, COVER AND HOLD ON! Stay indoors until the shaking stops. Stay away from windows. If you’re in bed, hold on and stay there, protecting your head with a pillow. If you’re outdoors, find a clear spot away from buildings, trees and power lines. Then, drop to the ground. If you’re in a car, slow down and drive to a safe place. Stay in the car until the shaking stops.
AFTER THE SHAKING STOPS: Check for injuries. Inspect your home for damage. Eliminate fire hazards, so turn off the gas if you think its leaking. Expect aftershocks. Each time you feel one, DROP, COVER AND HOLD ON.
• Prior to this earthquake the Indian Plate was moving beneath the Burma Plate, meeting resistance and compression forces accumulated. When the fault between these two plates suddenly slipped a rupture approximately 1,200 kilometers long developed in the ocean floor with a vertical displacement of about 15 meters. The boundary between the plates and the line of failure are shown on the map below as the blue saw-tooth line.
Contour lines-arrival time, colors-wave height
Can I surf a Tsunami Wave?Typical Tsunami Wave
vs. Typical Wind-generated Wave
Wave FeatureWind-
generated Wave
Tsunami Wave
Wave Speed5-60 mph
(8-100 kph)
500-600 mph(800-1,000 kph)
Wave Period(time required for two waves to pass a single point in space)
5 to 20 seconds apart
10 minutes to 2 hours apart
Wave Length(horizontal distance between two waves)
300-600 feet apart(100-200 meters apart)
60-300 miles apart(100-500 km apart)
No- there is no face to the wave
Surfing wave Tsunami wave
Dec. 2004 TsunamiDec. 2004 Tsunami• 9.2 Earthquake in Indian Ocean caused it• Killed 230,000 people• Made clear that tsunami warning systems are