How and when do movements matter? The complex effects of the air quality movement on air pollution policy and emissions, 1940-2001 J. Craig Jenkins – Ohio State University Anna C. McCreery – Elevate Energy American Sociological Association annual meeting, 25 Aug 2015, Chicago
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When and How Do Movements Matter? The Complex Effects of the Air Quality Movement on Air Pollution Policy and Emissions, 1940-2001
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How and when do movements matter?
The complex effects of the air quality movement on air pollution policy and emissions, 1940-2001
J. Craig Jenkins – Ohio State University
Anna C. McCreery – Elevate Energy
American Sociological Association annual meeting, 25 Aug 2015, Chicago
Does the movement matter…
�For policy authority?
�For policy implementation?
�For real-world outcomes?
�Are there contingencies and contextual processes that modify the impact of the air quality movement?
Hypotheses
�Stronger air quality movement organization
�Effect(s) magnified when Democrats control the federal government
�Metric: Sierra Club membership
Hypotheses
�Institutional advocacy
�Protest actions
�Reduce emissions/improve
policy when opponents
control federal gov’t
�Backlash when allies are in power
�Metric: advocacy and protest actions
Hypotheses
�Media attention to air pollution:
�Creates political
pressure to reduce it
�Gives visibility to
movement activism
�Metric: Magazine
articles on air pollution/air quality
Hypotheses
�Congressional hearings on air pollution and air quality:
�Create political openings for institutional advocacy
�But also create openings for movement opponents
�Metric: count of Congressional hearings, in both houses
Controls
�Disposable income per capita
�And its squared term
�% of federal income taxes paid by corporations
Policy Authority Metric
�Coded federal legislation1 on 3 criteria:
�Enforcement powers (weighted double the other 2 criteria)
�Scope (broad or narrow)
�Whether $ was earmarked into the bill
�Yearly policy = positive laws - negative laws
1 Reitze, Arnold W. 2001. Air Pollution Control Law: Compliance and Enforcement. Washington D.C.: The Environmental Law Institute.