WHEN WHEN AND HOW TO GO AND HOW TO GO TRANSBOUNDARY TRANSBOUNDARY EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES FOR EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES FOR TRANSBOUNDARY NATURAL TRANSBOUNDARY NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Harry van der Linde Senior Program Officer Biodiversity Support Program
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WHEN AND HOW TO GO TRANSBOUNDARY EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES FOR TRANSBOUNDARY NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Harry van der Linde Senior Program Officer Biodiversity.
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WHENWHEN AND HOW TO GO AND HOW TO GO TRANSBOUNDARYTRANSBOUNDARY
EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES FOR TRANSBOUNDARY FOR TRANSBOUNDARY NATURAL RESOURCE NATURAL RESOURCE
MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT
Harry van der LindeSenior Program Officer
Biodiversity Support Program
Acknowledgements
The Biodiversity Support Program (BSP) is a consortium of World Wildlife Fund, The Nature Conservancy, and World Resources Institute, funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). This product was made possible through support provided to BSP by the Global Bureau of USAID, under the terms of Cooperative Agreement Number DHR-A-00-88-00044-00 (funding for the Southern Africa study came from the USAID - Regional Center for Southern Africa (RCSA)), and by the Africa Bureau of USAID, under the terms of Cooperative Agreement Number AOT-A-00-99-00228-00.
The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID.
Contributions from many experts and organizations in Africa and beyond.
Contents Context of TBNRM
Set-up of the BSP project
When to go transboundary?
How to go transboundary?
Future for TBNRM?
Conclusion
Interest for TBNRM
Interest by local communities
First International Peace Park in 1932
Now 169 transboundary protected area complexes worldwide
Large regional economic development initiatives
Political stability – Peace Parks Initiatives
Broad landscape approaches by international conservation organizations
International conventions and funding mechanisms
Ecoregions Ecoregions of Africaof Africa
Key
Elephant Distibution
National Boundary
N
200 0 200 KM
Distribution of Elephants in Southern
Africa
Project Approach
Initiate analysis of TBNRM as approach for natural resource management and conservation
Reviews and case studies in four regions in sub-Saharan Africa.
Pan-African analysis
A pan-African workshop
Preparation of pan-African guidance
Various Motivations for Involvement...
Diversity in interests Multiple opportunities:
- ecological- social and cultural- economic and financial- political• institutional
T r a n s b o u n d a r y N a t u r a l R e s o u r c e s M a n a g e m e n t S p e c t r u m
T r a n s b o u nd a r yP r o t e c t e dA r e a s
T r a n s b o u n d a r yC o n s e r v a t i o n A r e a s
T r a n s b o u n d a r yB r o a d - l a n d s c a p eM a n a g e m e n t
N R M I n t e g r a t e d i nR e g i o n a l E c o n o m i cD e v e l o p m e n t
P r o t e c t e dA r e a s
I n t e g r a t e dC o n s e r v a t i o nD e v e l o p m e n tP r o j e c t s
C o m m u n i t y - b a s e dN a t u r a l R e s o u r c eM a n a g e m e n tC o n s e r v a n c i e sM u l t i p l e l a n d u s e sB r o a d - l a n d s c a p em a n a g e m e n t
N a t i o n a l E c o n o m i cD e v e l o p m e n ti n c o r p o r a t i n g N R M
T R A N S B O U N D A R Y
N A T I O N A L
TBNRM Definition
‘Any process of collaboration
across boundaries that increases the effectiveness of attaining Natural Resource Management or Biodiversity Conservation goal(s).’
When to go Transboundary?
Options: to work nationally, exchange information, work transboundary
When the whole is greater than the sum of the parts
A proposed mechanism to analyze:- Place in ecological spectrum
- Threats and opportunities
Sometimes most efficient, sometimes not! To be applied to each NRM and biodiversity
objective To be applied towards new and ongoing
initiatives
Further Scoping
Analysis Stakeholder Identification and
Consultation
Yes
No
No
Yes
Initial Scoping
Transboundary Vision
Consultation
Consultation
Consultation
Consultation
Development of a Transboundary VisionDevelopment of a Transboundary Vision
Stay National
Stay National
TBNRM-InitiativeCycle
Analyze Data and
Communicate Results
Implement Management
and Monitoring
Plans
Develop a Transboundary Monitoring
Plan
Develop a Transboundary Management
Plan
Transboundary Vision
See Figure 3.1.2
IterateUse Results
to Adapt and Learn
Adapted from Margolius and Salafsky, 1998, to the context of TBNRM
Figure 2.3.3 – Some variables affected by the TBNRM range of levels
TBNRM range of levels
Local level Multiple levels1 6small large
area covered
range of possible TBNRM activities
range of land use types and forms of land tenure involved
number of stakeholders, and institutional and technical sectors involved
degree of complexity
degree of formality in arrangements
likely duration of the transboundary collaboration
transaction costs
transaction time
Levels- Some Lessons
What can be achieved at local level only is limited; more ambitious TBNRM goals require involvement of a wider range of levels
Communication is essential within and between levels in each country, and with the equivalent levels across the international border
TBRNM is more efficient if it involves the simplest scale possible to achieve the goals and it is probably more effective if it is not driven from the top.
Lessons, Con’t
Stakeholder involvement:- two levels apply: parallel in-country
and across the border- exact ‘mirror-image’ counterpart
organizations may not exist across the border
it is advantageous to build on existing relationships
Agreements For different purposes Different types and levels
Some lessons: Negotiating agreements is costly and time-consuming;
purpose should be very clear Agreements can increase the sustainability of outcomes
by making the process less dependent on the immediate action of individuals
Need for adaptive management – may develop over time from informal to formal
Communication
Obtain a common focus across sectors, within levels, within organizations, up and down levels and across countries
Share information widely Keep up the dialogue when it becomes hard
Communication - some lessons: A common focus and vision, early on in the
process Transparency• Appropriate messages to a broad target audience
– involve other sectors and disciplines
Organizational and Institutional Capacity
A critical minimum capacity on national levels
Learning by doing
Role for regional institutions?
Capacity-Some lessons: In case of insufficient national capacity
– build first, or adjust expectations An outside facilitator can support the
process in case of weak organizations on both sides of border – technical and financial
Develop existing institutions to include TBNRM or establish new ones
Constraints and Enabling Conditions
TBNRM initiatives in a broader ‘environment’ An enabling condition is a condition that
facilitates, supports or is essential for successful TBNRM
Is relevant in an ecological, social and cultural, economic-financial, political and policy, institutional context
Which are relevant varies between initiatives, scale and over time
Future of TBNRM- Gaps and Needs
Economic valuation of TBNRM TBNRM's role in economic
development Financing of TBNRM initiatives Cross-sectoral collaboration Use of regional and international
fora Mechanisms for learning, support
and networking
Conclusions TBNRM is a viable option for NRM and
biodiversity conservation But, if conditions for internal, national NRM are
absent, the situation will not be improved by going transboundary
TBNRM should be seen as a process, not a fixed approach – there is no blueprint and flexibility and adaptability is key
It is a relatively new approach - need to learn from each other